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Why focus on your notes?

為什麼要特地談你的筆記？

Well, simply put, when it comes to learning and retaining information, output is just as important as input.

這個嘛，簡單來說，當我們討論學習和記憶新知時，輸出和輸入是一樣重要的

When you’re first learning a fact or a concept, you’re intaking new information;

當你初次學習一個知識或概念時，也就代表你在吸收新的資訊

but, to retain that information for a long time, you need to store it in a place that you can easily access later on, and you need to put it in your own words.

但若要把資訊保存得長久，你需要把它存在你之後容易取得的地方，也要將它轉化成你自己的話語

Now, before we talk about specific note-taking systems, what information you should actually record in your notes,

現在，在我們開始談特定的筆記系統前，要先搞清楚什麼才是該記在你筆記裡的資訊

and whether or not it’s helpful to blend them up and drink 'em like a milkshake,

而不論把它們混在一起做成奶昔喝掉有沒有幫助

let’s start with what’s going to set you up for success in the first place:

我們先談談什麼可以讓你跨出成功的第一步：

showing up to class prepared with the right tools.

準備好帶著正確的工具去上課

There are three routes you can go when selecting those tools: paper, computer, or arm.

工具方面你有三個選項：紙本、電腦、或手臂

What’s the best option?

哪個最好？

Well, unless you’re that guy from Memento, we can probably narrow it down to either paper or computer.

這個嘛 ... 除非你是《記憶拼圖》中的那位主角，否則我們可能只要考慮紙本或電腦

Between those two, there’s been a debate going on for years, but we do have some recent scientific evidence that we can turn to for some hard answers.

而這兩個選項已爭議了多年，但最近我們也有了一些科學根據來解答這些難題

According to a study done at Princeton University in 2014, students who took notes on a 15-minute lecture using a laptop wrote an average of 310 words,

根據 2014 年普林斯頓大學的研究，學生用筆電來記一堂 15 分鐘的課堂筆記，平均可以記下 310 個字

while those who wrote on paper only averaged 173.

而記紙本筆記的平均只有 173 個字

So it seems typing your notes definitely does give you a speed advantage.

由此看來，用打字記筆記確實可以為你帶來速度上的優勢

The downside to becoming the metaphorical Speed Racer of note-taking, though, was that these same students were able to recall less information when tested later on.

而這像《駭速快手》般的速記方式，在之後的測驗中反而讓這同一群學生記得較少內容

So why does this happen?

所以這是怎麼回事？

Well, the root of the problem lies in the fact that the computer note-takers were much more likely to record what was being presented word-for-word.

這個嘛 … 這問題的根本原因，是用電腦記筆記更容易讓學生做逐字逐句地抄錄

Let’s go to the Thought Bubble.

我們來看看 Thought Bubble

When you’re paying attention to a lecture, there are two aspects to the information being presented.

當你在專心上課時，你接受到兩種訊息

Since complex information is communicated through language – be it written or spoken –

由於複雜的資訊是以語言傳遞 – 經由板書或口述 –

we get both the syntax (like the letters and sounds that make up the words) as well as the meaning.

我們同時接收文句結構及其意義

When you’re typing out your notes, the speed advantage enables you to record a much more complete version of what your teacher is saying.

當你打字記筆記時，速度的優勢會讓你有能力將老師的話語完整記錄下來

However, your working memory – the part of your memory that deals with the information you’re currently intaking –

然而你的工作記憶 – 處理你當下吸收資訊的記憶 –

can only deal with so much at one time.

只能一次處理一定的資訊量

Current cognitive science research puts that amount at around four “chunks” of information, which we’ll talk about in another video.

目前的認知科學研究將這一定的量區分為四「塊」資訊，這我們會在另一部影片詳述

The combination of that recording speed advantage and your built-in mental processing limit

而這速度優勢加上你有限的意識處理能力

can lead you to devote more mental resources to the syntax of the message – those pesky letters and sounds – and less to the actual meaning.

將導致你拼命將精力集中在處理字句結構 – 那些討厭的字母和聲音 – 反而較不理會其中含意

As a result, you learn less in class and you create more work for yourself later on.

結果你反而學得更少，也讓你之後有更多事要忙

Thanks, Thought Bubble.

謝啦！ Thought Bubble

So, does this mean that a pen and paper always beats your laptop?

