that The Market Revolution is more revolutionary

市場革命 更具革命性

than The American Revolution.

比美國革命。

Actually, this is a very classic AP-US-history question.

其實，這是一個很 經典的AP-美國曆史問題。

Which was more revolutionary:

哪個更具有革命性。

The American Revolution or The Market Revolution?

美國革命 還是市場革命？

But how could something actually be more revolutionary

但怎麼會有這樣的事情 其實更具有革命性

than The American Revolution?

比 "美國革命 "更重要？

It's because The Market Revolution

這是因為市場革命

was a confluence of inventions,

是一個發明的匯合點。

changes in the way that the American people did business,

變化的方式，即 美國人做生意。

and changes in the way that people got goods to market

和方式的變化 銷路

that happened in this period from about 1790 to 1850.

時事 大約從1790年到1850年。

So this is kind of a large period of history,

所以這是一種 大的歷史時期。

and I don't think it's really important for you

而且我不認為這是 對你來說很重要

to have a laundry list of dates of exactly when

要有一個洗衣單 確切的日期

what thing was invented, but just kind of take in the idea

什麼東西被髮明瞭，但 囫圇吞棗

that in the first half or so of the early 19th Century

上半年 所以十九世紀初

there were many new inventions in both factory work

新發明層出不窮 在工廠工作

and in transportation and communication,

以及交通和通信領域。

and that how people did business changed a lot.

而人們如何做 業務發生了很大的變化。

So I wanna take some time to look into

所以我想花點時間看看

all three of these revolutions:

這三場革命都是。

The Industrial Revolution,

工業革命。

The Revolution in Transportation and Communication,

運輸業的革命 和通信。

and just the broader Market Revolution.

而只是更廣泛的市場革命。

So I know this is a subset of itself, but I'll get to that.

所以我知道這是一個子集 本身，但我會得到的。

And in this video I wanna start out by talking

而在這個視頻中，我想 開頭

about The Industrial Revolution.

關於工業革命。

OK, so what was The Industrial Revolution?

好吧，那什麼是工業革命？

This was, broadly speaking,

廣義上講，這是。

a revolution in the kinds of machinery

機器革命

that people used to make finished goods.

人們用來製造成品的。

Now, if you think about the early republic

現在，如果你想想早期的共和國

in the United States you often think

在美國，你經常會想到

of kind of an agrarian society;

的一種農業社會。

and that was how Thomas Jefferson,

托馬斯-傑斐遜就是這樣。

the author of The Declaration of Independence,

的作者。 《獨立宣言》。

really imagined the United States,

真正想象中的美國。

as a nation of small farmers.

作為一個小農國家。

But Thomas Jefferson didn't necessarily see

但托馬斯-傑斐遜 不見得

all of these revolutions in industry coming.

諸如此類 在行業來。

He couldn't anticipate that;

他無法預料。

and so, in the 1790s, early 1800s,

所以，在1790年代，19世紀初。

a bunch of new inventions came to the United States

一堆新發明 來到美國

that completely revolutionized how things were made.

徹底改變了 事情是如何產生的。

So in this time period the United States

所以在這個時間段，美國

kinda slowly begins its transformation

漸漸開始轉變

from being a nation of farmers

從一個農民的國家

to a nation of people who worked for wages,

對一個國家的人 為工資而工作的人。

by the hour,

按小時計算。

and then used the money that they made

然後用他們賺的錢

from that hourly labor to buy the things that they need.

勞動所得 他們需要的東西。

So how did this happen?

那麼，這是怎麼發生的呢？

One event that historians often point to is the introduction

有一件事，歷史學家經常 指的是介紹

of the textile mill to the United States.

的紡織廠到美國。

So this fellow here, his name is Samuel Slater,

所以這個傢伙在這裡，他的 我的名字是塞繆爾・斯萊特

and Samuel Slater was an Englishman

和塞繆爾-斯萊特是英國人

who worked in a textile mill.

在紡織廠工作的人。

And remember that the United Kingdom was

記住，聯合王國是

the world's capital of textile production in this time.

紡織之都 在這段時間裡，生產。

And they were so jealous of their position

他們是如此的嫉妒他們的地位。

as the world's leading textile producer

作為全球領先的紡織品生產商

that they even made it illegal

他們甚至把它定為非法

to export the plans for a textile mill.

出口紡織廠的計劃。

Samuel Slater decided that even if it was illegal

塞繆爾-斯萊特決定 即使是非法的

to export actual plans,

以導出實際計劃。

it wasn't necessarily illegal to export his brain,

未必 出口他的大腦是非法的。

so he decided to memorize

所以他決定背誦

how these textile looms worked;

這些紡織機是如何工作的。

and this is powered by a water wheel.

