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  • "Extra extra, read all about it! Five

  • Nights at Freddy's franchise bought by Disney!

  • Full cinematic universe plan!

  • Negan spin-off series coming for the

  • walking dead! Marvel vs DC movie plan for

  • 2022! Former reality TV host elected president!"

  • Man, really can't believe

  • anything you read these days can you?"

  • "Hello internet, welcome to Film Theory!

  • Where today, a show dedicated to

  • concocting half-baked theories about

  • movies and TV, is talking about the

  • mainstream media lying to you.

  • In other words, we finally reached theory

  • level conspiracy!

  • Let's face it, 2016's biggest theme and

  • media, both television and online, was the

  • issue of click baiting. Coming up with

  • over-the-top hyperbolic extreme

  • headlines, and a shameless attempt to get

  • people to click. But that's nothing new, it's

  • always been around you say. But what used

  • to be just a mild annoyance, took on a

  • really sinister tone this year. As

  • clickbait gave way to it's far more

  • dangerous - relative - fake news. Websites

  • and newspapers blatantly lying to you,

  • and then passing it off as fact, just to

  • get a headline that gets you to click.

  • It's been an especially hot topic in the

  • aftermath of the presidential election,

  • where the news is now being blamed for

  • swaying voters, suppressing voters, creating

  • scandals, and worst of all, outright lying

  • about simple, INDISPUTABLE facts. Like

  • which candidate got more votes! Seriously,

  • do you for a hundred percent certainty

  • know who got more votes in this year's

  • election? According to the headlines, it's

  • been flipping back and forth for weeks.

  • And when you can't get a straight answer

  • on something as objective as how many

  • people voted for the leader of the free

  • world, then you've got yourself a problem.

  • Probably the most high-profile example

  • of this was facebook, getting hammered

  • over election stories appearing in

  • people's news feeds that had nothing to

  • do with the facts. So you don't even have

  • to look to headlines that big for fake

  • news. Despite these fear-mongering

  • articles from supposedly reliable news

  • sources, you're not going to get Lyme

  • disease from your christmas tree, the

  • White House did not ban nativity

  • scenes from their christmas decorations,

  • and Fidel Castro was, shock of all shocks,

  • not a professional baseball star. Now for

  • all you new theorists subscribed to the

  • channel, it's our annual tradition near the

  • end of the year on both game and film

  • theory to end with a meta theory a state

  • of the union address about a major theme

  • of the year, trend in the industry that you need

  • to know about.

  • So, why should you care about this

  • episode when you're here for another

  • disney conspiracy, or to tell me that I

  • was wrong about rogue one, or to

  • complain about Doctor Who part 3, still

  • not being uploaded. Well one, most

  • importantly because this is real life

  • and not some fictional movie, and two,

  • because we're all the targets.

  • You, me, your family, my family, your

  • friends, my... cat, because misleading you

  • is big business. And you deserve to be

  • informed of how everything from the

  • evening news, to your local newspaper, to

  • online blogs is attempting to manipulate

  • the way that you think, and by extension,

  • the way that you act. Actually have a

  • couple other theories related to this

  • one that are specifically about YouTube,

  • that are over on the game theorists

  • channel right now, so if you haven't seen

  • those, click here to check them out. So also

  • be links at the end of the video. And if

  • you're loyal game theorists coming from

  • over there,

  • welcome, my arms are open to you. The

  • theories are just as depressing on this

  • side of the internet. Now go ahead, kick

  • back, and get ready to never trust

  • anything you ever see online, ever again.

  • Let's call a spade a spade, 2016 was a

  • sucky year. It was a year full of

  • international crises, racial tensions,

  • surprising celebrity deaths, and a very,

  • very tense presidential election. And all

  • along it seemed like the media was just

  • going about doing their job of reporting.

  • But ask yourself this,

  • how much of what you see is real even

  • from the sources we consider to be the

  • most trusted in the world.