所以這是否代表紙筆將永遠打敗你的筆電呢？

Well, not necessarily;

這個嘛 … 也不盡然

now that you know that the speed increase you get through typing has a downside,

現在你知道打字增進的速度有其缺點

you can just resolve to type less and pay more attention to the meaning of the message while you’re in class.

你可以上課時不要打那麼多字，逼自己更專注於訊息本身的含意

Still, paper does have an implicit advantage, as it requires less self-control.

當然紙本筆記仍有一些潛在的優勢，即是你不需要那麼自制

Your long-hand writing speed automatically limits how much you pay attention to the syntax,

你的書寫速度自然而然地限制了你對字句結構的專注力

and – as a bonus – you don’t have to worry about being tempted to go on Facebook in the middle of class either.

而且還有額外的好處，你不必擔心自己會想在課堂中玩臉書

Regardless of what tool you decide to choose, though, make sure you come into class prepared.

但不論你想用什麼工具，確認自己進入教室時就都準備完畢

If you’re using paper, have a well organized notebook with plenty of blank space, as well as a good quality pen that you enjoy writing with.

若你要用紙本筆記，就備好一本有清楚組織架構又有足夠空白頁面的筆記本，以及一隻品質佳又順手的筆

And if you decide that a computer fits your style better, find a good note-taking app

若你覺得用電腦比較習慣，就找個好的筆記應用程式

like Evernote, or OneNote, Dropbox Paper, or any other that fits your fancy.

像是 Evernote、OneNote、Dropbox Paper，或其它你用得順的都行

You should also close out of any apps or websites that aren’t relevant to the lecture –

也請務必把其它和課堂不相關的應用程式或網頁都關掉

that’ll help you stay focused, though you still might have to work to ignore that guy in front of you who’s taking a quiz on Buzzfeed to figure out his Hogwarts house.

這樣可以幫你保持專注，儘管你可能還得試著忽略你前面在玩 Buzzfeed 霍格華茲學院分類測驗的傢伙

I’m a Ravenclaw, by the way – though that’s just what a Slytherin would say, isn’t it?

順帶一提，我被分到雷文克勞 – 雖然那正是史萊哲林的人會說的，對吧？

Anyway, now that you’re prepped and equipped with the right tools, what exactly should you be recording with them?

總而言之，現在你已整裝待發了，但到底什麼才是你該記下來的呢？

After all, you can’t just record everything.

畢竟你不能只是把全部都抄下來

As the famous mathematician Eric Temple Bell noted,

如著名數學家 Eric Temple Bell 所說的

“The map is not the thing mapped.”

「地圖不只是把東西標在上面而已」

Just like a map is only useful if it summarizes and simplifies what it represents,

就像地圖要整理歸納和簡化後才有用

your notes are a useful reviewing tool only when there’s a high signal-to-noise ratio.

你的筆記要有高的訊號雜訊比，才會成為好用的複習工具

That means they’ve got to be packed with the information you need to know for tests and later application, and devoid of anything that doesn’t matter.

這個意思是，你的筆記得記載你在考試中所需的訊息及將來要應用的知識，不重要的部分則要剔除

It’s a bit hard to make specific recommendations here, since there are so many different subjects and classes in which you’ll need your note-taking skills;

這裡有點難去作具體的建議，因為你需要做筆記的和科目、課程實在是太多種了

however, we can put forth some general guidelines that will point you in the right direction.

然而，我們還是可以建議一些普遍的指導方針，讓你有些方向

First and foremost, gauge each class you’re taking early on.

首先，早點開始評判你要修的課

Carefully look at the syllabus, pay attention to any study guides or review materials you can get your hands on,

仔細地檢視教學大綱，注意任何你可以取得的學習指引或複習教材

and make mental notes about different types of questions you see on early quizzes and tests.

看看先前的題目和考試，對不同類型的問題在腦海裡要有個底

Additionally, any time you hear your professor say something like, “This is important, pay attention,” in lecture, that’s a cue to take extra-careful notes.

再來，不論何時只要你在課堂上聽到教授說：「這很重要，專心點」，這個信號就代表你該做個特別留意筆記

A lot of my friends in school thought it was a cue to take a nap, but they were wrong.

雖然我很多朋友覺得這就是該打個盹了的信號，但他們錯了

Beyond that, whether you’re sitting in class or going through a reading assignment in your textbook, you’ll want to pay special attention to things like:

此外，不管你是正坐在教室裡或在讀課本的作業，你會特別專注在像是：

Big ideas – you know, summaries, overviews, or conclusions

大觀念 — 你知道的，就是總結、概要或是結論

Bullet lists (like this one) Terms and definitions and Examples

要點 (就像現在這個) 、詞彙、定義和範例

And examples are doubly important, especially in classes where you have to apply concepts and formulas to problems, like in math or physics.

