and I'm very happy that you are --

今天在這裡的聽眾，我很高興各位來到這裡，

you've all heard about how sustainable development

各位會聽到永續發展的概念，

will save us from ourselves.

是拯救我們的良方。然而，當我們不是在TED聽演講時，

However, when we're not at TED, we are often told

我們常會聽到永續發展的政策其實是不可行的，

that a real sustainability policy agenda is just not feasible,

尤其是在像是紐約這一類的大型都會區裡。

especially in large urban areas like New York City.

這是因為大部分有決策權的人，

And that's because most people with decision-making powers,

不管是在公家單位或是私人企業，

in both the public and the private sector,

全都不知道自己已身處險境。

really don't feel as though they're in danger.

今天我之所以會在這裡，有一部分是因為一隻狗，

The reason why I'm here today, in part, is because of a dog --

一隻我1998年的一場大雨裡，帶回家的一隻流浪小狗。

an abandoned puppy I found back in the rain, back in 1998.

她後來長的比我預期的還要大很多。

She turned out to be a much bigger dog than I'd anticipated.

當她加入我的生活時，我們正在抗議一個龐大的廢棄物處理廠的設置，

When she came into my life, we were fighting against a huge waste facility

他們計畫設在河東濱水區，完全不考慮我們這個區域

planned for the East River waterfront

已經為整個紐約市處理了超過四成的商業廢棄物。

despite the fact that our small part of New York City

一座污水處理廠、一座淤泥處理廠、四座發電廠、

already handled more than 40 percent of the entire city's commercial waste:

加上世界上最大的食品分銷中心，

a sewage treatment pelletizing plant, a sewage sludge plant, four power plants,

還有其他產業，每週有超過6萬趟柴油卡車來到這個區域。

the world's largest food-distribution center,

這一區同時也是全市公園對人口比最低的地方。

as well as other industries that bring more than 60,000 diesel truck trips

所以當公園單位找上我，

to the area each week.

要我進行一項初始規模只有1萬美金的計畫，來發展濱水區域，

The area also has one of the lowest ratios of parks to people in the city.

我真的覺得他們的想法很有意義，但是太過天真了點。

So when I was contacted by the Parks Department

我從小到大都住在這一區，但卻從不能走到河邊，

about a $10,000 seed-grant initiative to help develop waterfront projects,

因為河邊有我剛才提到的那些工廠。

I thought they were really well-meaning, but a bit naive.

有一天早晨，我帶我的狗慢跑時，

I'd lived in this area all my life, and you could not get to the river,

她把我拉到一個我以為只是個違法傾倒廢物的地方。

because of all the lovely facilities that I mentioned earlier.

到處都是成堆的垃圾，和其他我不會在這裡提到的東西，

Then, while jogging with my dog one morning,

但她還是把我往前拖，像是在說：看，最後面就是河了！

she pulled me into what I thought was just another illegal dump.

我知道這條早已被遺忘的巷尾，

There were weeds and piles of garbage and other stuff that I won't mention here,

就像那隻帶我到這裡來、被遺棄的狗一樣被人遺忘，但我們應該拯救它。

but she kept dragging me,

我知道有一天這裡將會成為一個令人驕傲的起步點，

and lo and behold, at the end of that lot was the river.

成為南布朗克斯區重生的象徵。

I knew that this forgotten little street-end,

而像我的狗一樣，這個構想變得比我想像的還要大。

abandoned like the dog that brought me there, was worth saving.

我們在一路上獲得了許多的幫助。

And I knew it would grow to become the proud beginnings

獵點河濱公園於是成為南布朗克斯區

of the community-led revitalization of the new South Bronx.

60年來第一座親水公園，

And just like my new dog, it was an idea that got bigger than I'd imagined.

我們將初始規模只有1萬美金的計畫，建成了300倍規模的3百萬美金的公園，

We garnered much support along the way,

而就在這個秋天，我就要－－

and the Hunts Point Riverside Park became the first waterfront park

我就要和我的愛人結婚。

that the South Bronx had had in more than 60 years.

他就在後面幫我放投影片，這是他的工作。

We leveraged that $10,000 seed grant more than 300 times,

(笑聲)(掌聲)

into a $3 million park.

我們這些能夠活在具有環境正義社區裡的人，畢竟只是鳳毛麟角，

And in the fall, I'm going to exchange marriage vows with my beloved.

我們現在就有環保的問題，而且已經持續一陣子了。

(Audience whistles)

環境正義，如果你們有些人不太了解這個名詞的話，它的意思是：

Thank you very much.