  • How is it possible, in the information

  • age to have false stories get treated as

  • fact is the whole media machine just

  • asleep at the wheel, or what's really

  • going on here? So to understand media of

  • today, we need to take a stroll down

  • memory lane. Fake news is way older than

  • you think, dating all the way back to the

  • mid eighteen hundreds, with the first

  • daily newspapers started being sold by

  • newsboys on the street corners. Think

  • Newsies, but with a lot less singing, and a lot

  • more of newspapers hiring urine-soaked

  • bums to shout headlines. These newsboys

  • literally had to shout headlines to get

  • people to impulse buy papers each and

  • every day, which meant one thing the

  • headlines had to be catchy. One might say

  • they had to be, click-baity. That's right,

  • click bait actually predates the click.

  • Once people started realizing that

  • exaggerated catchy

  • titles and fun headlines would sell more

  • papers on the street then cut and dry

  • news stories, the age of yellow

  • journalism began. So what's, 'yellow

  • journalism'?

  • well, if you've read facebook newsfeed

  • since, uhhh, since the facebook newsfeed became

  • a thing, then you've already probably

  • seen it.

  • Yellow journalism is quote/unquote news

  • that's badly researched. Mostly guesswork,

  • and has lots of big statements that are

  • supported by very little fact. Some of

  • the most successful papers in this era

  • were papers like the New York Tribune,

  • and the San Francisco Examiner. But what made

  • these papers stand out from the crowd

  • was the types of news stories that they

  • covered. You see they specialized in the

  • sleaze, exaggerated gory crime stories.

  • Stories about political scandals and

  • corruption. The New York Tribune became

  • especially successful off of it's racist

  • coverage, and strong anti-immigrant

  • stances. Sound like anything you've been

  • reading this year? Maybe? Sure, it doesn't

  • paint a pretty picture, but it definitely

  • sells newspapers, or in the modern case

  • of digital media, gets people clicking.

  • And from there, once people have clicked,

  • or bought the paper, it doesn't really

  • matter what the content is or whether

  • the headline was true or not, in fact in the

  • heyday of yellow journalism there were

  • companies who liked it better if the story

  • was false, because then the paper could

  • run an exposé, then an argument, a

  • rebuttal, or some sort of angry response

  • drawing out a clickable headline for

  • more and more papers on those clickable

  • subjects. Keeping people coming back to

  • stay on top of a scandal, that wouldn't

  • have even existed if the newspaper had

  • done their homework in the first place!

  • which begs the question, why do we have

  • this problem? Are reporters just bad? Are

  • news outlets just less selective about

  • the stories they run? Why are news companies

  • and TV networks still going if they're

  • clearly bad at their job of reporting

  • news?

  • Well, the reason, is that reporting news

  • isn't their job. They're not actually in

  • the news business. They're in the

  • advertising business. Most news companies

  • don't make money from the news, they make

  • money from the ads that are sold

  • alongside the news. Reporting on current

  • events is just filling time, giving them

  • content to get you to watch, and to read,

  • so that way you're there when the next

  • ad starts to slot in. These news companies

  • aren't making money off of the

  • article, they're making money off of what's

  • above the article, and what's next to the

  • article, and popping up over top of the

  • article, and then flashing and auto

  • playing in the middle of that article

  • Man! The internet looks completely

  • different when you turn off your ad

  • blocker. I can't understand how people can

  • use the internet when it looks like this. Ugh!

  • So step one is to stop thinking

  • about the blogs that you read as news

  • sites, because they're not, they're product

  • isn't news. It's advertising space. Take

  • this line of thought to it's logical

  • conclusion, and you get something that

  • makes a whole lot of sense when you stop

  • to consider it. YouTube isn't a video

  • platform, it's an advertising platform.

  • Facebook isn't a social site, it's an

  • advertising site that happens to have

  • pictures of your friends' babies to lure

  • you in. Google? It ain't making a whole lot of money

  • off of it's search engine, or the new tech

  • that it's producing, it's all about the ads.

