Arguably the financial markets have failed us

很顯然地，我們現在的生活處處充滿危機

and the aid system is failing us,

我們不但對金融體系失去信心

and yet I stand firmly with the optimists

連對援助系統也是。

who believe that there has probably never been a more exciting moment to be alive.

即使如此，我還是樂觀地認為

Because of some of technologies we've been talking about.

再也沒有比現在更令人興奮的時刻了。

Because of the resources, the skills,

想想現在我們所談論的科技

and certainly the surge of talent we're seeing all around the world,

想想我們有的這些資源，技能

with the mindset to create change.

當然還有來自世界各地，不斷湧現的各式各樣的人才

And we've got a president who sees himself as a global citizen,

和他們那顆勇於突破現狀的決心。

who recognizes that no longer is there a single superpower,

我們還有個自許為世界公民的總統

but that we've got to engage in a different way with the world.

他不只體認到單一強權的時代已不復存在

And by definition, every one of you who is in this room

和世界溝通的方式也必須改變。

must consider yourself a global soul,

因此，在此的每一個人

a global citizen.

一定要把自己當做全球的一份子

You work on the front lines. And you've seen the best and the worst

視自己為世界的公民。

that human beings can do for one another and to one another.

你們都是第一線的工作者，看盡了人性中

And no matter what country you live or work in,

最美好和最悲慘的事。

you've also seen the extraordinary things that individuals are capable of,

不論你們在哪一個國家工作或是生活

even in their most ordinariness.

你們都應該見識過，即使在最平凡的人身上

Today there is a raging debate

也有成就不平凡事業的可能。

as to how best we lift people out of poverty,

今時今日一個關於如何消弭貧窮的議題

how best we release their energies.

正被激烈的討論著

On the one hand, we have people that say

究竟我們該如何幫助窮人發揮他們的潛能。

the aid system is so broken we need to throw it out.

一方面，有人認為

And on the other we have people who say

援助系統瀕臨崩潰，應該要放棄。

the problem is that we need more aid.

另一方面，也有人認為

And what I want to talk about is something that compliments both systems.

還需要更多的援助。

We call it patient capital.

在這裡我想談的是一種能讓雙方都接受的方法

The critics point to the 500 billion dollars spent

我們稱之為＂耐心資本＂。

in Africa since 1970

有批評指出，從1970年開始，

and say, and what do we have but environmental degradation

算算已有5000億資金投入非洲

and incredible levels of poverty, rampant corruption?

結果呢？只造成當地環境惡化

They use Mobutu as metaphor.

令人難以置信的貧困，和貪汙腐敗嗎？

And their policy prescription is to

他們拿蒙博托（剛果的獨裁者）做例子。

make government more accountable,

認為增強政府公信力

focus on the capital markets,

是最好的解決方法。

invest, don't give anything away.

然後只把錢投資在資本市場

On the other side, as I said, there are those who say

純粹投資，而不做任何捐助。

the problem is that we need more money.

另一邊呢？像我之前提的，有人認為

That when it comes to the rich, we'll bail out

問題在於我們投入援助的錢還不夠。

and we'll hand a lot of aid,

當服務的對象是有錢人時，

but when it comes to our poor brethren,

大家很樂意錦上添花，加碼提供贊助。

we want little to do with it.

但當談到這些窮人時

They point to the successes of aid:

願意雪中送炭的人就非常有限。

the eradication of smallpox,

他們提到一個援助的成功案例：

and the distribution of tens of millions

天花的消滅

of malaria bed nets and antiretrovirals.

還有透過運送數以千萬的

Both sides are right.

蚊帳及藥物才得到根除的瘧疾。

And the problem is that neither side is listening to the other.

雙方說法都對

Even more problematic, they're not listening to

但問題在於雙方都各持己見

poor people themselves.

更糟的是，根本沒人去了解

After 25 years of working on issues of

窮人的心聲。

poverty and innovation,

25年來我一直專注於

it's true that there are probably no more market-oriented

貧窮和創新的問題上

individuals on the planet

這是個事實：沒有任何人

than low-income people.

會比低收入的窮人

They must navigate markets daily,

更受市場影響。

making micro-decisions, dozens and dozens,

他們每天被迫跟著市場環境

to move their way through society,

為生活中的細節，做出一個又一個的決定

and yet if a single catastrophic health problem

好讓日子能過下去。

impacts their family,

如果出現一個災難性的健康問題

they could be put back into poverty, sometimes for generations.

