In fact, while religion is involved, the conflict is mostly about two groups of people who claim the same land.

事實上，儘管涉及宗教，但這場衝突主要涉及聲稱擁有同一塊土地的兩個人群。

And it really only goes back about a century, to the early 1900s.

它實際上只追溯到約一個世紀前，即 20 世紀初。

Around then, the region along the eastern Mediterranean we now call Israel-Palestine had been under Ottoman rule for centuries.

那時，我們現在稱之為以色列-巴勒斯坦的東地中海地區已經在奧斯曼帝國統治下數個世紀。

It was religiously diverse, including mostly Muslims and Christians, also a small number of Jews, who lived generally in peace.

宗教多樣，主要是穆斯林和基督徒，還有一小部分猶太人，他們通常和平共處。

It was changing in two important ways.

它在兩個重要方面發生變化。

First, more people in the region were developing a sense of being not just ethnic Arabs but Palestinians, a distinct national identity.

首先，該地區的更多人開始認識到自己不僅僅是族裔阿拉伯人，還是巴勒斯坦人，一個獨特的民族身份。

At the same time, not so far away in Europe, more Jews were joining a movement called Zionism,

與此同時，在歐洲不遠處，越來越多的猶太人加入了一個名為猶太復國主義的運動，

which said that Judaism was not just a religion but a nationality, one that deserved a nation of its own.

它說猶太教不僅僅是一種宗教，還是一個應該有自己國家的民族。

And after centuries of persecution, many believed a Jewish state was their only way of safety and saw their historic homeland in the Middle East as their best hope for establishing it.

經過數個世紀的迫害，許多人相信猶太國家是他們唯一的安全出路，並認為他們在中東的歷史故鄉是實現這一目標的最好希望。

In the first decades of the 20th century, tens of thousands of European Jews moved there.

在 20 世紀初幾十年裡，數萬名歐洲猶太人移居到那裡。

After World War One, the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and the British and French Empires carved up the Middle East, with the British taking control of a region it called the British Mandate for Palestine.

第一次世界大戰後，奧斯曼帝國崩潰，英國和法國帝國劃分了中東地區，英國接管了一個被稱為巴勒斯坦的英國託管地區。

At first, the British allowed Jewish immigration.

起初，英國允許猶太移民。

But as more Jews arrived, settling into farming communes, tension between Jews and Arabs grew.

但隨著更多猶太人的到來，定居於農業公社，猶太人和阿拉伯人之間的緊張局勢加劇。

Both sides committed acts of violence, and by the 1930s, the British began limiting Jewish immigration.

雙方都犯下暴力行為，到了 1930 年代，英國開始限制猶太移民。

In response, Jewish militias formed to fight both the local Arabs and to resist British rule.

作為回應，猶太民兵團組成，既要對抗當地的阿拉伯人，又要對抗英國統治。

Then came the Holocaust, leading many more Jews to flee Europe for British Palestine, and galvanizing much of the world in support of a Jewish state.

然後發生了大屠殺，導致更多的猶太人逃離歐洲前往英國託管的巴勒斯坦，並激起了世界上許多人支持建立猶太國的情感。

In 1947, as sectarian violence between Arabs and Jews there grew, the United Nations approved a plan to divide British Palestine into two separate states:

1947 年，當那裡的阿拉伯人和猶太人之間的宗派暴力行為加劇時，聯合國批准了一項將英國巴勒斯坦分為兩個獨立國家的計劃：

one for Jews, Israel, and one for Arabs, Palestine.

一個是猶太國，以色列，一個是阿拉伯國，巴勒斯坦。

(The) city of Jerusalem, where Jews, Muslims, and Christians all have holy sites, it was to become a special international zone.

耶路撒冷，那裡有猶太人、穆斯林和基督徒的聖地，它將成為一個特殊的國際地帶。

The plan was meant to give Jews a state, to establish Palestinian independence, and to end the sectarian violence that the British could no longer control.

這個計劃旨在給猶太人一個國家，建立巴勒斯坦的獨立，結束英國已不再能夠控制的宗派暴力。

The Jews accepted the plan and declared independence as Israel.

猶太人接受了這一計劃，宣佈獨立為以色列。

But Arabs throughout the region saw the UN plan as just more European colonialism trying to steal their land.

但整個地區的阿拉伯人視聯合國計劃為歐洲殖民主義試圖偷走他們土地的一部分。

Many of the Arab states, who had just recently won independence themselves, declared war on Israel in an effort to establish a unified Arab Palestine where all of British Palestine had been.