沒有一個社區應該比其他社區負擔更多的污染，

(Applause)

卻比其他人獲取更少的環境利益。

That's him pressing my buttons back there, which he does all the time.

但不幸的是，種族和階級常常是最可靠的指標，

(Laughter)

可以用來判斷什麼人會有好東西，像是公園和樹木，

(Applause)

以及什麼人會有不好的東西，像發電廠或廢棄物處理廠。

But those of us living in environmental justice communities

而在美國生為一個黑人，我比白人多出兩倍的機會，

are the canary in the coal mine.

會去住在一個會威脅我健康的空氣污染社區中。

We feel the problems right now, and have for some time.

我比白人多出五倍的機會，會去住在

Environmental justice, for those of you who may not be familiar with the term,

附近就有發電廠或化學工廠的地方，而我真的住在這種地方。

goes something like this:

這種土地利用的規劃，導致我們更容易得到

no community should be saddled with more environmental burdens

像肥胖、糖尿病和氣喘之類的疾病。

and less environmental benefits than any other.

誰會願意離開家裡到充滿毒物的社區裡散步呢？

Unfortunately, race and class are extremely reliable indicators

我們的社區居民有27％過胖，這個比率就算以全國來說也算是高的，糖尿病則跟著肥胖而來，

as to where one might find the good stuff, like parks and trees,

而每四個南布朗克斯區的小孩中，就有一個有氣喘。

and where one might find the bad stuff, like power plants and waste facilities.

我們的氣喘住院率比全國平均高七倍。

As a black person in America, I am twice as likely as a white person

這些嚴重地衝擊到我們社區的每個人身上，

to live in an area where air pollution poses the greatest risk to my health.

每個人都為這些廢棄物的處理付出代價，

I am five times more likely to live within walking distance

甚至承受污染所帶來的健康問題，而更明顯的是，

of a power plant or chemical facility,

我們將年輕的黑人及拉丁裔男性囚禁起來的成本更是無法估計，

which I do.

因為他們擁有大量未經開發的潛能。

These land-use decisions created the hostile conditions

這裡有半數的居民生活在貧窮線之下，

that lead to problems like obesity, diabetes and asthma.

四分之一的人沒有工作，而低收入的市民，

Why would someone leave their home to go for a brisk walk in a toxic neighborhood?

則經常把急診室當成他們基本的醫療照顧。

Our 27 percent obesity rate is high even for this country,

這些高額的成本都要由全體納稅人買單，但卻無法產生相對應的效益。

and diabetes comes with it.

貧窮的人不只是窮而已，他們的身體也很不健康。

One out of four South Bronx children has asthma.

幸好，還是有許多像我一樣的人在為他們找尋解決之道，

Our asthma hospitalization rate

讓他們短期內不必再住在這種有色人種的低收入社區，

is seven times higher than the national average.

長期來說，則要保護我們全體不受傷害。

These impacts are coming everyone's way.

大家都不想要這樣，但是我們卻同樣受苦。我們還有什麼相似的地方呢？

And we all pay dearly for solid waste costs,

首先，我們每個都非常的漂亮－－

health problems associated with pollution and more odiously,

(笑聲)－－都有高中畢業、大學、研究生學位，

the cost of imprisoning our young black and Latino men,

到過有趣的地方旅遊，沒有在青少年時就懷孕，

who possess untold amounts of untapped potential.

財富來源穩定，從來沒被關過。好。

Fifty percent of our residents live at or below the poverty line;

很好。(笑聲)

25 percent of us are unemployed.

但除了身為一位黑人女性，我在其他方面也和你們不同。

Low-income citizens often use emergency-room visits as primary care.

我親眼目睹了社區裡將進半數的建築被火災焚毀。

This comes at a high cost to taxpayers and produces no proportional benefits.

我大哥藍尼打過越戰，

Poor people are not only still poor, they are still unhealthy.

卻在離我們家幾步路外被人槍殺。

Fortunately, there are many people like me who are striving for solutions

天啊！我住的地方對街就有人在販賣毒品。

that won't compromise the lives

是的，我是一個貧民區裡的黑人小孩。

of low-income communities of color in the short term,

就是這些事情讓你我不同。

and won't destroy us all in the long term.

但你我之間共通的事物，又使我和社區裡的其他人不同，

None of us want that, and we all have that in common.

我就像是活在兩個世界的中間，

So what else do we have in common?

但我投入全部的心力去爭取公平正義。

Well, first of all, we're all incredibly good-looking.