降臨到他們的家庭

And so we need both the market

可能令好幾世代就此又陷入貧窮。

and we need aid.

所以我們需要資本市場

Patient capital works between,

援助系統也不能少。

and tries to take the best of both.

耐心資本剛好在中間

It's money that's invested in entrepreneurs who know their communities

企圖擷取兩邊的優點。

and are building solutions

這資本用來投資熟知當地環境的創業家，

to healthcare, water, housing, alternative energy,

使他們進而提出解決方案

thinking of low income people not as passive recipients of charity,

致力於改善醫療品質，提昇水質及住房環境，以及能源替代方案等

but as individual customers, consumers, clients,

我們不該把窮人想成是只會被動地接受援助

people who want to make decisions in their own lives.

而是和一般獨立個體，消費者及客戶一樣

Patient capital requires that we have

該是掌控自己的命運的人。

incredible tolerance for risk,

耐心資本需要的是

a long time horizon in terms of allowing those

能高度承受風險

entrepreneurs time to experiment,

並且給這些創業家們足夠的時間

to use the market as the best listening device that we have,

實踐他們的計劃

and the expectation of below-market returns,

而且願意傾聽市場的聲音

but outsized social impact.

期待的並非是高額的投資回報

It recognizes that the market has its limitation,

而是擴大對社會的影響。

and so patient capital also works

意識到市場的侷限性，

with smart subsidy to extend the benefits of a global economy

所以耐心資本也藉由更有效的補貼方案

to include all people.

擴大對全球經濟的效益

Now, entrepreneurs need patient capital

影響層面將擴及所有的人。

for three reasons.

基於三個原因

First, they tend to work in markets

創業家需要耐心資本。

where people make one, two, three dollars a day

第一，他們所運作的市場

and they are making all of their decisions within that income level.

人們每天收入不到3美元

Second, the geographies in which they work

所有生活中的決定受限於這微薄收入。

have terrible infrastructure --

第二，他們所在的地理環境

no roads to speak of, sporadic electricity

基礎建設嚴重缺乏

and high levels of corruption.

沒有可辨認的道路，也稱不上有電力系統

Third, they are often creating markets.

貪汙腐敗更是猖獗。

Even if you're bringing clean water

第三，那是個待創造開發的市場

for the first time into rural villages, it is something new.

像乾淨的水這麽平凡的東西

And so many low-income people

在偏僻村落，都還是前所未見的商品。

have seen so many failed promises broken

這些人

and seen so many quacks and sporadic medicines offered to them

經歷過很多次＂狼來了＂

that building trust takes a lot of time,

也接受過許多庸醫的治療和零星藥品的援助

takes a lot of patience.

所以要取得他們的信任需要很長的時間

It also requires being connected to a lot of management assistance.

很多的耐心。

Not only to build the systems,

後續的支援管理也很重要。

the business models that allow us

不是只有初期的系統架構

to reach low income people in a sustainable way,

建立能深入窮人生活

but to connect those business

和長久持續的商業模式，

to other markets, to governments, to corporations --

還要進一步幫他們創造

real partnerships if we want to get to scale.

能與其他市場，政府機關，公司團體相互連結的環境

I want to share one story

唯有如此，才能達到我們預期的目標。

about an innovation called drip irrigation.

在這，我想和大家分享一個案例

In 2002 I met this incredible entrepreneur

關於一個＂滴水灌概＂的創新計劃。

named Amitabha Sadangi from India,

2002時我遇見這個了不起的創業家

who'd been working for 20 years with some of the poorest farmers on the planet.

Amitabha Sadangi, 印度人

And he was expressing his frustration

20年來他一直致力於幫助世界上最貧困的農民

that the aid market had bypassed low-income farmers altogether,

他不斷向我表達他的沮喪

despite the fact that 200 million farmers

因為援助系統早已忘了這群窮苦的人

alone in India make under a dollar a day.

事實上，光在印度就有2億的農民

They were creating subsidies

每天只靠1美元過活。

either for large farms,

有一些補助金額

or they were giving inputs to the farmers

除了給大的農場使用

that they thought they should use, rather than

也直接給這些農民們

that the farmers wanted to use.

並規定這些農民該如何使用補助款

At the same time Amitabha was

而沒有詢問農民們想怎麽用。

obsessed with this drip irrigation technology

同時Amitabha

that had been invented in Israel.

