and sometimes even death being expected.

有時候連死亡都在意料之內

But when we look at the physical consequences modern athletes endure,

但從現代運動員所承受的運動傷害結果來看，

what is the most dangerous sport in the world?

何者是世界上最危險的運動呢？

If we simply look at who gets injured the most often,

如果我們單從誰最常受傷來看，

US hospital data - collected by the CPSC in 2016 found that for males,

美國的醫院數據— 2016 年美國消費品安全委員會收集的資料發現，對男性來說，

football and soccer cause a significant proportion of injuries,

美式足球與足球受傷人數的比率相當顯著

while for women, soccer and baseball almost top the list.

而對女性來說，足球與棒球則相去不遠，都榜上有名

But the number one sport for both sexes was basketball,

但不論男性女性，位居榜首的就是籃球，

with 190,000 injuries for men and 34,000 for women.

一年內有 190,000 位男性與 34,000 位女性受傷

A study of injuries among NBA athletes over a 17 year period found that

一個針對 NBA 運動員長達 17 年的研究顯示，

lateral ankle sprains were the most common,

側邊踝關節扭傷是最常發生的，

while a separate study found that those who wore shoes with air cells in the heel

而一個獨立研究顯示腳跟穿著有氣墊的鞋的人

were 4.3 times more likely to injure their ankle

扭傷腳踝的可能性是別人的 4.3 倍，

so you might want to ditch your Nike airs.

所以你可能會想丟掉你的 Nike 氣墊鞋

But minor injuries can happen for any sport and hardly deserve the title of most dangerous;

輕微的運動傷害在任何運動都可能發生，但還不至於到標題所說最危險的運動

take curling for example, which has a higher injury rate then speed skating and luge.

以冰壺為例，從事冰壺運動受傷的比例比溜冰跟無舵雪橇還高

Or snowboarding, where 8% of injuries take place when loading or unloading off the ski lift

或是滑雪，有 8% 的運動傷害發生在上下纜車時

as the lifts are actually designed for skiers.

因為纜車確實是設計給滑雪者用的

Luge, which involves riding a sled laying on your back at speeds up to 150 km/h

無舵雪橇，一種仰躺在最高時速 150 公里以上的雪橇上滑行的運動

will put you at a 40% risk of injury,

會有 40% 的風險受傷，

however only 4% of those injuries result in missing more than one day of practice.

然而只有 4% 的傷勢會讓你超過一天不能接受訓練

So what about...death?

那…死亡率呢？

In terms of fatalities, a report from the National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research

根據不幸事件來看，一份大型運動傷害國家研究中心的報告顯示

found that between 1982 and 2016, the most fatalities in high school sports

西元 1982 年至 2016 年間，在高中學生運動競賽中最常發生不幸事件的

came from football, with 133 deaths.

就是美式足球，總共 133 人喪生

However, that rate is 0.39 per every 100,000 individuals,

然而，這比例為每 10,000 人中有 0.39 人喪生，

given that football is the most popular American sport.

可知美式足球是美國最熱門的運動項目

Regardless, sports like football and hockey often rank as some of the most dangerous sports

無論如何，像美式足球與曲棍球這類運動經常被評比為最危險的運動之一

because of the constant collisions and hits at top speeds, leading to a variety of injuries

因為經常會在高速下碰撞，導致各種不同傷害發生

including concussions.

包括腦震盪

In fact, autopsies of many former athletes have revealed that they had chronic traumatic encephalopathy or CTE;

事實上，解剖許多前運動員的腦袋後，顯示他們通常會有慢性創傷腦病變，又稱 CTE

a disease that people with multiple head injuries can get.

當一個人大腦經常受傷時可能會有的疾病

It can lead to weakness in the lower limbs, hesitancy of speech, unsteadiness,

它可能導致下肢無力、發音困難、肢體不穩定、

mood problems and difficulty thinking.

情緒問題以及思考障礙

These are the result of brain atrophy and deposits of protein in the brain.

這些是由於腦中大腦萎縮及蛋白質沉積所導致

And brain injuries are actually the leading cause of death from sports.

而大腦傷勢也確實是導致運動員喪生的主因

This leads us to the actual most dangerous sport, which when considering all factors,

這些資訊為我們導出最危險的運動，當我們考量所有因素後

turns out to be a combat sport.

答案就是格鬥運動

And while you might be thinking of Mixed Martial Arts or MMA,

當你想可能是綜合格鬥或稱 MMA 時，

it turns out that boxing is actually the most dangerous.

其實拳擊是最危險的

The University of Alberta, using medical data after matches, found that although 60% of MMA fighters sustained injuries

阿爾伯塔大學根據比賽後的醫學資料，

versus 50% of boxers, MMA injuries were less severe.

發現雖然 60% 的 MMA 選手會有些傷勢，

7% of boxers had either loss of consciousness or suffered serious eye injury during fights,

相較於拳擊手是 50%，MMA 選手的傷勢比較輕

compared to only 4% of MMA fighters.

7% 的拳擊手在比賽中不是失去意識，就是承受相當嚴重的眼部傷害

The study attributes this to MMA style fighting

相較之下 MMA 選手只有 4%

which involves hitting various areas of the body

這個研究將結果歸因於 MMA 的競技方式，

whereas boxing focuses on the head.

MMA 比賽會攻擊選手身體所有部位，

And boxers seem to present worse symptoms of CTE than even athletes in football.

而拳擊比賽則著重在頭部

This is likely because of the rotational force of hook punches,

而相較於美式足球選手，拳擊手似乎會有更嚴重的慢性創傷腦病變症狀

compared to the linear force in football, which may make the brain trauma worse.

這可能是因為他們會承受來自不同方向的鉤拳，相較於美式足球中大多是直線衝力

At the end of the day, a punch to the head during a boxing match

所以可能使拳擊手的腦部損傷更嚴重

can range anywhere from 650-1100 pounds of force

最後，在拳擊比賽中一個重拳的力量

making boxing arguably the most dangerous sport in the world.

可以達到 650 到 1100 磅