而這是由水輪驅動的。

And then he actually got in disguise,

然後他居然喬裝打扮了一番。

put himself on a ship, and came to Rhode Island

把自己放在船上。 並來到羅德島

to set up a textile mill.

創辦紡織廠。

In fact, people were so angry that he did this that

事實上，人們是如此 氣得

in his home town he's actually known as Slater the Traitor.

其實在他的家鄉，他是 被稱為 "叛徒斯萊特"。

So what was new about this?

那麼，這有什麼新意呢？

Well, I think the water-wheel aspect

我認為水輪方面

is really one of the key innovations here.

是真正的關鍵創新之一。

So instead of being powered by humans

所以不是由人類來驅動

or perhaps being powered by animals,

或者說是被動物所驅動。

now American machinery can be powered by an outside source:

現在美國機械可以 由外部電源供電。

so water or steam; and that means that these mills

所以水或蒸汽；以及 這意味著，這些工廠

and factories later are going to kinda congregate

和工廠以後是 將會有點兒聚眾

around sources of power, like rivers for example.

圍繞動力源。 比如說像河流。

So if you've ever wondered why so many American cities

所以，如果你曾經想知道 為什麼這麼多美國城市

are next to rivers, it's usually because

毗鄰河流，通常是因為

they needed them to power mills.

他們需要它們來驅動工廠。

So starting in the 1790s,

所以從1790年代開始。

and really into the early 19th Century,

並真正進入19世紀初。

there's this slow transformation toward factory labor.

有這種緩慢的轉變 向工廠勞動。

And you can see in this image here that a lot

而你可以看到在這個 形象

of the people actually laboring in these factories

的人 廠子裡的工人

were women because young men kind of had a pretty good path

是婦女，因為年輕男子 頗有章法

forward in life at this time period.

在這個時間段，人生的前進。

They could be farmers, like their fathers;

他們可以像他們的父輩一樣，成為農民。

maybe they could learn a trade.

也許他們可以學習一門手藝。

But for young women there wasn't necessarily

但對於年輕女性來說 未必

a form of income outside the house,

一種家庭以外的收入形式；

and so a man named Charles Lowell

於是一個叫查爾斯-洛厄爾的人

decided to set up a whole series

決定建立一個完整的系列

of textile mills in what will be called

紡織廠在將被稱為

Lowell, Massachusetts.

馬薩諸塞州洛厄爾。

It's just outside of Boston.

就在波士頓的外面。

And then he primarily employed young women

然後他主要僱用年輕女性

to work in these textile mills.

在這些紡織廠工作。

Think partly because young women

認為部分原因是年輕女性

were associated with working with fabric;

與織物工作有關。

women frequently did the spinning

婦唱夫隨

and the sewing in the household;

和家庭中的縫紉。

but also because women you could probably pay

但也因為婦女 大不了

a little bit less than young men for the same kind of labor.

略遜一籌 男人同樣的勞動。

So this is kind of a very slow revolution

所以這是一場非常緩慢的革命

toward individual work.

向個人工作。

Because as a nation of farmers,

因為作為一個農民的國家。

most people would have worked in a family unit.

大多數人都會 在一個家庭組織、部門工作。

And even some of the very earliest factories

甚至一些 最早的工廠

in the United States would hire family units.

在美國 會僱用家庭組織、部門。

It was known as the Rhode Island System.

它被稱為羅德島系統。

By this time, by Lowell's mills,

這時，由洛威爾的工廠。

he started hiring individual workers for individual wages.

他開始僱用個人 勞動者個人工資。

And the working conditions were pretty brutal.

工作條件 是相當殘酷的。

Most women at the Lowell mills worked

洛威爾工廠的大多數婦女都在

12-hour days with no air conditioning,

每天12小時，沒有空調。

remember, this is long before there's air conditioning,

記住，這是在很久以前 有空調。

for pretty low wages.

為相當低的工資。

I'd say probably about three dollars a week.

我想說的是，大概 每週三美元。

But despite the pretty harsh conditions,

但儘管條件相當惡劣。

for many of them this was a really good opportunity

對他們中的許多人來說，這是 良機

'cause this was the first time in their lives

因為這是 生平第一次

they'd ever had any chance to make money of their own,

他們是否有機會 來賺取自己的錢。

to be away from their families.

要遠離家人。

It's kind of expected that if you were a young woman

這是一種預期 如果你是一個年輕的女人

in Massachusetts you wanted to go work in the Lowell mills.

在馬薩諸塞州，你想 去洛威爾工廠工作

You could go there for a few years of your life,

你可以去那裡 你生命中的幾年。

make a little bit of money,

賺點小錢。

and then go back to your hometown, meet someone,

然後回到你的 故鄉，遇到一個人。

get married, start a family of your own.

