to 2015.

濫用藥物而造成的死亡案件數增長了2.2倍。

But what is the most dangerous drug in the world? [Illustrated by Kurzgesagt.]

但是，什麼是世界上最危險的藥物？

If we're simply talking about the most lethal substances, scientists use something called

如果我們只是談論的最致命物質，科學家們使用一種叫

the “median lethal dose” or LD50 which measures how much of a substance is required

“半數致死劑量”或LD50的標準 其方法是測量需要多少物質

to kill half the members of a tested population.

才能殺死一半的測試群體。

So something like coffee requires around 13g to kill a 70kg person, while the venom of

因此，咖啡需要大約13克來 殺死70公斤的人，

an Inland Taipan snake requires much less, with only 0.00175g.

而內陸大班蛇的毒液需要的更少， 只需0.00175克。

Using this method, the most deadly substance on Earth?

依照這種測量標準， 在地球上最致命的物質是...

Botulinum Toxin...or Botox.

肉毒桿菌毒素...或肉毒桿菌。

Oral ingestion would require only 0.00000007g to kill a 70kg person.

僅需口服0.00000007克來 殺死70公斤的人。

However, 'most dangerous' doesn't always mean 'most lethal'.

然而，最危險的物質並不是 最致命的。

In the UK, a group of experts decided to look at how much “harm” the most common recreational

在英國，一個專家小組決定尋找 最常見的娛樂性藥物能造成多少傷害

drugs cause using 16 parameters, including types of physical, psychological and social harm.

研究進程包括了16個參數，包含了 生理傷害，心理傷害和社會危害。

For example, a drug may cause physical damage but not be lethal, it could cause you to become

例如，毒品可以引起的物理損傷 但並非是致命的，它可能會導致你

completely dependent, it can be more likely to cause loss of relationships, or decreased

對藥物的完全依賴，它可以更容易 造成人際關係的損失或減少

mental functioning; and these are all forms of 'harm'.

心理功能;而這些都是傷害的形式。

Using these criteria, they concluded that the most dangerous drug to an individual is heroin.

使用這些標準，他們的結論是 對個人最危險的藥物是海洛因。

Heroin can be injected, snorted, or smoked, and enters the brain rapidly, particularly

海洛因可以透過注射、鼻吸入或煙霧， 來迅速地進入大腦，

when injected into the bloodstream.

特別是注射到血流中。

Here, it attaches to opioid receptors, creating a surge of pleasurable sensations.

在這裡，它附在阿片樣肽受體， 來產生了愉快的感覺。

It's also highly addictive, with intense withdrawal symptoms that begin within hours

海洛因非常容易使人上癮， 激烈戒斷症狀幾小時內即開始

of a hit, including insomnia, cold flashes, muscle and bone pain, nausea and vomiting.

包括失眠，感冒閃爍， 肌肉和骨骼疼痛，噁心和嘔吐。

Receptors in the brainstem are also affected, impacting important physiological processes

腦幹受體也會受到影響， 造成重要生理過程被打亂

such as breathing and blood pressure.

如呼吸和血壓。

Which is why overdosing causes breathing to slow or stop entirely, leading to the accumulation

這就是為什麼濫用海洛因導致呼吸 減緩或完全停止，導致二氧化碳積累

of CO2 in the blood and ultimately death.

在血液中，並最終導致死亡。

And since heroin is unregulated, it is especially difficult for users to know the strength of

而由於海洛因是不受管制的， 所以用戶很難知道它的劑量，

the dose, making the risk of OD-ing high.

使得濫用的風險提高。

Additionally, the drug can be mixed with other compounds, like Fentanyl, making it even more

另外，該藥物可以與其它 化合物，如芬太尼混合在一起，這使得海洛英

dangerous.

更加危險。

Fentanyl, like heroin, is an opiate but is 50-100 times as strong because it is very

芬太尼跟海洛因一樣，是一種毒品，但 比海洛因強50-100倍，因為它具有

lipophilic - meaning it penetrates our fatty brain more easily.