其中範例格外重要，尤其像是在數學或物理課中那些你需要應用觀念或公式的問題

You can probably remember times when an example presented in class made perfect sense,

你應該也記得好幾次這種經驗，課堂上的範例讓你對一切都了然於心

but then a later homework problem using the same exact concept completely stumped you.

但之後卻被要應用相同概念的習題給難倒了

There’s a big difference between being able to follow along while someone else solves a problem and having the chops to solve it on your own.

你可以跟得上別人解題和有能力獨自解題有很大的差別

But by recording every detail of the examples you see in class –

但經由記錄課堂範例中的每個細節

as well as making side notes about why the concepts being used work –

以及把如何應用觀念的註解寫在旁邊

you’ll have a lot more ammunition to work with while you’re tackling those homework problems.

你就會有充足的彈藥去對付那些作業習題了

Now that we’ve covered the elements of good, useful notes, let’s get into the specifics of how to take them.

既然已經談完了實用好筆記的各種要素，我們進一步來看看做筆記的細節

Now there are plenty of note-taking systems out there, each with their own pros and cons,

現在有很多現成的記筆記系統，各有其優缺點

but with this video we’re just going to focus on three:

但在這個影片中我們只會著重在其中三個：

The Outline method, the Cornell method, and the Mind-Mapping method.

大綱歸納法、康乃爾筆記法，還有心智圖法

The Outline method is probably the simplest one of them all, and it’s likely the one you’re most familiar with.

大綱歸納法大概是最簡單的一個，也應該是你最熟悉的

To use it, you just record the details of the lecture or book you’re reading in a bullet list.

要使用大綱歸納法，你只需把課堂中的細節，或你在讀的書本內容記錄成一列重點清單

Each main point will be a top-level bullet, and underneath it you’ll indent further and further as you add details and specifics.

每個主要重點會有個第一階層的項目符號，然後你可在下面將詳細內容重點用其他編號格式列出

The syllabus I wrote for this very Crash Course series is a good example of outline-style notes.

我寫的這個速成班系列課程大綱就是個大綱歸納式筆記的好例子

Each video’s outline has several top-level bullets, followed by several levels of detail.

每個影片的大綱有多個第一階層的項目符號，下面就分成好幾階層的細節

And yes, this is my actual outline.

而你猜對了，這正是我實際的大鋼

Now, the Outline method is great for creating well-organized notes, but because it’s so rigid,

雖然大綱歸納法是建構嚴謹筆記的好方法，但它實在是太僵化了

you can easily end up with a ton of notes that all look the same.

到頭來你可能做了一堆筆記但看起來都一模一樣

So to prevent that from happening, use formatting tricks to make important details stand out when you’re reviewing them later on.

為了避免這種悲劇發生，你可以在之後複習時，利用改變字型格式等技巧，來凸顯重點

For example: In these notes I took during an information systems class, you can see that I’ve got several details written down underneath “Prototyping”.

舉例來說：在這幾份我上資訊系統課程的筆記裡，你可以看到在「建構原型」下面我打了很多內容細節

All of them were important enough to write down, but since the professor specifically

這些全部都是需要記下的重點，但是因為教授特別提到像是

mentioned that quick development and low cost were the most important aspects of prototyping, I made sure to bold that line.

「快速發展」和「低花費」為建構原型裡最重要的部分，我得把這行加粗體

Next, we’ll go over the Cornell Method.

接著，我們來研究一下康乃爾筆記法

Developed by the Cornell University professor Walter Pauk back in the 1950’s and popularized in his book How to Study in College,

這是康乃爾大學的 Walter Pauk 教授在 1950 年所發展出來的筆記法，由他的著作《如何讀好大學》所廣為推廣

the Cornell method is a time-tested system that involves dividing your paper (or a table in your note-taking app) into three distinct sections:

康乃爾筆記法是個歷久不衰的系統，包含將頁面分欄 (或在你的筆記應用程式裡建置一個表格) ，格成三個區域

The Cue Column, The Notes Column, and The Summary Column.

提示欄、筆記欄、總結欄

During a lecture, take your actual notes in the aptly-named Notes Column.