  • According to Bloomberg businessweek $76.1

  • billion dollars, or around ninety percent

  • of Google's income, is coming off of it's

  • ad business. To cite a former executive

  • from the company, quote, 'No one wants to

  • face the reality that this is an

  • advertising company with a bunch of

  • hobbies.' Creating products, where it can then

  • place ads. And news is just a fancy word

  • for a genre of entertainment, stories that

  • may, or may not be real to get your

  • attention and sell some commercial

  • breaks in the process. But I hear you

  • rightfully asking, 'Is clickbait actually

  • doing any harm outside of being mildly

  • annoying? Nothing lost but a little bit

  • of time, right?' Wrong. It turns out that

  • not only does the media do a good job of

  • figuring out how to get people to click

  • on fake news, they do an even better job

  • of getting us to share that fake news.

  • One thing we've seen a lot of this year

  • is reaction compilations. Don't laugh,

  • don't cry, don't cringe, emotional response

  • is huge on the internet, and that applies

  • just as much to regular news, as it does

  • to YouTube. But not all reactions are

  • created equally.

  • It turns out that after a hundred and fifty

  • years of media coverage, news outlets

  • have pretty well figured out what

  • emotions are better at getting people to

  • share than others. So let's look at the

  • five major emotions as we've been told

  • by Inside Out. Any guesses as to which

  • one gets people to spread news the

  • fastest? Is it disgust, like the

  • pictures of redneck eighties prom photos?

  • Or is it happiness, like all those videos

  • of dogs greeting soldiers coming back

  • from Afghanistan.

  • Awe stop the clip I'm going to lose it

  • they get me every time! But I'm not

  • likely to share it because not even the

  • warm fuzzies can top the most powerful

  • emotion for fake, news anger. An

  • influential study of 200,000 twitter

  • users in China conducted, by MIT, showed

  • that angry posts on social media are

  • three times more likely to be spread

  • through shares or retweets, than any of

  • the other emotions. And if you look back

  • across the news this year, you can see

  • that it's true. Look at the top stories that

  • dominated headlines: racial tension,

  • senseless violence, people's rights being

  • threatened, but then look at the posts

  • that got the most shares. Reasoned

  • arguments and analyses, aren't the posts

  • pulling in the big numbers, it's the

  • emotional responses. The rants, the raging,

  • in that moment of anger why would I

  • check to see if that story is real the

  • headline is right there and from a

  • trusted source and is so rage-inducing

  • that I have to share it, right away.

  • It prompts an immediate reaction. There's

  • no time for fact-checking, because the

  • immediate response, is to hit retweet to

  • tell everyone we know about this so that

  • they can be as enraged as we are. Because

  • seriously, Scott what are you thinking?

  • Disney is gonna take away all the scary

  • murdery elements that has made FNAF into

  • what it is to this day. you're diluting

  • the brand by selling it to Disney, man.

  • Come on

  • And as you might imagine this starts to

  • get real dangerous, real fast, we're in an

  • age of ripple effect entertainment where

  • one small post, or one small story can

  • escalate and grow, and grow, into a much

  • bigger much, more massive, much more

  • dangerous thing. A world where one person

  • posts a fake story on reddit, or

  • manufacturers a fake news image on

  • Twitter, it picks up momentum, gets some

  • upvotes, some retweets, suddenly smaller

  • blogs are picking, it up larger accounts

  • start to talk about it,

  • hashtags starts to trend, until it's all

  • the way up to the mainstream media and

  • big-time news outlets. and at that point,

  • no one has actually gone back to check

  • the original source. In fact it's almost

  • impossible to find that original source.

  • Bandwagoning has made it into a reality.

  • If you want a concrete example then look

  • no further than 2007 and the iPhone 4.