許多阿拉伯國家，剛剛贏得了獨立，宣佈對以色列發動戰爭，以建立統一的阿拉伯巴勒斯坦，包括整個英國巴勒斯坦。

The new state of Israel won the war, but in the process, they pushed well past their borders under the UN plan,

新建立的以色列贏得了這場戰爭，但在過程中，他們超出了聯合國計劃下的邊界，

taking the western half of Jerusalem and much of the land that was to have been part of Palestine.

佔據了耶路撒冷的西半部和本應屬於巴勒斯坦的大部分土地。

They also expelled huge numbers of Palestinians from their homes, creating a massive refugee population whose descendants today number about 7 million.

他們還驅逐了大批巴勒斯坦人，造成了一個龐大的難民人口，他們的後代今天約有 700 萬人。

At the end of the war, Israel controlled all of the territory except for Gaza, which Egypt controlled, and the West Bank, named because it's west of the Jordan River, which Jordan controlled.

戰爭結束後，以色列控制了所有的領土，除了加薩，由埃及控制，以及約旦河以西的西岸，因為它位於約旦河以西，由約旦控制。

This was the beginning of the decades-long Arab-Israeli conflict.

這是數十年的阿拉伯以色列衝突的開端。

During this period, many Jews in Arab-majority countries fled or were expelled, arriving in Israel.

在這段時期，許多生活在阿拉伯主導國家的猶太人逃離或被驅逐，抵達以色列。

Then something happened that transformed the conflict.

然後發生了一件改變衝突的事情。

In 1967, Israel and the neighboring Arab states fought another war.

1967 年，以色列和鄰近的阿拉伯國家爆發了另一場戰爭。

When it ended, Israel had seized the Golan Heights from Syria, the West Bank from Jordan, and both Gaza and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt.

戰爭結束後，以色列從敘利亞奪取了戈蘭高地，從約旦奪取了西岸，並從埃及奪取了加薩和西奈半島。

Israel was now occupying the Palestinian territories, including all of Jerusalem and its holy sites.

以色列現在佔領了巴勒斯坦領土，包括耶路撒冷及其聖地。

This left Israel responsible for governing the Palestinians – a people it had fought for decades.

這使以色列負責統治巴勒斯坦人，這是它與之對抗了幾十年的人民。

In 1978 Israel and Egypt signed the US-brokered Camp David Accords.

1978 年，以色列和埃及簽署了由美國斡旋的大衛營協議。

Shortly after that, Israel gave Sanai back to Egypt as part of a peace treaty.

不久之後，以色列將西奈半島歸還給埃及，作為和平條約的一部分。

At the time this was hugely controversial in the Arab world.

當時，這在阿拉伯世界引起了巨大的爭議。

Egyptian President Anwar Sadat was assassinated in part because of outrage against it.

埃及總統安華·薩達特部分因對此的憤怒而遇刺。

But it marked the beginning of the end of the wider Arab-Israeli conflict.

但這標誌著更廣泛的阿拉伯以色列衝突的結束開始。

Over the next few decades, the other Arab states gradually made peace with Israel, even if they never signed formal peace treaties.

在接下來的幾十年裡，其他阿拉伯國家逐漸與以色列和解，即使他們從未簽署正式和平條約。

But Israel's military was still occupying the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza,

但以色列軍隊仍然佔領著西岸和加薩的巴勒斯坦領土，

and this was when the conflict became an Israeli-Palestinian struggle.

這時衝突變成了以色列-巴勒斯坦的鬥爭。

The Palestinian Liberation Organization, which had formed in the 1960s to seek a Palestinian state, fought against Israel, including through acts of terrorism.

巴勒斯坦解放組織（PLO）成立於1960 年代，旨在尋求巴勒斯坦國，並通過恐怖行為對抗以色列。

Initially, the PLO claimed all of what had been British Palestine, meaning it wanted to end the state of Israel entirely.

最初，PLO 聲稱所有原來是英國巴勒斯坦的土地，這意味著它要結束以色列的國家地位。

Fighting between Israel and the PLO went on for years, even including a 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon to kick the group out of Beirut.

以色列和PLO之間的戰鬥持續了多年，甚至包括 1982 年以色列入侵黎巴嫩，將PLO趕出貝魯特。

Stillness of the ceasefire in southern Lebanon was shattered today by the sound of guns, bombs and planes.

