and the real possibility of nuclear war. It can sometimes

還有極可能發生的核戰，有時候

feel like the end is near. But what are the biggest threats

會覺得末日近了；然而，什麼是對人類

to humanity and is there anything we can do to stop them?

最大的威脅，我們該採取甚麼行動阻止這一切的發生呢 ?

Experts all over the world from the Global Challenges Foundation

位於斯德哥爾摩全球挑戰基金會的專家們

in Stockholm and the Centre for the Study of Existential Risk

以及劍橋大學的既有危機研究

at the University of Cambridge consider this question yearly

每年研究此議題

using scientific research. Some risks lay

並使用科學研究數據。部分危機

millions of years into the future like gamma-ray burst

遺臭萬年，像是由星際爆炸所產生的

caused by a star explosion which would destroy our

γ 射線 (伽瑪射線)，破壞臭氧層

ozone layer or even the over expansion or

甚至是向外層擴張

collapse of the entire universe. Closer to home

還有整個宇宙的瓦解。我們居住的藍星

we have our sun which will eventually become a red giant as it ages

有隨著它老化而變成紅色巨星的太陽

and engulf the entire planet

並吞噬整個太陽系的行星

but even that isn't for another 5 billion years.

但這會是 50 億年後的事了

More imminent is an asteroid large enough to

較迫切的是小行星，大到足以

create a global catastrophe which is estimated to occur

造成大災難

every 120,000 years. While none are currently

每 12 萬年會發生一次，而目前為止

expected to hit earth soon existing data is incomplete

沒有顯示任何隕石即將來臨，因為相關數據不足

with a worldwide effort underway to

全世界仍致力於

to search the skies. Should it happen

天際的研究；要是真的發生

it could create a global cooling event like the ice age.

會讓全球進入冰河時期

But even smaller asteroids could have a significant impact

就算是小行星，也會對大自然和人類生態系統

on both natural and human ecosystems too.

帶來相當的衝擊

An even closer possibility is the super volcano

更有可能的是超級火山的爆發

the devastation in Pompeii from Mount Vesuvius released around

維蘇威火山爆發釋放出約 4 平方公里的岩漿

4 km cubic of magma but the super volcanos

化龐貝城為廢墟；而超級火山的影響

can release more than 500 km cubic.

威力達 500 平方公里

The real worry from this worldwide is

另世界各地堪憂的是

the ash cloud which would block out the sunlight, cooling the globe

火山灰阻擋了陽光，冷卻大地

and crippling agriculture. The last known eruption occurred

使農業被荒廢。上次為人所知的是

around 25.000 years ago in New Zealand and

2 萬 5 千年前於紐西蘭的火山爆發

researchers predict they occur every 30.000 to 50.000 years.

研究員預測每 3 萬到 5 萬年會發生

Scientists are currently monitoring Yellowstone

科學家正監測位於美國的黃石 (國家公園)

in the US as a future potential site. But not

做為未來的預測基準；然而

all of our threats are natural. Overpopulation can

並非所有的威脅源自於自然因素。人口過剩

outstrip Earth's capacity to produce food

超過地球糧食以及

and other resources. And amplify the threat of infectious

其他自然資源的供應。高密度人口擴大了

pandemics due to high densities. Perhaps with bioengineered

流行傳染疾病的速度，或許伴隨著

diseases. Conversely evidence is

生物工程的疾病；相對地

already pointing to declining fertility rates.

證據已經顯示生育率正在衰退中

Will we see the human population gradually die off

我們是否會看見人類因為生育率低

from lack of births? Or will climate change beat this concern?

而逐漸滅絕呢 ? 抑或者是氣候變遷議題捷足先登 ?

A rise of 3 degrees Celsius would be incredibly

攝氏升溫三度 C 足以實質地

significant with most of Florida and Bangladesh underwater.

影響佛羅里達州以及水鄉澤國孟加拉

While several coastal cities would become swamped.

海岸城市將會被淹沒

On top of this longer and more damaging wild fire seasons,

野火季時間的延長與造成的災害

more destructive hurricanes, heat waves, food insecurity

摧毀性的颶風、熱浪、糧食短缺與

and drought. All of which can impact and amplify

乾旱，所有帶來的影響加大

incidents of violence with. Nations already suffering

暴力事件的衍生。受缺水

from water and climate conditions which ultimately

與氣候變遷所苦國家

impacted deteriorating economic conditions.

禍不單行，拖累經濟發展

Then, there is nuclear war. Tensions over North Korea have brought this conflict to the forefront.

接著，還有核戰。北韓情勢緊張，衝突升溫

With over 7000 known warheads between Russia and the US.

美俄之間超過 7000 座彈頭

And nukes within the UK, France

英、法、中、印度、巴基斯坦、以色列和北韓

China, India, Pakistan, Israel and North Korea.

境內的核武

The doomsday clock created by the

原子科學家的

Bulletin of Atomic Scientists represents the likeliness of a

末日時鐘報時，代表

man-made global catastrophe. Though the clock more recently

人類造成世界毀滅的可能

included climate change and some other developments that

包括氣候變遷，以及其他置人類於危險之中的發展

put humanity at risk emphasis is placed on nuclear war.

核戰是主要禍害

Since its creation in 1947, the furthest

自從核子於 1947 的誕生

we've been from midnight or doomsday is in 1991

距核戰末日最遠的是 1991 年

when the clock was 17 minutes to midnight.

以時鐘來看，為午夜前 17 分鐘

Today in 2017 the clock sits

今年 2017 年

at 2.5 minutes to midnight. The second closest it has ever been.

離核戰末日為午夜前 2 分半；是目前第二次近的

Even a small nuclear war

即使是小型核戰

could create a nuclear winter which would cause global cooling

都會造成小型的冬季、全球冷卻

and damage to the ozone layer that may ultimately

破壞臭氧層，可能造成

create droughts that lasts more than a decade.

持續十年之久的乾旱

But the greatest threat of all: Researches currently believe

但是，最大的威脅，根據研究員最近的說法

it's artificial intelligence. If growth continues to

是人工智慧。若持續成長

become comparable to the industrial and agricultural revolutions

將和農工業革命不相上下

Experts predict autonomous machines will attain

那麼，專家預言在 2075年，智慧機器將可以

near human level intelligence by 2075.

媲美人類智商

And even if these machines don't become malevolent or evil

即使這些機器立意良善

what happens if those programmed to kill fall into the

但若錯植程式

wrong hands? Or when AI programmed to do something good

以至於錯殺無辜呢 ? 或是人工智慧立意良善

go about it with a destructive method?

卻不擇手段呢 ?

Thank you all so much for watching this video! If you liked it

非常感謝您觀看此影片 ! 若您喜歡

make sure that you subscribe so that you can see our videos that come out every Thursday.

請您記得訂閱，每週四您將可以收看我們最新影片

And we're gonna like some other videos over there that are similar to this one.

右邊有更多和今天相似的影片

About how rich people are prepping for the apocalypse and

有關於多少人類對天啟的應對

how to survive a nuclear war. This year is almost over. Hang in there!

以及如何從核戰中生存。今年將進入尾聲，新年新氣象 !

Peace guys!

和平萬歲 !