For thousands of years, humans, and plants and animals long before that, have been using

幾千年來，人類以及很久以前的動植物，都在使用...

frozen “sky water” to keep warm.

凍 "天水 "保暖。

Which sort of doesn’t make sense.

這有點說不通。

Because snow is cool.

因為雪是涼的。

You might even say it’s… ice cold.

你甚至可以說它是... 冰冷的。

YEEAAHHHHH!

YEEAAHHHHH！

No one knows for sure who built the first igloo, but with the right fit and the right

沒有人知道是誰建造了第一座冰屋 但只要有了合適的設備和正確的方法

physics, snow can actually warm you better than the inside of a tauntaun.

物理學上，雪其實比屯子裡面更能暖和你。

"You'll be ok, Luke!"

"你會沒事的，盧克！"

So, how can something cold keep you cozy?

那麼，冰冷的東西如何才能讓你保持舒適呢？

[MUSIC]

[Music]

The vast, frozen Arctic is one of the most forbidding environments on our planet, yet,

遼闊、冰封的北極是我們星球上最禁忌的環境之一，然而。

the Inuit have managed to live there for about 5,000 years.

因紐特人在那裡生活了大約5000年。

Out on the pack ice, winter temperatures reach 50 degrees below zero , and when it’s that

在馱冰上，冬天的溫度可以達到零下50度，當溫度達到這個溫度時...

cold, surviving means finding shelter.

寒冷，生存就意味著要找到庇護所。

It’s not an area known for its forests, so nomadic hunters learned to build with the

這不是一個以森林著稱的地區，所以遊牧民族的獵人學會了用森林來建造

only thing available: snow.

唯一可用的東西：雪。

Eskimo languages really do have dozens and dozens of different words for snow, because

愛斯基摩語真的有幾十種不同的詞來表示雪，因為

there are a lot of different types, and the type of snow you choose can dictate whether

有很多不同的類型，而你選擇的雪的類型可以決定你是否

your igloo keeps you warm, or turns you into a Homo sapiensicle.

你的冰屋讓你溫暖，或者把你變成智人。

To understand this, we need to know a little something about being cold.

要了解這個問題，我們需要了解一下關於冷的知識。

When your body temperature starts to plummet – you’re feeling heat leave you.

當你的體溫開始急劇下降--你感覺到熱量離開了你。

Cold can’t move into your body – in fact, there is no such thing as cold.

寒冷不能進入你的身體--事實上，並沒有所謂的寒冷。

Where have I heard that before?

我在哪裡聽過這句話？

Oh, right!

哦，對了！

Think of heat as an actual quantity of stuff:.

把熱量看成是一個實際的量的東西：。

The more you give away, the colder you feel.

送的越多，感覺越冷。

This trading of heat can happen three different ways: by convection, conduction, and radiation.

這種熱量的交易可以通過三種不同的方式進行：對流、傳導和輻射。

All three are at play in an igloo.

三個人都在冰屋裡玩。

A person inside will radiate body heat, which moves around the igloo by convection, and

人在裡面會散發出體溫，體溫通過對流作用在冰屋內移動，而冰屋內的人也會散發出體溫。

is lost through the walls by conduction.

通過牆壁的傳導而流失。

This is exactly what happens in your house.

這正是你們家的情況。

Living insulation does the same thing.

生活保溫也是如此。

Fatty tissues like blubber help stop heat transfer in whales and seals, but for animals

脂肪等脂肪組織有助於阻止鯨魚和海豹的熱傳遞，但對於動物來說，脂肪是一種很好的熱傳遞方式。

who don’t have as much junk in the trunk, they cover themselves in air.

誰的後備箱裡沒有那麼多垃圾，他們就會把自己的空氣覆蓋起來。

Sea otter fur, for example, is about a thousand times denser than human hair.

比如海獺毛皮的密度是人類毛髮的一千倍左右。

It’s snuggly stuff "This is the softest thing I've ever felt

"這是我感覺到的最柔軟的東西"。

in my life.

在我的生活中。

You are adorable!" …but the secret to its insulation power

你真可愛！"......但它的保溫能力的祕密是什麼？

is in its texture.

是在其質地。

Otter fur is spiky, so it traps insulating air molecules.

水獺的毛髮是刺狀的，所以它能捕捉到絕緣的空氣分子。

And that is exactly what snowflakes do.

而這正是雪花的作用。

Powdery, fresh snow can be up to 95% trapped air.

粉狀、新鮮的雪可以達到95%的困氣。

This makes it an excellent insulator, but the same way you have to pack it in your hands

這使得它成為一個很好的絕緣體，但同樣的方式，你必須把它包裝在你的手中。

to make a snowball, it isn’t dense enough to build with.

