You’ll see a lot of nurse sharks, zebra sharks, some reef sharks and sand tiger sharks. But not the great white.

我們可以看到很多鉸口鯊、豹紋鯊、礁鯊及虎鯊，但是就是沒有大白鯊。

For decades, aquariums have tried to contain the world’s largest predatory fish.

幾十年來，各家水族館試圖容納世界上最大的捕食性魚類。

Institutions like Marineland, SeaWorld and the Steinhart Aquarium repeatedly took in white sharks during the 1970s, 80s and 90s, at times drawing huge crowds.

像佛羅里達州的水上樂園、海洋世界和舊金山的斯坦哈特水族館這些機構在 1970 、 1980 和 1990 年代都反覆引進大白鯊，有時吸引了很多人潮。

But they never lasted long. Some needed help swimming. None of them would eat.

但是這些大白鯊都沒有活很長的時間，有些無法自在地游泳，而且牠們都不吃東西。

The longest one lasted was just 16 days.

活得最長的一隻大白鯊也只活了 16 天。

A 1984 report by the Steinhart Aquarium put it this way:

斯坦哈特 1984 年有篇報導是這樣的：

"In most cases it could be said that all these captive sharks were merely in the process of dying, with some taking longer than others."

「大部分的情況下，可以這麼說，這些被俘虜的鯊魚都只是在經歷瀕臨死亡的過程，雖然有些是會活得比其他隻久一些。」

They had constructed an elaborate transport tank with a harness and IV fluids, but still couldn’t keep the sharks alive.

水族館的人建造了一個配備有安全線束和靜脈輸液的精密輸液槽，但是仍然無法維持這些鯊魚的生命。

It wasn’t until 2004 that the Monterey Bay Aquarium proved that it was possible to keep white sharks for at least six months.

一直到 2004 年，蒙特利灣水族館證明了維持大白鯊的生命至少六個月是有可能的。

It took a massive effort, and no one’s done it since.

這花費了很大的心力，而且從那之後也沒人成功過。

Our approach was one of sort of a systematic, logical sequence of things leading up to our success and it started with designing a tank.

導引我們成功的方法是系統化的、一連串的邏輯事物，從設計水槽開始。

The Monterey Bay Aquarium had a million gallon, egg-shaped tank, 35 feet deep, designed for open-ocean animals like tuna and sharks.

蒙特利灣水族館擁有一個一百萬加侖的蛋形水槽，它有 35 英呎深，是專門為了像鮪魚和鯊魚等這些開放水域的動物設計的。

So you need a big tank. You also need a small shark.

所以需要一個大型水槽，你也需要一隻小型的鯊魚。

Adult great whites reach 15 feet on average.

成年的大白鯊平均會長到 15 英呎。

The Monterey Bay Aquarium nabbed one in 2004 that was 4 feet, 4 inches, less than a year old.

2004 年時，蒙特利灣水族館捕獲了一隻長 4 呎 4 吋，不到 1 歲的大白鯊。

That made it easier to move and easier to keep.

這個水槽對牠而言易於運動，也容易維持生命。

When they’re young, they feed on fish, and as they get older they transition to feeding more on mammals.

當大白鯊年輕時，可以餵牠魚類，當牠們越來越大，就要轉為餵牠們較多的哺乳類。

And so we were targeting the age bracket where we knew we were more able to feed their natural diet.

於是我們注重鯊魚的年齡分級，這樣我們可以知道什麼年齡層可以餵食天然的食物。

And once they collected the shark, they didn’t take it straight to the aquarium.

一旦捕捉到了鯊魚，牠們並不會直接被帶到水族館。

Instead, the Monterey Bay team set up a four million gallon pen right there in the ocean.

取而代之的是，蒙特利灣水族館在海洋裡建造了一個 400 萬加侖的筆狀水槽。

That way they could monitor the shark and see if it would feed before they moved it into a transport tank to travel from southern California, where the sharks were born up to the aquarium.

這樣工作人員可以監視這些鯊魚，並且檢視鯊魚從牠們的出生地南加州進入運輸槽到水族館前，是否有吃東西。

Sharks, like all fish, need to have water continually passing through their gills in order to get oxygen.

鯊魚其實就像所有魚類一樣，需要有水不斷經過牠們的鰓來獲得氧氣。

Most species can open and close their mouths to pump the water through, but white sharks and a couple dozen other species don’t do that.

大部分的物種可以透過開口與閉口的方式將水運送通過鰓，但是大白鯊和其他幾十種物種並不這樣做，

To breathe, they have to move forward through the water with their mouths open.

牠們必須在水中向前移動並將嘴巴張開，

That’s why white sharks start to weaken as soon as they’re caught in a net.

這也是大白鯊被網子捕獲後開始變得虛弱的原因，

And that’s why they needed a custom built transport tank with mobile life support.

這也是研究人員必須客製化配備機動生命維持運輸槽的原因。

Everything from oxygen sensors and video cameras and lighting and filtration systems that were needed for what turned out to roughly be nine to eleven hour transport time.

運輸槽裡的氧氣偵測儀、攝錄像機，及照明和過瀘系統，都必須維持大約 9 至 11 小時的運輸時間。

Aquarium attendance jumped 30 percent while the shark was on display.