南黎巴嫩停火協議的寧靜今天被槍聲、炸彈和飛機聲所打破。

The PLO later said it would accept dividing the land between Israel and Palestine, but the conflict continued.

PLO 後來表示將接受將土地分為以色列和巴勒斯坦，但衝突繼續。

As all of this was happening, something dramatic was changing in the Israel-occupied Palestinian territories: Israelis were moving in.

在所有這些發生的同時，以色列佔領的巴勒斯坦領土正在發生戲劇性的變化：以色列人正在遷入。

These people are called settlers, and they made their homes in the West Bank and Gaza whether Palestinians wanted them or not.

這些人被稱為定居者，他們在巴勒斯坦的西岸和加薩建立了自己的家園，無論巴勒斯坦人是否想要。

Some moved for religious reasons, some because they want to claim the land for Israel, and some just because housing is cheap — and often subsidized by the Israeli government.

有些人出於宗教原因搬遷，有些人是因為他們想要為以色列宣稱土地，還有一些人只是因為住房便宜 - 而且通常由以色列政府提供資助。

Some settlements are cities with thousands of people; others are small communities deep into the West Bank.

一些定居點是擁有數千人口的城市；其他一些是深入西岸的小社區。

If you've always felt a deep yearning for Jerusalem, now is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity; not only to stand within its gates, but also to build the home of your dreams there.

如果你一直對耶路撒冷有深切的渴望，現在是千載難逢的機會；不僅可以站在它的門口，還可以在那裡建造你夢想的家。

Settlers are followed by soldiers to guard them, and the growing settlements force Palestinians off of their land and divide communities.

定居者總是有士兵跟隨保護他們，而不斷增長的定居點迫使巴勒斯坦人離開他們的土地，分裂了社區。

Short-term, they make the occupation much more painful for Palestinians.

短期內，他們使巴勒斯坦人的占領變得更加痛苦。

Long-term, by dividing up Palestinian land, they make it much more difficult for the Palestinians to ever have an independent state.

長期來看，通過分割巴勒斯坦土地，他們使巴勒斯坦人很難擁有獨立的國家。

Today there are several hundred thousand settlers in occupied territory, even though the international community considers them illegal.

如今，在被佔領的土地上有數十萬名定居者，儘管國際社會認為他們是非法的。

By the late 1980s, Palestinian frustration exploded into the Intifada, which is the Arabic word for uprising.

到了 1980 年代末，巴勒斯坦人的不滿爆發成為「起義」的阿拉伯詞，

It began with mostly protests and boycotts, but soon became violent; Israel responded with heavy force.

它開始主要是抗議和抵制，但很快變得暴力；以色列以沉重的武力作出回應。

A couple hundred Israelis and over a thousand Palestinians died in the first Intifada.

在第一次「起義」中，有幾百名以色列人和一千多名巴勒斯坦人喪生。

Around the same time, a group of Palestinians in Gaza, who consider the PLO too secular, too compromise-minded, created Hamas,

大約在同一時期，加薩的一群認為 PLO 太世俗、妥協心太重的巴勒斯坦人創建了哈馬斯，

a violent extremist group dedicated to Israel's destruction.

一個致力於毀滅以色列的暴力極端主義團體。

By the early 1990s, it's clear that Israelis and Palestinians have to make peace, and leaders from both sides sign the Oslo Accords.

到了 1990 年代初，以色列人和巴勒斯坦人必須和平共處，兩方的領袖簽署了奧斯陸協議。

This is meant to be the big, first step toward Israel maybe someday withdrawing from the Palestinian territories, and allowing an independent Palestine.

這被認為是以色列也許有一天從巴勒斯坦領土撤退，允許巴勒斯坦獨立的一個重要的第一步。

The Oslo Accords establish the Palestinian Authority, allowing Palestinians a little bit of freedom to govern themselves in certain areas.

奧斯陸協議建立了巴勒斯坦當局，允許巴勒斯坦人在某些領域自己治理，稍微獲得了自由。

Hard-liners on both sides opposed the Oslo Accords.

雙方的強硬派反對奧斯陸協議。

Members of Hamas launched suicide bombings to try to sabotage the process.

哈馬斯的成員發動自殺炸彈襲擊，試圖破壞進程。

The Israeli right protests peace talks, with ralliers calling Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin a traitor and a Nazi.