在課堂中，直接把你的筆記記在所謂的筆記欄

Yeah – you’ll learn that there’s not a whole lot of misdirection when it comes to Study Skills.

是低 – 你會發現其實學習技巧萬法歸宗

Anyway, here you can use any method you want, be it the standard outline method we just talked about or something more flexible.

總而言之，在這個筆記欄你可以隨心所欲地記錄，可以用剛剛提到的大綱歸納法或是其它更彈性的方式

At the same time, when you think of questions that weren’t answered – or that would be great prompts for later review – write them down in the Cue Column.

同時，當你想到一些未解答的問題 – 或有助於之後複習的提示 – 就把他們寫在提示欄

These questions will come in handy when you’re going through your notes in the future, as they’ll point you to the most important information and help to frame your thinking.

這些問題在之後瀏覽時會很方便，可以引導你至最重要的資訊概念，也有助於建立思考架構

The Summary Area will remain empty until the lecture is over.

總結欄則整堂課都會空著

Once that time comes, take two or three minutes to briefly look over the notes you took and

可挑個適當的時機，花個兩三分鐘來簡短地回顧你做的筆記

the questions you wrote down, and then write a 1-2 sentence summary of the biggest ideas that were covered.

以及你列出的問題，然後用一兩行字來總結課堂上提到的大觀念

This serves as an initial review, which helps to consolidate everything that was presented up here

這可做為一種初步複習來統合上方頁面所記錄所有內容

and to solidify your understanding while everything is still fresh in your mind.

也能在你還有印象時鞏固你的理解概念

If neither of these two methods seems like the right fit for you, you might like the final method we’re going to cover, which is Mind Mapping.

如果以上兩種方法都不合你胃口，你也許會喜歡我們接著要提到的最後一個方法，心智圖法

Mind maps are diagrams that visually represent the relationships between individual concepts and facts.

心智圖法是用圖像來視覺化呈現各觀念或知識間的關係

Like outline-style maps, they’re very hierarchical – but that’s where the similarities end.

就像是大綱歸納式的地圖一樣，非常的階層化 – 但那也是唯一的相似處

Outline-style notes are linear and read much like normal text, while mind maps look more like trees or spiderwebs.

大綱歸納式筆記是線性的且讀起來更像是一般的文本，然而心智圖看起來比較像是樹狀圖或蜘蛛網

To create a mind map, you write the main concept smack-dab in the middle of the page, and then branch out from there to flesh out the details.

要做一個心智圖，先把主要概念擺在頁面正中央，然後從中分支出各細節

This method works really well on paper, but there are also apps like Coggle which will let you create mind maps on your computer as well.

這是很適合在紙本上做的筆記法，但也有很多應用程式像是 Coggle 可以讓你在電腦上畫心智圖

So what’s the best method? Well, that’s up for you to decide.

所以哪個方法最好？這個就由你決定了

I recommend trying each one out, and making your own tweaks as you go along.

我建議可以每種方法都試試，在嘗試時做一些修正

Also, remember that not every class will work best with the exact same method.

也請記得，不是所有類型的課程都適合同一種筆記法

Your history notes are probably going to look pretty different from your math notes.

你的歷史筆記可能和你的數學筆記長很不一樣

So that’s where we’re going to wrap this video up.

所以這部影片到此就告一段落了

At this point, you should know how to come to class prepared to take good notes, what to focus on during the lecture, and what method to use.

在此，你應該知道如何在課前準備適當的筆記工具、課堂中該注意什麼部分，和應該使用什麼筆記法

In a future video, we’ll follow up on these points with some tips on how you can review those notes during your study sessions –

在之後的影片，我們會承接這些部分提供一些小技巧，告訴你在學期中該如何複習這些筆記

but for now, just go take some good notes!

但現在，就先去記些好筆記吧！

Thanks for watching, and I’ll see you next time.

謝謝觀賞，下次再見！

Crash Course Study Skills is filmed in the Dr. Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Studio in

學習技巧速成班是由 Cheryl C 博士和蒙大拿州的 Kinney 速成班工作室

Missoula, MT, and it's made with the help of all of these nice people.

以及這幾位大好人的協助所拍攝而成

If you'd like to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, forever, you can support the series on Patreon,

如果你願意幫助速成班系列影片永久免費提供大家學習，你可以到 Patreon 平台上贊助

a crowdfunding platform that allows you to support the content you love.

Patreon 是一個募資平台，讓你可以支持你喜歡的內容

Thanks so much for your support.

非常感謝你的支持