來做雪球，它的密度不夠，不能用它來建造。

Solid ice, on the other hand, makes a good windbreaker, but it’s too heavy to lift.

而固體冰塊則是很好的風衣，但太重了，抬不動。

Inuit hunters took the Goldilocks approach: the secret to good igloo snow is somewhere

因紐特人獵人採取了金絲雀的方法：好的冰屋雪的祕密就在某個地方。

in the middle.

在中間。

Traditional igloo blocks aren’t molded, they’re cut out of the ground.

傳統的冰屋積木不是成型的，而是從地面上切割出來的。

That tightly-packed ground snow is dense enough to hold up, but because it still has far more

那緊密堆積的地面積雪足夠密集，但由於它的密度仍然遠遠高於

air pockets than a block of ice, it’s light, and still a pretty good insulator.

比起冰塊的氣穴，它的重量很輕，而且還是一個很好的絕緣體。

As usual, animals figured this one out long before humans.

和往常一樣，動物們早在人類之前就想通了這個問題。

Polar bears, groundhogs, even birds like grouse all make snow burrows to stay warm.

北極熊、土撥鼠，甚至松雞等鳥類都會在雪地裡嫖妓取暖。

And even before that, plants were tucking into snow to avoid death by freezing.

而在這之前，植物們就已經開始往雪地裡塞，避免被凍死。

During the warm months, heat energy from the sun builds up in soil, and just like the the

在溫暖的月份裡，來自太陽的熱能會在土壤中積聚，就像太陽的熱能一樣。

roof above your head, a deep covering of snow prevents that heat from escaping onward and

在你頭頂的屋頂上，深深的積雪覆蓋著，防止了熱量的外洩，也防止了你的頭頂上的積雪外洩。

upward.

向上。

This snowy blanket above stops ice crystals from forming inside plant roots, and shoots,

上面的這個雪毯可以阻止冰晶在植物根部，和嫩枝裡面形成。

and seeds.

和種子。

Not freezing to death is a pretty good motivator for any animal to get crafty, but our big

對任何動物來說，不被凍死是個很好的動力，讓它們變得狡猾，但我們的大號

primate brains took it one step further with igloos.

靈長類動物的大腦在冰屋上更進一步。

Their engineering maximizes warmth and stability.

它們的工程設計最大限度地提高了保暖性和穩定性。

Cartoon igloos look like flat-bottomed half-spheres, but in reality, they’re neither of those

卡通冰屋看起來像平底的半球形，但實際上，它們都不是這樣的

things!

的東西！

If you were to slice a real igloo in half, you’d see a shape called a catenary.

如果你把一個真正的冰屋切成兩半，你會看到一個叫做 "catenary "的形狀。

This gradually sloping shape is the same one that would form if you held a chain from both

這種漸漸傾斜的形狀，和你從兩邊各拿一條鏈子所形成的形狀是一樣的。

ends and let it droop.

兩端，讓它垂下來。

A catenary arch distributes weight more evenly than a half circle, without bulging or buckling.

貓眼拱比半圓更均勻地分配重量，不鼓不翹。

In fact it’s one of the most stable arches in nature, so sound that we still use it today.

事實上，它是自然界中最穩定的拱門之一，如此健全，以至於我們至今仍在使用它。

Inside, snow houses are carved in different levels.

裡面的雪屋雕樑畫棟，層次分明。

The hot air rises, and the cold air sinks down into the lower part, and away from where

熱空氣上升，冷空氣下沉到下部，遠離了那裡的

you would eat, sleep, and chill.

你會吃飯，睡覺，寒暄。

To boot, body heat melts the innermost layer of the walls, strengthening the barrier between

此外，身體的熱量也會融化最內層的牆壁，加強牆壁之間的屏障。

you, your airy snow-block insulation, and the frigid great beyond.

你，你的空氣雪塊絕緣， 和寒冷的偉大超越。

When you live in an igloo, you act as a living furnace.

當你住在冰屋裡時，你就像一個活爐子。

Over time, the temperature in your icy abode can hover some 40-60 degrees above the surrounding

隨著時間的推移，你冰冷的住所裡的溫度會比周圍的溫度高40-60度。

air, but bring a friend to your igloo party, and you’ll get warmer, faster.

空氣，但是帶一個朋友來參加你的冰屋派對，你會變得更暖和，更快。

Stay cozy, and stay curious!

保持舒適，保持好奇心!

"Hey, you remember that thing I said about eskimos having all those different words for

"嘿，你還記得我說過的關於愛斯基摩人有所有這些不同的單詞的事情嗎?

snow?

雪？

Well our friends from Idea Channel made a video about that.

好吧，我們Idea頻道的朋友們做了一個視頻。

Here's an idea, you should go check it out.

這裡有一個想法，你應該去看看。

It's pretty cool."

這是非常酷的。"