  • the blog engadget reported on

  • authority that the iphone 4's

  • release date was getting pushed back from

  • June to October, and potentially

  • later. In less than 15 minutes after that

  • article was published, I kid you not when

  • I say this,

  • Apple's value as a company, dropped by

  • four billion dollars. Four. Billion

  • Dollars in 15 minutes. And as I'm sure

  • you can guess, the engadget article was a

  • complete hoax.

  • Luckily Apple was able to clarify the

  • situation and recover most of the lost

  • money by the end of the day, but it just

  • goes to show how dangerous this stuff

  • can be. Especially when it's influencing

  • the candidates that we vote for. The way

  • that we choose to spend our money, and

  • the way that we feel about other people,

  • and other cultures. So click bait and the

  • fake news that it generates can be a real

  • problem. But what can we do? Well,

  • newspapers have been dealing with this

  • model for a long time, but way back when

  • yellow journalism was a problem, one of

  • the first big answers to fake news, was

  • designing a system that wasn't based on

  • selling papers on street corners anymore.

  • It was based on, of all things,

  • subscriptions. How is that better?

  • Well, take for instance the New York

  • Times, one of the first

  • subscription-based newspapers. When they

  • had a subscribership they could count on,

  • the newspaper no longer had to worry

  • about whether their headlines where

  • clickbaity enough to sell to the same customer

  • every day, they had a consistent source

  • of income that they could rely upon. That

  • in turn, left the journalists relax a

  • little bit enabled them to print more

  • normal-looking stories, and maybe even

  • spend some time fact checking. For the

  • subscribers, meanwhile, they were

  • supporting a product that they believed

  • in, and that they trusted to deliver

  • regular content. Lots of newspapers

  • still have a subscribership model, and

  • it's exactly because of this. If you're

  • financially supporting the paper, it

  • shouldn't have to rely on sleazy tactics

  • to stay afloat. But okay, that's all fine

  • and dandy for traditional media, but a

  • lot of traditional media is dying, and

  • here on YouTube, we hear about one thing,

  • more YouTube! So what's the cure for

  • clickbait here?

  • well, actually it's the same thing.

  • YouTube has subscribers. Sometimes people

  • I work with ask me why subscriber

  • numbers matter so much to creators, and

  • really it's for the same reason as it

  • mattered to the newspapers. YouTubers

  • count on subscribers to keep coming back,

  • and supporting the channel. Sure those

  • viewers aren't paying a fee for that

  • subscription, but it's a generally

  • reliable source of income.

  • A system based on trust. I trust that those

  • four million people subscribed to the

  • channel like the videos that I make, and

  • then a fairly sizable number of those

  • people will be checking back on every

  • upload that we do, so, I can make more of

  • them, and in turn, you trust that my

  • videos are going to be good, and so you

  • keep coming back. It's a great system. So when

  • YouTube starts changing the visibility

  • of our videos to subscribers, and

  • subscribe views drop, or they start

  • implementing new systems, like ring the

  • bell to get notified of everything that

  • the channel does, rather than some of the

  • things that the channel does. Well, it

  • presents a big problem, because it's YouTube

  • breaking down that system of trust.

  • Artificially cutting off that line of

  • communication, and throwing YouTube

  • creators, and their fans, into this weird

  • dark area where we can no longer

  • communicate with each other. So as a

  • result, what do you see when that happens?

  • You see more channels turning to

  • clickbait. Turning to sensationalized

  • titles, turning to the Youtube version of

  • yellow journalism, to try and get their

  • videos seen for just, one more day. If you

  • can't count on the stability of the

  • platform, you start resorting to content

  • that's the lowest common denominator. But

  • funny enough, it's also possible that the

  • final solution is YouTube Red. Yeah, that

  • thing. For those of you that don't know,

  • or have successfully triggered it out of

  • your mind, YouTube Red is YouTube's

  • subscription service. making the site ad-free,

  • in an effort to move away from

  • advertising revenue. There's other stuff

  • too, like access to some pretty great

  • shows, like RhettandLink's buddy system,

  • oh and I suppose there's MatPat's Game Lab, too.

