The average person gets rid of approximately 130 grams of poop every day.

每個人每天平均都會排掉大約 130 公克的糞便

Maybe twice that much if they’ve had Taco Bell.

不過如果吃了塔可鐘（墨西哥速食店）的食物，每個人可能會有兩倍多的糞便

Seven and a half billion of us on Earth.

全球有 75 億的人口

That’s a literal mountain of human poop every day.

這可以說是人們每天的糞便就可以堆出一座山

Yet most of "us" get to pretend it doesn’t exist, all thanks to an invention that

不過大多數的「我們」都忽略了它的存在，主要是歸功於一項發明，

has improved health and quality of life more than any other in humanity’s history.

這項發明在人類歷史上大大提升了健康以及日常生活的品質

[OPEN BUMPER]

［揭開序幕的音樂］

Bears do it in the woods, whales do it in the ocean, and 2.4 billion of us DON’T do it in a toilet.

熊會在樹林中大號，鯨魚會在海洋中大便，而其中 24 億的我們沒在馬桶上大號

Dysentery, typhoid, parasites, and other infections lead to hundreds of thousands of deaths every year,

痢疾、傷寒、寄生蟲、以及其他的傳染病導致每年無數的死亡人數

all because one in three people alive in 2017 don’t have access to toilets and latrines.

都是因為在這 2017 年中有三分之一的人們仍活在沒廁所以及馬桶的生活中

From on top of our porcelain thrones, we’ve left a lot of our species drowning in feces.

坐在瓷器的馬桶上時，我們排出許多的微生物都浸泡在糞便中

Nearly a "billion" people still defecate out in the open: in street gutters, open water, or… in the woods.

仍然有 10 億多的人隨地大小便：像是在街道上的排水溝、開闊的海水、或是... 樹林中

Thousands of years ago, we all did it that way, but as we developed agriculture and settled into towns, poop started piling up.

數千萬年前，我們都是以那樣的方式來上大號，但從我們發展出農耕以及定居在城鎮後，糞便便統一被處理掉了

Around five thousand years ago, Neolithic villagers constructed the first known toilets at Skara Brae.

大概在 5000 多年前，在斯卡拉布雷新石器時代的村民建造了大家都已熟悉的第一個馬桶

At the same time, many houses in Mohenjo Daro, featured toilets complete with drains, people

同時，在摩亨佐達羅的許多房子中都設置廁所連著排水溝，人們

washed their poop into sewers that emptied into the Indus River.

在排水溝上大號後，汙穢就流入印度河中

It’d still be thousands of years before we linked germs to disease, but avoiding filth has deep evolutionary roots.

這要花幾千年時間才會發現是細菌導致死亡，不過清除汙穢的思想卻已發展深遠

Bodily excretions, death, and rotten smells can be signs of danger or disease, triggering our innate sense of disgust.

人類身體的排泄物、死亡、以及腐蝕的味道是一種危險或疾病的徵兆，導致我們內在感官上的厭惡

This biological instinct ended up in the moral codes of many religions, like

這樣的身體本能在許多宗教道德準則中記載著，就像是

this passage from the Old Testament instructing the Hebrews to do their Exodus in a… holey fashion.

舊約聖經中教導希伯來人在挖的洞口處大號

Roman society was comfortable with caca.

在羅馬的社會中對於大號並不諱言

At one point, Rome had 144 public toilets… long open benches that emptied into the Cloaca

羅馬一度曾有 144 間的公共廁所... 綿延開放式的蹲坐設施並流入到下水道中

Maxima, a sewer system that carried waste to the Tiber river.

馬克西姆是一個下水道系統，運送汙穢到台伯河中

But the vast majority of Romans simply pooped in a pot and threw it into the street.

但仍然有大多數的羅馬人在便盆上大號後，就把它丟到街上

As waste and disease piled up, Romans pointed to the stink as the cause of sickness.

當這種汙穢以及疾病的攀升，羅馬人指出這樣的惡臭就是導致生病的原因

After the Roman Empire faded away, this connection between bad air and bad health

在羅馬帝國消逝之後，對於臭味以及疾病間的

persisted, clogging up toilet innovation for more than a thousand years.