對來自以色列的＂滴水灌溉＂技術

It was a way of bringing small amounts of water

相當感興趣。

directly to the stalk of the plant.

它將少量的水

And it could transform

直接灌溉在植物的根莖部

swaths of desert land into fields of emerald green.

而且它可以

But the market also had bypassed low income farmers,

把連綿的沙漠荒地變成滿地翠綠。

because these systems were both too expensive,

但這技術仍舊幫不上貧苦農夫的忙。

and they were constructed for fields that were too large.

因為相關設施非常昂貴

The average small village farmer

土地面積要達到相當的規模才適用。

works on two acres or less.

而這些村落的農夫

And so, Amitabha decided that he would take that innovation

所耕種的土地面積也不過就一二畝罷了。

and he would redesign it from the perspective

所以Amitabha決定

of the poor farmers themselves,

改造這個創新技術

because he spent so many years listening to what they needed

重新設計一個符合這些農夫需求的灌溉系統。

not what he thought that they should have.

他花了很多年，了解他們真正所需

And he used three fundamental principles.

而非憑自己一廂情願的想法

The first one was miniaturization.

同時設定三個基本原則

The drip irrigation system

第一，小型化

had to be small enough that a farmer only had

縮小滴水灌溉系統

to risk a quarter acre,

要小到讓這些農民只需

even if he had two,

使用1/4畝的土地去試

because it was too frightening, given all that he had at stake.

即使他有二畝地

Second, it had to be extremely affordable.

如果必須使用所有的地，對農民來說風險太大了。

In other words, that risk on the quarter acre

第二，要農民負擔得起

needed to be repaid in a single harvest,

也就是說，如果不幸失敗

or else they wouldn't take the risk.

只需一季收成就能回補損失

And third, it had to be what Amitabha calls

否則沒人會願意冒險的。

infinitely expandable.

第三，Amitabha認為

What I mean is with the profits from the first quarter acre,

要能無限擴展

the farmers could buy a second

意思是由第一個1/4畝地所賺到的利潤

and a third and a fourth.

能夠再買第二套設備

As of today, IDE India, Amitabha's organization,

甚至第三套，第四套....

has sold over 300,000 farmers these systems

直至今日，Amitabha成立的組織IDE

and has seen their yields and incomes

已售出30萬套這種系統

double or triple on average,

而且這些農民的收益報酬

but this didn't happen overnight.

都達以往的2倍，甚至3倍。

In fact, when you go back to the beginning,

當然，這些成功並非一夕之間發生

there were no private investors

事實上，一開始時

who would be willing to take a risk on building a new technology

沒有任何一個私人投資者

for a market class that made under a dollar a day,

願意冒風險投資在

that were known to be some of the most risk-averse people on the planet

日收入只有一美元的市場

and that were working in one of the riskiest sectors, agriculture.

而且這市場充斥著對風險亳無招架之力的一群人

And so we needed grants. And he used significant grants

更何況農業投資的風險本身已很高。

to research, to experiment, to fail,

所以我們需要資金，讓他可以利用大量資金

to innovate and try again.

從事研究，做實驗，歷經失敗

And when he had a prototype

並且再接再厲。

and had a better understanding of how to market to farmers,

一旦具體計劃成形

that's when patient capital could come in.

對於如何將系統賣給農民有好的方法時

And we helped him build a company, for profit,

也就是耐心資本投入的時點

that would build on IDE's knowledge,

這時我們幫助他成立公司，不但以獲利為目標

and start looking at sales and exports,

也藉由IDE的專業

and be able to tap into other kinds of capital.

尋求擴大營業規摸並增加產品出口的機會

Secondarily, we wanted to see if we could export

進而引進其他資金管道。

this drip irrigation and bring it into other countries.

第二，我們也計劃

And so we met Dr. Sono Khangharani in Pakistan.

將滴水灌溉系統出口至其他國家。

And while, again, you needed patience

所以我們也拜訪了巴基斯坦的Sono Khangharani 博士

to move a technology for the poor

一段時間後，同樣地，藉由耐心資本投入

in India into Pakistan,

我們有機會將這新技術

just to get the permits,

由印度引進巴基斯坦

over time we were able to start a company

只要取得許可

with Dr. Sono, who runs a large

經過一段時間規劃

community development organization in the Thar Desert,

我們得以和在塔爾沙漠

which is one of the remote and poorest areas of the country.