我們為什麼會有這麼大的差異？

(Laughter)

在40年代末期，我爸爸，他是普爾曼的搬運工，也是奴隸的兒子，

Graduated high school, college, post-graduate degrees,

在南布朗克斯的獵點社區買了一間房子，

traveled to interesting places, didn't have kids in your early teens,

幾年後他娶了我媽媽。

financially stable, never been imprisoned.

在那個年代，社區裡大多是白人勞工階級，

OK. Good.

但我爸爸並不孤單。

(Laughter)

而當其他像他一樣的人們追求自己的美國夢時，

But, besides being a black woman,

白人遷離南布朗克斯區和其他城市，變成越來越普遍的現象。

I am different from most of you in some other ways.

而那些白人遷離的區域，包括我們這一區，

I watched nearly half of the buildings in my neighborhood burn down.

就被銀行畫了紅線，禁止任何投資。

My big brother Lenny fought in Vietnam,

許多地主認為，把他們的建築用火燒掉，

only to be gunned down a few blocks from our home.

收取的保險費還比在那種狀況下賣掉來的好，

Jesus.

完全不考慮房客的死傷。

I grew up with a crack house across the street.

獵點社區以前曾經是個可以走路去工作的社區，

Yeah, I'm a poor black child from the ghetto.

但現在當地的居民要不沒有工作，要不就是連家也沒有。

These things make me different from you.

後來全國性的高速公路擴張計畫，更使我們雪上加霜。

But the things we have in common

在紐約州，羅勃．莫斯提出了一個很有野心的高速公路擴張計畫，

set me apart from most of the people in my community,

其中一個主要目的就是要讓比較富有的

and I am in between these two worlds

威徹斯特郡居民能夠更容易到達曼哈頓，

with enough of my heart to fight for justice in the other.

但介於其中的南布朗克斯，則一點好處也沒有。

So how did things get so different for us?

居民們常常在自己的房子要被夷平前不到一個月才收到通知，

In the late '40s, my dad -- a Pullman porter, son of a slave --

有六萬居民被迫搬遷。

bought a house in the Hunts Point section of the South Bronx,

大家都認為南布朗克斯區是色情行業的大本營，

and a few years later, he married my mom.

但如果你在一出生，就有人告訴你社區裡沒有一樣好東西，

At the time, the community was a mostly white, working-class neighborhood.

全都是壞人和醜陋的勾當，這怎麼不會對你產生影響呢？

My dad was not alone.

我們的房子現在一點價值也沒有，只因為它是我們的家，也是我們唯一的財產所以才保存下來。

And as others like him pursued their own version of the American dream,

我很幸運，能在這個家裡得到滿滿的愛，

white flight became common in the South Bronx

還有師長的協助，以及朋友的幫忙，這樣就夠了。

and in many cities around the country.

這個故事有什麼值得一提的地方嗎？

Red-lining was used by banks, wherein certain sections of the city,

就規劃的角度而言，經濟的衰退，

including ours, were deemed off-limits to any sort of investment.

會導致環境的衰敗，還會引發社會的動亂。

Many landlords believed it was more profitable to torch their buildings

而這種不投資於我們社區的策略始於1960年代，

and collect insurance money rather than to sell under those conditions --

因此導致目前我們所看到環境上的不公不義的現象。

dead or injured former tenants notwithstanding.

我們被視為被廢棄的區域，而不合時宜的土地使用法規仍在沿用，

Hunts Point was formerly a walk-to-work community,

大家繼續在我們的社區設置污染的設施，

but now residents had neither work nor home to walk to.

在大家決定土地使用政策時，是否有將這些因素考慮在內呢？

A national highway construction boom was added to our problems.

這種政策會需要付出什麼樣的代價呢？誰要來背負這些成本呢？

In New York State,

誰又從中獲利？我們的社區有又得到了什麼好處？

Robert Moses spearheaded an aggressive highway-expansion campaign.

而這就是大家所謂的規畫，完全沒有把我們的利益考慮在內。

One of its primary goals was to make it easier

一旦我們瞭解了這整件事，我們就決定要自己做規畫。

for residents of wealthy communities in Westchester County to go to Manhattan.

我剛才告訴各位的小公園，只是我們開始

The South Bronx, which lies in between, did not stand a chance.

建造南布朗克斯區綠色走廊的第一階段。

Residents were often given less than a month's notice

我撰寫了一個125萬美元的聯邦交通預算計畫，

before their buildings were razed.

要設計一個設有腳踏車道的河濱步道。

600,000 people were displaced.

這個建設計畫，可以讓大眾瞭解交通安全的重要性，

The common perception was

也瞭解到這附近設有廢棄物處理廠及其他相關設施，

that only pimps and pushers and prostitutes were from the South Bronx.