非常高的親脂性 - 這意味著它 能更容易穿透我們大腦的脂肪。

And in terms of lethality alone, it is much more dangerous than heroin to users.

而僅在殺傷力方面，它比海洛因對用戶更危險。

It was initially used as a prescription pain reliever but because of its addictiveness,

最初，它是作為緩解止痛的處方 但由於它很容易上癮，

it was mostly used in end of life cases.

它大多數是在結束生命的情況下才被使用。

It has since emerged as a recreational drug, where the number of reported fentanyl related

它已經成為一個娛樂性藥物， 其中，在美國相關報導

overdoses has increased 7X from 2012 to 2014 in the US, and continues to see more widespread

從2012年至2014年，濫用芬太尼的案件增加了7倍

use worldwide.

，並且在全球廣泛使用。

But there is an even more dangerous drug!

但有一種藥物比芬太尼更加危險。

Though crack cocaine and methamphetamine top the list of harm to an individual just after

雖然古柯鹼和甲基安非他命，是緊接在海洛因之後， 對個人最大危害的排行榜前幾名

heroin, finding the most dangerous drug overall involved studying 20 different popular drugs,

然而要衡量世界上最危險的藥物 需要研究20種不同的流行藥物，

and also looking at the harm they place on others.

也看著他們對其他領域造成的危害。

This includes the physical and psychological harm, crime, degradation to families and communities,

這包括生理和心理 傷害，犯罪，家庭和社區的破碎，

and economic costs - and in the end it turns out the most dangerous drug in the world is…

和經濟成本 - 而最終證實 世界上最危險的藥物為...

alcohol.

酒精。

To ensure this wasn't simply a UK phenomenon, a European group attempted the same process

為了確保這不是英國的現象， 歐盟嘗試了同樣的研究

putting more emphasis on individual harm and less on economic harm.

更加注重對個人的傷害和 減少對經濟危害的注重性。

And even with the different weightings the two groups found largely the same result.

雖然對標準的不同 兩組發現大致相同的結果。

A large contributor to the danger of alcohol is its wide use.

酒精的廣泛使用導致了它的危險性。

The majority of the world does drink (61.7%), and drink a lot, with an average of 17 litres

世界上大多數的人喝酒（61.7％）， 而且也喝了很多，平均每人每年消耗

of pure alcohol consumed per person per year.

17升的純酒精。

The World Health Organization found 3.3 million deaths worldwide were caused by dangerous

世界衛生組織發現在世界各地330萬的 死亡案件是由過量的飲酒而引起的

alcohol consumption in 2012, meaning alcohol kills 1 person every 10 seconds.

這意味著在2012年，酒精在每10秒就 殺死一個人。

But experts don't recommend a prohibition stance on alcohol.

但專家不建議禁止酒精。

By all accounts, the war on drugs has been deemed a failure, and nations who have stepped

從各方面來看，毒品戰爭已視為一個失敗，而在那些

away from hardline policies and implemented decriminalization, harm reduction and education,

遠離強硬政策和實施 合法化、減少傷害政策和教育的國家，

have seen significant declines of drug abuse.

才看到濫用吸毒的明顯下跌。

If you'd like to learn more about the failure of the war on drugs, check out In A Nutshell's

如果您想瞭解更多關於對毒品的戰爭失敗， 請看看In a Nutshell的影片

video, who so brilliantly helped us animate this video!

他們也同時出色地幫助我們 完成這部影片的動畫！

A huge thanks to them for helping out, and continuing to inspire us with their intelligent

感謝他們的幫忙，和繼續以 智慧與精心設計的影片激勵我們

and well designed videos.

您還可以看看我們的藥物系列， 如果您想瞭解更多關於

You can also check out our drug series, if you'd like to learn more about the impact

具體的藥物對你的大腦的影響， 如大麻，古柯鹼，和LSD。

of specific drugs, like marijuana, cocaine, and lsd, on your brain!

並訂閱以獲得更多每週科學影片！

And subscribe for more weekly science videos!