這個印度最偏僻最貧困的地區之一

And though that company has just started,

擁有大型社區發展組織的Sono博士共同成立公司。

our assumption is that there too

雖然公司才剛成立

we'll see the impact on millions.

但我們預測

But drip irrigation isn't the only innovation.

它能影響千萬的窮苦人民。

We're starting to see these happening all around the world.

滴水灌溉並非唯一的創新發明

In Arusha, Tanzania, A to Z Textile Manufacturing

後續效應不斷在全世界被擴散蔓延。

has worked in partnership with us,

在坦桑尼亞的阿魯沙，A to Z 紡織廠

with UNICEF, with the Global Fund,

也和我們一起

to create a factory that now employs 7,000 people, mostly women.

連同聯合國兒童基金會以及全球基金

And they produce 20 million lifesaving bednets

創造了一個僱用7000名員工的工廠，而且大多是女性員工

for Africans around the world.

每年生產2千萬個防瘧疾的蚊帳

Lifespring Hospital

給全世界的非洲人民。

is a joint venture between Acumen and the government of India

源泉醫院

to bring quality, affordable maternal health care

由Acumen基金和印度政府合資成立

to low-income women,

目的是提供給低收入的產婦

and it's been so successful that it's currently building

有品質，又能負擔得起的醫療照顧。

a new hospital every 35 days.

這醫院做得非當成功

And 1298 Ambulances decided that it was going to

平均每35天蓋一家新醫院。

reinvent a completely broken industry,

"1298 救護車" 也計劃

building an ambulance service in Bombay

在這個瀕臨破產的行業重新投入資金

that would use the technology of Google Earth,

他們在孟買設立救護車服務

a sliding scale pricing system

利用Google Earth技術

so that all people could have access,

和彈性的訂價系統

and a severe and public decision

使所有人都能使用這項服務

not to engage in any form of corruption.

而且所有決策採嚴謹公開的過程

So that in the terrorist attacks of November

杜絕任何貪瀆行為。

they were the first responder,

所以在去年11月孟買發生恐佈攻擊時

and are now beginning to scale, because of partnership.

"1298救護車"是最先抵達災難現場的

They've just won four government contracts to build off their 100 ambulances,

之後隨著新伙伴加入，逐步擴大規模。

and are one of the largest and most effective ambulance companies

他們才剛接受4個政府委託，建造100輛救護車的合約

in India.

現在已然成為印度最具規模

This idea of scale is critical.

最有效率的救護車公司之一。

Because we're starting to see these enterprises

擴大規模的想法非常重要

reach hundreds of thousands of people. All of the ones I discussed

這些公司都有

have reached at least a quarter million people.

成千上百的員工，而我所提及的這些公司的員工總數

But that's obviously not enough.

超過二十五萬人。

And it's where the idea of partnership

但這顯然不夠

becomes so important.

所以藉由合作，結合外界資源

Whether it's by finding those innovations

變得十分重要。

that can access the capital markets,

如果這些創新技術

government itself, or partner with major corporations,

能由資本市場取得資金

there is unbelievable opportunity for innovation.

或和政府，大企業合作

President Obama understands that.

未來都能創造無限的可能。

He recently authorized the creation of a Social Innovation Fund

歐巴馬總統明白這個道理

to focus on what works in this country,

最近他授權創立了"社會創新基金"

and look at how we can scale it.

除了著眼於增進人民福址

And I would submit that it's time to consider

也追求世界福址。

a global innovation fund

我認為現在是

that would find these entrepreneurs around the world

推廣"全球創新基金"的好時機

who really have innovations, not only for their country,

去資助這些散佈在全球的創業家

but ones that we can use in the developed world as well.

擁有對自己國家有貢獻的創新科技

Invest financial assistance, but also management assistance.

若能藉由財務支援，甚至提供管理系統協助

And then measure the returns,

就能將這些創新科技推廣至世界各地

both from a financial perspective

那麼不只在財務方面

and from a social impact perspective.

甚至是社會影響力層面

When we think about new approaches to aid,

都能獲得可觀報酬。

it's impossible not to talk about Pakistan.

當我們談到新的援助方法時

We've had a rocky relationship with that country

不可能不提到巴基斯坦。

and, in all fairness,

巴基斯坦和美國關係一直不太穩定