  • That was, alright. I enjoyed it.

  • but all shameless self-promotion aside,

  • when YouTube launched it we as YouTube

  • viewers weren't exactly welcoming it with

  • open arms. Reports were piling in both on

  • and off the site, that red would kill the

  • YouTube community by taking money away

  • from the creators. And that revenue

  • across the board would drop for everyone.

  • But now ask yourselves this: What actual

  • data did you see in any of those

  • articles? Was it rational arguments about

  • what this meant for the site, or was it

  • clickbaity titles that were designed to

  • make you feel angry, and upset, that

  • YouTube was changing, that you are better

  • dead than red. And so you wanted to go

  • out, and share that video, because now we

  • can look back at the data, and I can

  • honestly say across all the channels

  • that I help consult, it has only

  • increased the amount of money that they

  • earn above and beyond what they would be

  • earning

  • in ads anyway, granted, the system was

  • and still, isn't perfect.

  • YouTube honestly must have hated me during

  • the lead up to Game Lab over on the game

  • theorists channel, because I complained

  • about a ton of stuff related to Red, but

  • a lot of our fears came from, once again,

  • people looking to make a buck. Peddling

  • in fear to make a profit, and causing the

  • public to rebel against a decision that

  • quite honestly, helps creators make

  • better, higher-quality projects, and if

  • nothing else earns more revenue per view

  • than they would otherwise. All while

  • helping to stifle this fake news problem.

  • So what do we do?

  • Who's gonna fix all this? The answer is,

  • no one but us. At the end of the day,

  • videos only go where we, as the audience

  • will follow. Your viewing choices matter.

  • And they matter a lot.

  • So, in 2017, there's no election, but vote

  • with your view. Knowing when and how

  • you're being manipulated is half the

  • battle. So support creators who do good

  • work, not just the ones that make you

  • feel angry or who talk about issues

  • without any real information. We do have

  • the power here. And it's our obligation

  • to do the research ourselves, because as

  • you've seen, no one else, is gonna do it

  • for us. But hey, that's just a theory one

  • half of this theory, because if you want

  • to see more, click this annotation, or the

  • top line of the description to check out

  • a different perspective on this issue

  • over on my channel, game theory. In that

  • video, which is timed to release exactly

  • at the same time this one comes out I,

  • look at the complaint a bunch of

  • youtubers had been having about

  • declining views, and we analyze the real

  • reasons behind it is it entirely

  • YouTube's fault, or something else?

  • The answer, will shock you! How's that for

  • a clickbaity lead-in? So anyway, click on

  • the giant flashing add to go over there

  • and check it out. And hey, make sure that you,

  • ring my bell, right there, that- that Bell

  • thing. Like I said earlier this episode,

  • the subscription mechanism working

  • properly, is one of the best ways to

  • combat all of this. So, ring the bell and

  • keep your fingers crossed, that, my videos

  • continue to show up for ya. We'll be back

  • to normal episodes next time, but until

  • then remember, that's just a theory, a

  • film theory!

  • Aaaand cut! If you want an amazing first

  • look at all this, check out the book

  • 'Trust me, I'm lying' written by Ryan

  • Holliday. Who worked inside these systems

  • and learned how to exploit them, both for

  • his own benefit, and for his clients'. But why

  • listen to me when the back of the book

  • says everything you need to know. quote,

  • 'Why am I giving away these secrets?

  • because I'm tired of a world where blogs

  • take indirect bribes, marketers help

  • write the news, reckless journalists

  • spread lies and no one is accountable

  • for any of it. I'm going to explain

  • exactly how the media really works.' End

  • quote. Now if that doesn't peak your

  • interest, I don't know what will.

  • Or maybe I do?

"Extra extra, read all about it! Five

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電影理論:假新聞正在殺死互聯網? (Film Theory: Is Fake News KILLING the Internet?)

  • 108 8
    何庭昀 發佈於 2021 年 01 月 14 日
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