關係便被流傳下來，在接下來的 1 千多年間，馬桶持續地革新

During medieval outbreaks like the Plague, doctors wore long pointed masks, like this one, filled with perfumes or aromatic herbs

中世紀爆發的瘟疫期間，醫生戴著充滿香水以及清香藥草味的鳥嘴面具來

"cleanse" bad air, which they believed to be the cause of disease.

「淨化」惡臭，他們相信是惡臭造成這個疾病

They were wrong, but this obsession with stink would change the world in ways no one saw coming.

他們錯了，但對於臭味的迷思卻深深影響了世界

Contrary to popular belief, Thomas Crapper didn’t invent the flush toilet.

相反於廣傳的認知，湯馬斯·克拉普不是發明沖水馬桶的人

That honor goes to John Harington, his “Ajax” device emptied the bowl with water from an overhead tank.

這項榮耀是屬於約翰·哈林頓，他所謂的「Ajax」設計，是用一個高處的儲水箱來沖水清除異物

But flush toilets didn’t catch on until 1775, when Alexander Cummings revolutionized

但沖水馬桶直到 1775 年才漸漸流行，亞歷山大·卡明斯徹底改造

the way we poo by adding a water-filled “S trap” to block explosive, and supposedly

了我們上大號的方式，他增建了一個「S 型的水管管道」能有效地沖走馬桶裡的排泄物，也就是說

disease-causing sewer gas from rising up the pipes, the same basic toilet design we still use today.

從下水道飄出的氣體是造成疾病的原因，至今我們仍用著這套基本的馬桶設計

During the Industrial Revolution, most people’s business still ended up in streets and cesspools,

在工業革命期間，大多數人的內急都在街上以及化糞池解決，

and the growing population was too big a load for London’s sewers.

而持續成長的人口導致倫敦的下水道難以再承受

By the mid-1800s, the city was literally overflowing with crap.

約 1800 世紀中期時，城市可以說是污穢滿溢

With crap comes cholera, an infection from bacteria whose toxins basically cause

隨之而來的是霍亂，一種細菌性的感染，這病毒主要疾病為

all the water in your body to pour out of your butt in the form of diarrhea, death by dehydration.

體內的水嚴重地腹瀉而出，像是痢疾一樣，脫水致死

Cholera hit London in 1854.

霍亂爆發在 1854 年的倫敦

Instead of the “old bad air” theory, a doctor named John Snow believed cholera was

不再是「舊有的惡臭」理論，一名瓊恩·雪諾醫生認為霍亂是

transmitted by drinking water tainted with sewage.

傳遞性的疾病是由於飲用了受汙染的地下水

Snow’s map of cholera cases clustered around a water pump.

雪諾指出發生霍亂的地帶，主要都在下水道的抽水機附近

When he when he removed the pump’s handle, new cholera cases fell.

當他移除了抽水機的把手（不給取水）時，就再也沒有霍亂的新案例了

Soon after, London enclosed its sewers and diverted waste downstream of London, but doctors

過了不久之後，倫敦關閉了自家的下水道，轉換了排放汙歲的下水道，但醫生們

wouldn’t totally accept Snow’s ideas for nearly 50 years.

在約 50 年期間並不完全認同雪諾的理論

The Great Depression saw an expansion of sewage treatment plants–and modern toilet paper!–and

經濟大蕭條讓我們看到一個下水道擴建的處理場－以及現今的廁所用紙！還有

this is basically the sanitation system we have today, where magical chairs make nasty things

這個建設也就是我們現在所擁有的衛生系統，也就是神奇的椅子使這些汙歲

disappear, out of sight, out of smell, and out of mind.

消失掉、看不到、聞不到、忘記它

It’s no three sea shells but we've come a long way.

不是用三顆海貝殼（用貝殼擦屁股，不浪費紙巾），但我們已經進步很多了

and this privileged pooping existence lets us keep something else out of mind:

這樣特別的廁所設計讓我們忘記了某件事情：

The 2.4 BILLION people who still don’t have toilets.

也就是仍有 2.4 億的人沒廁所可用

Nearly 800,000 children under 5 still die every year from diarrhea.

每年仍然有將近 80 萬名五歲以下的孩子死於痢疾

More than AIDS, more than malaria.

多過於愛滋病，也多過於瘧疾

That’s an Airbus A380 full of children crashing every 6 hours.

可以說是每 6 個小時就有一架載滿孩子的 A380 客機墜機

It’s estimated last year poor sanitation cost the global economy 260 billion dollars, due to illness, loss of income, and years of life lost.