以色列右翼示威反對和平談判，示威者稱以色列總理伊茨哈克·拉賓為叛徒和納粹。

Not long after Rabin signs the second round of Oslo Accords, a far-right Israeli shoots him to death in Tel Aviv.

不久之後，拉賓在特拉維夫被一名極右派以色列人槍殺。

This violence showed how the extremists on both sides can use violence to derail peace, keep a permanent conflict going as they seek the other side's total destruction.

這種暴力顯示了極端分子如何利用暴力來阻礙和平，使永久性的衝突繼續存在，以追求對方的完全毀滅。

That's a dynamic that's been around ever since.

這種動態一直存在至今。

Negotiations meant to hammer out the final details on peace drag on for years, and a big Camp David Summit in 2000 comes up empty.

在敲定和平最終細節的談判拖延多年，2000 年的大衛營峰會無功而返。

Palestinians come to believe that peace isn't coming, and rise up in a Second Intifada, this one much more violent than the first.

巴勒斯坦人相信和平不會到來，於是在第二次「起義」中崛起，比第一次暴力多得多。

By the time it wound down a few years later, about 1,000 Israelis and 3,200 Palestinians had died.

當它在幾年後結束時，約有 1,000 名以色列人和 3,200 名巴勒斯坦人死亡。

The Second Intifada really changes the conflict.

第二次「起義」真正改變了衝突。

Israelis become much more skeptical that Palestinians will ever accept peace, or that it's even worth trying.

以色列人變得更加懷疑巴勒斯坦人是否會接受和平，或者是否值得嘗試。

Israeli politics shift right, and the country builds walls and checkpoints to control Palestinians' movements.

以色列的政治走向右翼，並建造牆壁和檢查站來控制巴勒斯坦人的活動。

They're not really trying to solve the conflict anymore, just manage it.

他們不再真正試圖解決衝突，只是在管理它。

The Palestinians are left feeling like negotiating didn't work and violence didn't work, that they're stuck under an ever-growing occupation with no future as a people.

巴勒斯坦人感到談判行不通，暴力也行不通，他們被困在一個不斷擴大的占領下，沒有未來作為一個民族。

That year, Israel withdraws from Gaza.

那一年，以色列從加薩撤出。

Hamas gains power but splits from the Palestinian Authority in a short civil war, dividing Gaza from the West Bank.

哈馬斯壯大，但在一場短暫的內戰中與巴勒斯坦當局分裂，使加薩與西岸分開。

Israel puts Gaza under a suffocating blockade, and unemployment rises to 40%.

以色列對加薩實行嚴格封鎖，失業率上升至40％。

This is the state of the conflict as we know it today.

這就是我們今天所知的衝突狀態。

It’s relatively new, and it’s unbearable for Palestinians.

這是相對較新的，對巴勒斯坦人來說是難以忍受的。

In the West Bank, more and more settlements are smothering Palestinians, who often respond with protests and sometimes with violence, though most just want normal lives.

在西岸，越來越多的定居點侵佔巴勒斯坦人，他們經常以抗議回應，有時甚至使用暴力，儘管大多數人只是想過正常的生活。

In Gaza, Hamas and other violent groups have periodic wars with Israel.

在加薩，哈馬斯和其他暴力團體定期與以色列爆發戰爭。

The fighting overwhelmingly kills Palestinians, including lots of civilians.

這場鬥爭主要造成巴勒斯坦人死亡，包括許多平民。

In Israel itself, most people have become apathetic, for the most part, the occupation keeps the conflict relatively removed from their daily lives.

在以色列本土，大多數人變得冷漠，大部分情況下，占領使衝突相對脫離他們的日常生活。

With moments of brief but horrible violence, there's little political will for peace.

儘管有短暫但可怕的暴力事件，但很少有政治意願去追求和平。

No one really knows where the conflict goes from here.

沒有人真正知道從這裡衝突會走向何處。

Maybe a Third Intifada; maybe the Palestinian Authority collapses.

也許會有第三次「起義」；也許巴勒斯坦當局會崩潰。

But everyone agrees that things, as they are now, can't last much longer.

但每個人都一致認為，就現在而言，這樣的情況不會再持續太久。

Israel’s occupation of the Palestinians is too unstable to last, and that, unless something dramatic changes, whatever comes next will be much worse.

以色列對巴勒斯坦的占領太不穩定，除非有戲劇性的變革，否則接下來的情況將會更加糟糕。