結婚，建立自己的家庭。

So if kinda makes work for women

所以如果有點讓女人工作

outside the home respectable.

在家門口受人尊敬。

And textile production is going to continue

紡織生產 將會繼續

to ramp up in the United States.

以加緊在美國。

In the late 1840s

19世紀40年代末

a man named Elias Howe

一個叫以利亞-豪的人

invents a really excellent sewing machine.

發明了一種非常優秀的縫紉機。

He's not the first man ever to invent a sewing machine.

他不是第一個男人 以發明縫紉機。

There were versions of them stretching back

還有一些版本的 綿延

to think even the 1750s,

以為即使是1750年代。

but Howe's sewing machine brought together

但豪氏的縫紉機卻能將其整合在一起。

a lot of different capacities that made it

很多不同的能力，使它

kinda the best sewing machine.

算是最好的縫紉機了。

And it will be even further refined by Isaac Singer,

而且還會更進一步 由艾薩克-辛格完善。

who we associate today with the Singer Sewing Machine.

今天我們所聯繫的人 Singer縫紉機。

And so these massive textile mills

所以這些大型紡織廠

really become the backbone of New England commerce.

當家作主 新英格蘭商業的。

But, they never would have gotten started

但是，他們永遠不會開始

without another invention, which was the cotton gin.

沒有另一個發明。 這就是軋棉機。

And the cotton gin was invented by Eli Whitney in 1793.

軋棉機也被髮明出來了 由Eli Whitney於1793年。

And what's important about the cotton gin,

而棉紡紗重要的是什麼。

so here's the gin, and basically it's kind of a box

所以這裡的杜松子酒，和 基本上是個盒子

with some spikes on it that allows you to take

帶刺 允許你採取

these balls of cotton and separate them from the seeds.

這些棉球和 將它們與種子分開。

And separating cotton from the seeds

並將棉花與種子分離

was an extremely labor-intensive process.

是一個極其耗費人力的過程。

If you've never held a ball of cotton,

如果你從來沒有拿過棉花球。

it's extremely sticky, so you kinda have to wade through

它的粘性很強，所以你 頗有涉獵

the little bits of cotton, pull out these seeds.

棉花的小塊。 拔出這些種子。

It takes forever.

它需要永遠。

And so an average day's work would not produce

所以平均每天的 工作不會產生

all that much cotton that was ready for market.

漫山遍野 是準備上市的。

Well, Whitney completely revolutionizes this

嗯，惠特尼完全 革新了這

with the cotton gin.

與棉布琴。

These little spikes help separate

這些小釘子有助於分離

the cotton seeds from the cotton ball,

棉球上的棉籽。

and revolutionizes how much cotton can be produced

並革新瞭如何 產棉量

by a single person in a single day.

由一個人在一天內。

Whitney's cotton gin made it possible for a single person

惠特尼的軋棉機使它 孤掌難鳴

to process 50 pounds of cotton in a single day,

處理50磅的 棉花在一天內。

which is just an order of magnitude more

也就是多了一個數量級

than they were able to do beforehand.

比他們之前能夠做到的。

This is really interesting 'cause it had

這真的很有趣，因為它有

kind of a massive human cost in the form

一種巨大的人力成本的形式

of really bolstering the institution of slavery

真正的支持 奴隸制

in the American South because when farming cotton

在美洲南方 因為在種植棉花時

was so labor-intensive it really wasn't very profitable;

費力不討好 真的不是很賺錢。

and so the institution of slavery was actually

於是，該機構 奴隸制實際上是

starting to die out a little bit.

開始一點點消亡。

Before the 1790s people were saying:

在1790年代之前，人們都在說。

"Eh, I don't know if it's actually worth it to keep slaves."

"誒，我不知道是不是? 其實值得保留奴隸。"

So if it weren't for the cotton gin,

所以，如果不是因為軋棉機。

the United States might actually have outlawed slavery

美國可能 其實已經取締了奴隸制

considerably earlier than it ended up doing in the 1860s.

早於 最終在19世紀60年代做。

So it's interesting to note that even though these

所以很有意思的是 注意到儘管這些

inventions really changed the fabric of American society,

發明真正改變了世界 美國社會的結構。

allowed some people to earn money

允許一些人賺錢

who had never been able to earn money before,

一直以來 來掙錢前。

it also meant that the institution of slavery

這也意味著 奴隸制

was really entrenched in the United States

在美國真正紮根

and would only continue to expand until the 1860s.

並且只會繼續 以擴大到19世紀60年代。

So that's a little bit of a peak into

所以，這是一個小高峰到

the human cost of The Industrial Revolution.

的人力成本 工業革命。

And we'll get more into what some of those costs were

而我們將得到更多關於 其中一些費用是

and what some of the benefits were in the next video.

的好處是什麼？ 是在下一個視頻。