字幕列表 影片播放 列印所有字幕 列印翻譯字幕 列印英文字幕 The Zeitgeist Movement 時代精神運動 London, UK / July 25th 2009 英國倫敦 2009年7月25日 The title of the presentation is "Where are we now?" 演講的題目是 [我們在哪裡] ? In my experience so far in attempting to promote the ideas 根據我目前為止的經驗 在嘗試推廣 of the movement and the Venus Project, I find about 95% of the critics 時代精神運動和維納斯計劃的過程中 我發現有95%的批評 tend to ignore the current state of affairs. 都忽視了目前的狀況 And in a detached manner, they simply criticize the abstracts 他們僅是用一種脫離實際問題的方式片面批評 of what our proposed resolutions are 我們提出的解決方案 without ever reflecting on the train of thought 卻從來不深思 that was employed to reach those solutions. 得出這些方案所用的思路 So in response to this, I decided to simply focus on the information 因此針對這種情況 我決定把問題集中在 which will, at a minimum, at least further compound the dire need 為了脫離當今社會運作的訊息 而這些訊息 to get away from our current social practices 至少會進一步加劇這種迫切的需求 while also showing the logic that the Venus Project employs 同時也展示出維納斯計劃的 to arrive at the conclusions and ideas that they do. 結論以及理念背後的邏輯 We're not just making things up. Jacque Fresco didn't just 我們不是沒事找事 雅克·法斯科不只是 creatively come up with ideas. He has a pivotal train of thought 憑空想出這些主意 他的思考是建立在 and it has a near empirical basis. 實踐的基礎上 First there's going to be an overview 首先要概述的是 of the movement, the tenets of the Venus Project. 時代精神的概述和維納斯計劃的宗旨 In Part 1 we're going to elaborate even more 在第1部分中 我們將更多地 on the nature of our world monetary system and its consequences 闡述我們世界中金融貨幣體系的本質及其後果 while in Part 2 we will take a larger step back and consider the human condition 在第2部分中 我們將回首過去 思考人類制約 its cultivation and the effects of the social system at large. 制約的塑造 以及社會體系對人們的影響 Before I begin, please note that it was recommended 在我開始之前 我曾在電子郵件中推薦 in the emails sent out that people read the Orientation Guide 大家先閱讀"入門指南" or the Activist Video because 或是行動實踐者的相關影片 basically I'm going to move very quickly through a lot of this information 基本上我將非常快速地把許多訊息帶過一遍 on the assumption that a lot of you are already familiar with some of it. 在很多人已熟悉這些訊息的前提下 If you're not, don't be surprised if some things come as extremely foreign. 如果你還不熟悉 請不要對這些訊息感到極度陌生 This lecture is actually part of two lectures. 本次演講實際上是兩次講座的一部分 The second lecture will be given sometime in the future to deal with the other section. 第二次演講將會在以後的時間處理其它部分 As you'll see, I deal with the first part 如你所見 我現在要講第一部分 of the idea which is the fact that our social system is corrupt 即我們腐敗的社會體系這個事實 and the second section is what the solutions are. We're not going to talk 第二部分談論解決方案 我們不打算談 about solutions specifically right now. We're going to talk about 關於當前問題的具體解決方案 我們現在要談 the reasoning behind it. 它背後的推論 The term "Zeitgeist" is defined as the intellectual "時代精神"一詞被定義為 moral, cultural climate of an era. 一個時代的思想 道德 文化氛圍 The term "Movement" simply implies motion or change. "運動"一詞僅僅意味著運動或改變 Therefore, the Zeitgeist Movement is an organization that urges change 因此 "時代精神運動"是一個組織 in the dominant, intellectual, moral and cultural climate of the time 呼籲改變主導這個時代的思想 道德和文化氛圍 specifically to values and practices which would better serve 具體而言是關於價值觀和實踐 the well-being of the whole of humanity, regardless of race 為所有人的福祉作出更佳貢獻 不論其種族 religion, creed or any other form of contrived social status. 信仰 教義或任何形式的人為社會地位狀態 The Zeitgeist Movement in function exists as a communicative representation "時代精神運動"的功能是作為一個 of an organization called The Venus Project 名為"維納斯計劃"的組織溝通代表 which is essentially a conceptual and technological set of ideas 其本質是結合概念性與技術性的思想 which constitutes the life-long work of industrial designer 維納斯計畫是一位工業設計師和社會工程師 and social engineer, Jacque Fresco. 