如果我們能處理妥當，就不必犠牲居民的生活品質。

And if you are told from your earliest days

這個計畫讓附近的民眾可以有機會出來活動，

that nothing good is going to come from your community,

也可以為地方帶來繁榮。

that it's bad and ugly,

想想看，到時會有腳踏車店、果汁攤，

how could it not reflect on you?

我們保留了二千萬美金來做第一階段的計畫。

So now, my family's property was worthless,

這是拉法葉大道，將由馬修-尼爾森建築師事務所重新設計。

save for that it was our home, and all we had.

而一旦這條大道修整完畢，它會將南布朗克斯區

And luckily for me, that home and the love inside of it,

與超過400公畝的蘭德島公園連接在一起。

along with help from teachers, mentors and friends along the way, was enough.

現在，這中間被一條寬約25英呎的河流隔開，但這條道路將會改變這一點。

Now, why is this story important?

只要我們復育這附近的自然環境，大自然就會回饋給我們更多。

Because from a planning perspective,

我們有一個名為布朗克斯生態講座的訓練，

economic degradation begets environmental degradation,

可以為民眾講解生態復育的相關知識，

which begets social degradation.

這樣我們社區的居民就可以和別人一起競爭那些高薪的職位了。

The disinvestment that began in the 1960s set the stage

漸漸地，我們這附近就會有許多綠領的工作出現，

for all the environmental injustices that were to come.

這裡的居民就可以在自家附近獲取經濟與人脈優勢。

Antiquated zoning and land-use regulations are still used to this day

在羅勃．莫斯的計畫裡有一條謝瑞登快速道路，將附近的社區一分為二，

to continue putting polluting facilities in my neighborhood.

但目前的使用率不高，

Are these factors taken into consideration when land-use policy is decided?

即使在尖峰時段，都沒有什麼車通行，

What costs are associated with these decisions?

因此我們的社區提出一個替代方案，

And who pays? Who profits?

希望能將高速公路移除。

Does anything justify what the local community goes through?

現在我們有一個大好機會，可以將所有的利益關係人聚在一起，

This was "planning" -- in quotes --

重新思考該怎麼利用這28英畝的土地，要放進公園、

that did not have our best interests in mind.

人們可以負擔得起的房子，還要兼顧當地的經濟發展。

Once we realized that, we decided it was time to do our own planning.

我們也在我們的辦公大樓上，

That small park I told you about earlier

建造了紐約市第一個綠能涼爽屋頂的示範。

was the first stage of building a Greenway movement in the South Bronx.

涼爽屋頂的表面能有效反射太陽能所產生的熱，

I wrote a one-and-a-quarter-million dollar federal transportation grant

是可以阻絕建築物或空氣升溫的屋頂。

to design the plan for a waterfront esplanade

綠能屋頂則是佈滿土壤和綠色植物的屋頂。

with dedicated on-street bike paths.

兩者都能取代原本以石油做為原料而做成的吸熱屋頂，

Physical improvements help inform public policy regarding traffic safety,

這些屋頂會加重都市熱島效應，並在烈焰下漸漸變質，

the placement of the waste and other facilities,

讓我們吸入有毒的空氣。但綠能屋頂可以儲存75%的雨水，

which, if done properly, don't compromise a community's quality of life.

讓都市人不必再花大錢來解決用水問題，

They provide opportunities to be more physically active,

而原本這些負擔都會加諸在我們這種社區上的。

as well as local economic development.

當然，這些屋頂也為我們的小小朋友提供了棲地！

Think bike shops, juice stands.

看...(笑聲)...很酷吧！

We secured 20 million dollars to build first-phase projects.

總之，這個示範計畫是我們綠能屋頂安裝事業的跳板，

This is Lafayette Avenue --

可以為南布朗克斯社區帶來工作機會，並持續供給經濟動能。

and that's redesigned by Mathews Nielsen Landscape Architects.

(笑聲)(掌聲)我也很喜歡！

And once this path is constructed, it'll connect the South Bronx

我知道克里斯曾囑附我們不要在這裡推銷產品，

with more than 400 acres of Randall's Island Park.

但既然你們都注意到了：我們需要資金！推銷結束！

Right now we're separated by about 25 feet of water, but this link will change that.

請求原諒還是比請求准許好吧？

As we nurture the natural environment, its abundance will give us back even more.