開始展示鯊魚後，水族館的來客率躍升了百分之 30。

After six and a half months, they decided to release it because it had killed two other sharks.

六個半月後，水族館人員決定放了這隻大白鯊，因為牠殺死了其他二隻鯊魚。

Over the next six years, the aquarium displayed five more baby white sharks - some they paid fishermen to hand over, some they caught themselves.

接下來的六年，水族館還展示了 五隻小白鯊，有些是水族館付錢給漁民得來的，有些是小白鯊自己跑進來的。

Their stays ranged from just eleven days up to five months.

牠們停留的時間在 11 天到 5 個月不等。

The Monterey Bay Aquarium had succeeded in doing what no one else could.

蒙特利灣水族館成功地做到了其他人做不到的事，

But it did take a toll on the sharks.

但是這樣的確對鯊魚造成了傷害。

They developed visible sores from bumping into the sides of the tank.

牠們碰撞水槽的側邊，在身體上造成了傷口。

We actually snuck in with photographers and took pictures of the sharks as they were beginning to attrit and fail due to the constant scraping against the walls basically.

事實上，我們的攝影師潛入水中拍攝鯊魚因長期摩擦槽壁而逐漸開始衰弱的模樣。

As we viewed it, it was a vase of flowers that would be kept for the visitors.

如同我們所看到的，這就像是留給遊客觀賞的一盆花一樣。

Historically, aquariums kept sharks that lived near the seabed or near reefs.

歷年來，水族館都會保存住在海床或靠近珊瑚礁的鯊魚，

That makes sense - it’s easier to recreate those habitats in a tank.

這是有意義的，因為這樣可以讓在水槽中重建這些棲息地變得比較簡單，

But in recent decades, aquariums have wanted to bring in bigger, more pelagic sharks, those that spend time roaming the open ocean.

但是，近十年來，水族館一直想引進更大、更高階的鯊魚，那些長時間在開闊水域漫遊的鯊魚。

They’ve even been able to exhibit the largest shark in the world, the whale shark, if they have a big enough tank.

這個水族館如果有夠大的水槽，甚至能夠展示世界上最大的鯊魚——鯨鯊。

But pelagic sharks are used to being able to swim long distances without obstructions, changing directions only as they please.

但是高階的鯊魚習慣於長時間在沒有障礙物的環境下，能夠隨心所欲地改變方向游泳。

So the faster-moving sharks like the white shark, mako shark, and blue shark, they have trouble with walls when they’re put in a tank.

所以像大白鯊、灰靖鯊和藍鯊這些移動快速的鯊魚在水槽內生活時，槽壁就成為了牠們的障礙物。

That’s what was happening with the Monterey Bay Aquarium’s sixth white shark in 2011.

這正是 2011 年蒙特利水族館第六隻大白鯊所遇到的狀況。

They decided to release it after 55 days and its tracking tag revealed that the shark died shortly after being released.

55 天後，水族館人員決定放了這隻大白鯊，而牠身上的追蹤標籤顯示，這隻鯊魚在被釋放後不久就死了，

They’re not sure why.

沒有人知道為什麼。

But since then, they haven’t tried bring in another great white shark.

自從那時候開始，他們不再試圖引進其他的大白鯊。

It’s just a very very very resource intensive program and we felt like we had accomplished our goal of introducing the general public to a live white shark.

這是個資源極其密集的計畫，而且我們覺得我們已經完成了我們的目標，成功地將活生生的大白鯊呈現在大眾面前。

It took a huge, carefully planned system to keep a white shark alive.

維持大白鯊的生命需要很嚴謹且慎密的計畫，

And even then, the sharks didn’t quite fit there.

即使如此，還是無法讓大白鯊完全適應，

We can’t seem to stop trying though.

但我們還是繼續不停地嘗試。

Earlier this year, an 11.5-foot great white shark was taken to an aquarium in Okinawa, Japan after getting caught in a fisherman's net.

今年稍早的時候，有一隻 11.5 英呎的大白鯊被漁夫的漁網抓到後，被帶到日本沖繩的水族館。

It was the only adult white shark ever to be put on display, and within three days, it was dead.

這是唯一一隻準備展示的成鯊，但是不到三天牠就死了。

I wanted show you a great resource online called the Biodiversity Heritage Library.

我想要告訴大家一個名為「生物多樣性遺傳圖書館」的強大線上資源。

It’s the product of a couple dozen museums and libraries all agreeing to scan millions of pages from books related to biodiversity.

這是數十個博物館和圖書館所集結的產物，而這些圖書館都同意掃描數百萬頁與「生物多樣性」有關的書籍。

They’ve got a bunch of great albums on Flickr, including one that's all about sharks.

他們在 Flickr 上放了很多精美的相簿，其中一個全是和鯊魚有關的。

Some of these go back to the 16th and 17th centuries, back when the naturalists used to call sharks "sea dogs",

有些生物的種類甚至溯及 16 、 17 世紀前，當時的自然科學家曾經稱鯊魚為「海狗」

which is funny because as we now know, sharks were roaming the oceans for about 300 million years before the first mammals showed up.

這蠻好笑的，因為我們現在已經知道鯊魚在第一種哺乳類出現的三億年前早已斥咤海洋。