根據去年的全球經濟指出，匱乏的衛生條件已造成了 2600 億的損失，由於疾病、失去經濟來源、以及年復一年的死亡

Worse, women suffer these impacts disproportionately to men.

更糟的是女性遭受的影響比例遠遠高於男性

In 2007, readers of the BMJ voted “modern sanitation” as the #1 medical advance since 1840.

在 2007 年， BMJ 的讀者投票評選「現代衛生設備」是在 1840 年前以來排名第一的醫療重點

Not antibiotics, not vaccines.

不是抗生素，也不是疫苗

Toilets and clean water.

馬桶和乾淨的水

We "have" made progress.

我們「已經」有所進步了

Since 1990, 14% more people have access to sanitation, *many* fewer are dying, but fewer is not zero.

從 1990 年以來， 百分之 14 以上的人們使用衛生設備，死亡人數「變得很少」，但還不是完全沒有

With a little effort, we can "wipe" this problem from the Earth.

只再需要一點點的努力，我們就可以把這個問題從地球上給「徹底解決掉」

On the TV show “The Brady Bunch, ”their bathroom didn’t even have a toilet.

在《脫線家族》這個電視節目中，他們的廁所竟然連一個馬桶都沒有

Pooping is so taboo, it was "literally" invisible.

大號這想法是非常忌諱的，「幾乎」可以說是一種視而不見

We can’t even talk about it!

甚至都不行提到它！

It’s no coincidence that many of our worst swear words involve defecation.

這就是為什麼我們罵髒話都會扯到這些汙穢的字眼

In her book The Big Necessity, Rose George writes:

在羅斯·喬治的《廁所之書》寫到：

“How a society disposes of its human excrement is an indication of how it treats its humans too”

「一個社會處置人民髒污的方式就是他們對待人民的方式」

Everybody poops, and every person who is born should be able to do it safely.

每個人都會大號，並且每個人出生之後都應該要有安全的環境來做這件事

Stay curious!

繼續保持一顆赤子之心！

And please… always wash your hands when you’re done.

而且請... 一定要記得如廁完洗淨你們的雙手

Hey everyone, as always, thank you for watching and learning with us.

嘿！各位，一如往常地，感謝你們的收看以及與我們共同學習

This week’s video was a stinky but important subject, and it was brought to you thanks to the support of Bill and Melinda Gates.

這禮拜的影片是有關髒臭的，但這是個重要的主題，並且讓我們感謝比爾和梅琳達·蓋茲的支持

For years, Bill and Melinda Gates have supported efforts around the world to make people healthier

幾年下來，比爾和梅琳達·蓋茲努力要讓全世界的人活得更健康

and make their lives better through innovation, education, and investing in projects to build a better future.

並且使他們能擁有更好的生活品質，透過創新、教育、以及有計畫性的投資來建立起一個更好的未來

And it’s working!

這樣的計畫正在進行中！

Since 1990, an estimated "122 million" children’s lives have been saved, thanks to things like

從 1990 年以來，估計有 「122 萬」名小孩的生活已被解救，多虧了幾件事情，像是

better nutrition, family planning, economic opportunities, and vaccines.

較好的營養、家庭計畫、經濟機會、以及疫苗

Here’s some proof: In 1988 there were more than 350,000 cases of polio.

這裡有幾個證據：在 1988 年，小兒麻痺症的案例超過了 35 萬件

And last year?

那去年呢？

Only 34.

只有 34 件案例

Things have gotten a LOT better, and one day soon, that number *can be, and will be zero.*

事情已經變得更好了，不久之後這個數字必將會「歸零」

But whether it’s bringing toilets to 2.4 billion people, or erasing the last few cases of polio,

但是否這能使得 2.4 億的人們擁有馬桶，或能否消滅掉最後幾件的小兒麻痺症案例，

progress only happens when the privileged pay attention.

進步只能在認真努力下才會發生

Go to gatesletter.com to read Bill and Melinda Gates’ Annual Letter, and find out all the

快去拜訪 gatesletter.com 這個網站，看看比爾和梅琳達·蓋茲的年度信件，並且發現所有

ways life has and will continue to improve for the world’s poorest

生活中已擁有的以及持續地改善世界最貧困人民的生活方式

I’ll see you next time.

我們下次再見