是吧...(笑聲)(掌聲)

We run a project called the Bronx [Environmental] Stewardship Training,

好，在卡崔娜颶風來襲之前，南布朗克斯社區和紐奧良的第九區有許多相似之處，

which provides job training in the fields of ecological restoration,

這二個地方都有大量的窮困有色人種，

so that folks from our community have the skills to compete

也是文化創意的溫床：想想看嘻哈音樂和爵士樂吧。

for these well-paying jobs.

二地都是臨水的社區，

Little by little, we're seeding the area with green-collar jobs --

工廠和社區都緊鄰彼此。

and with people that have both a financial and personal stake

在卡崔娜之後，我們還是有許多共同點，

in their environment.

我們都是最不被重視和破壞最嚴重的社區，

The Sheridan Expressway is an underutilized relic

有最粗心的法令、社區充滿毒害、地方政府也最鬆散，

of the Robert Moses era,

不管是南布朗克斯區或是第九區，這些破壞都是可以避免的，

built with no regard for the neighborhoods that were divided by it.

但我們卻都在付出慘痛代價後，才學得寶貴的教訓。

Even during rush hour, it goes virtually unused.

我們不只是這個國家都市衰亡的象徵，

The community created an alternative transportation plan

也不只是歷屆總統競選時答應要解決問題的空頭支票，

that allows for the removal of the highway.

我們只想知道，政府是否打算讓卡崔娜災區

We have the opportunity now to bring together all the stakeholders

荒廢個十幾二十年？就像南布朗克斯區這樣？

to re-envision how this 28 acres can be better utilized

或是我們打算採取積極的態度，向那些類似我們這種

for parkland, affordable housing and local economic development.

因為對社區絕望而發展出來的草根團體們，學習如何重建家園？

We also built New York City's first green and cool roof demonstration project

現在請注意，我並不期望個人、

on top of our offices.

公司或是政府會因為道德或對錯的因素，而來改善這個世界，

Cool roofs are highly-reflective surfaces that don't absorb solar heat,

今天的演講只是為了呈現我曾經經歷過的事，

and pass it on to the building or atmosphere.

都是些微不足道的事，你們根本不會瞭解。

Green roofs are soil and living plants.

但如果你們真的想知道的話，我待會可以告訴你們。

Both can be used instead of petroleum-based roofing materials

但是，我知道這已經是底限了，每個人對這件事的認知不同，

that absorb heat, contribute to urban "heat island" effect

但這卻是推進我們走到底的動力。

and degrade under the sun,

我對我自己所謂的「三層利益」很感興趣，

which we in turn breathe.

那是永續發展所會帶來的「三層利益」。

Green roofs also retain up to 75 percent of rainfall,

「發展」可以為所有相關人士帶正向的回報，

so they reduce a city's need to fund costly end-of-pipe solutions --

包括開發商、政府及各項發展計畫所在的社區。

which, incidentally, are often located

但現在，你在紐約市看不到這種發展，

in environmental justice communities like mine.

反而因為都市開發而產生了一大堆負面的影響。

And they provide habitats for our little friends!

某個政府團體正計畫提出在南布朗克斯區

[Butterfly]

興建大型購物中心與體育館的計畫。

(Laughter)

但是政府官員卻沒有花時間來協調

So cool!

如何處理交通流量增加、污染及廢棄物等所帶來的影響，

Anyway, the demonstration project is a springboard

更別提對開放空間的衝擊了。而他們對當地經濟

for our own green roof installation business,

及就業市場的評估，根本不具說服力。

bringing jobs and sustainable economic activity to the South Bronx.

因為在那之前，世界上最有錢的棒球隊(洋基隊)，

[Green is the new black ...]

就已經把居民喜愛的二座社區公園拆了，改建成洋基棒球場。

(Laughter) (Applause)

這比我先前告訴各位的還要糟。

I like that, too.

即使南布朗克斯區的居民只有不到25%的人擁有汽車，

Anyway, I know Chris told us not to do pitches up here,

但這些計畫卻規畫了數以千計的停車空間，

but since I have all of your attention:

反而對大眾運輸系統隻字未提。

We need investors. End of pitch.

各位所聽到的各種爭論裡，唯一缺乏的

It's better to ask for forgiveness than permission.

就是一份完整的成本效益分析，看看不去拯救

Anyway --

環境瀕臨危險的社區會需要付出什麼代價，

(Laughter)

看看有系統、可維持長久的改變又有什麼好處。

(Applause)

我的經紀人和哥倫比亞大學及其他人正進行密切的合作，

OK. Katrina.

他們打算在這些議題上提出一些振奮人心的想法。

Prior to Katrina, the South Bronx and New Orleans' Ninth Ward

讓我把話講清楚，我不是一個反對發展的人，

had a lot in common.