雅克·法斯科的畢生精華 Mr Fresco, along with his associate Roxanne Meadows, have been working 法斯科先生與他的同事羅克珊·梅多斯一同工作 for decades to establish the technical methods and educational imperatives 幾十年以來建立了技術方法和必要的教育 which can transition society away from its current cycles of war 使這個社會得以轉型 脫離目前的戰爭循環 perpetual poverty and pervasive corruption 無止境的貧窮和普遍的腐敗 into an improved social design based on environmental alignment 轉變成為一個改良過的社會 其設計基於環境和諧 practicality, peak efficiency, and most critically 實用性 最高效率 而且最關鍵的是 a heightened standard of living, personal freedom and well-being 提高生活水準 個人自由和幸福感 for not just one nation or class, but for the entire human family. 不只是一個民族或階級 而是整個人類大家庭 The ultimate materialization of these ideas 這些想法最終會實現在 is in the form of a new social design 一個新的社會模式中 updated to present-day knowledge. And the design can be termed 應用最尖端的科學技術 這個模式可被稱為 a "Resource-Based Economy" (RBE). "資源導向型經濟(RBE)" In the words of Mr. Fresco 法斯科先生說過 "We call for a straight forward redesign of our culture "我們呼籲直接重新設計我們的文化 in which the age-old inadequacies of war, poverty, hunger, debt 其中漫長的戰爭 貧困 飢餓 債務等弊病 and unnecessary human suffering are viewed as not only avoidable 和人類不必要的苦難 不僅是可以避免的 but also as totally unacceptable. 而且是完全無法接受的 Anything less simply results in a continuation 如果不改變只會導致 of the same catalog of problems inherent in the present system. 現行體系中固有問題的延續 In summary, a Resource-Based Economy utilizes resources rather than commerce. 總之 資源導向型經濟利用的是資源而非商業 All goods and services are available without the use of currency 人們可取得所有物品和服務而不需使用貨幣 credit, barter, or any form of debt or servitude. 信貸 以物易物 或任何形式的債務或奴役 The aim of this new social design is to free humanity 這種新社會模式的目標在於解放人類 from the repetitive, mundane and arbitrary occupational roles 免除這些重複 枯燥和隨意的職業角色 which hold no true relevance to social development 而這些東西完全與社會發展無關 while also encouraging a new incentive system 資源導向型經濟同時也鼓勵新的激勵制度 that is focused on self-fulfillment, education 重點是自我實現 教育 social awareness and creativity, as opposed 社會意識和創造力 而不是 to the contrived, shallow, self-interested, corruption generating goals 人為的 膚淺的 自利的腐敗 of wealth, property and power which are dominant today. 把當今主導社會的財富和權力當作目標 The enabling foundation of this concept is the realization 實現這一概念的基礎 that through the intelligent management of the earth's resources 在於透過對地球資源的智慧管理 along with the liberal application of modern technology and science 以及對現代科技和科學的解放應用 we have the ability to create a near global abundance on this planet 我們有能力在這個星球上創造全球性的富足 and thus escape the detrimental consequences generated 從而遠離目前產生的不利後果 by the real and artificial scarcity and waste which is dominant today. 即真實和人為的匱乏主導著當今的社會 This reality can provably create a high quality of life for 這個新現實可以證明 能為多出好幾倍的全球人口 the entire world population many times over. 創造一個更高品質的生活 The Venus Project takes into account something which has been long lost 維納斯計劃考慮的是早已被我們當今 in our modern, financially driven world 由金融驅動的社會所忘卻的 the fundamental building blocks of society 社會基本結構 and the basic understandings required to maintain a person's emotional 以及對於為了維持一個人情感 智力 身體的健康 intellectual and physical well-being. 所必需的基本理解 All social systems regardless of political philosophy, religious beliefs 所有的社會制度 無論政治哲學 宗教信仰 or social customs ultimately depend upon natural resources 或社會習俗 最終都取決於自然資源 as the initial step towards social functionality. 作為社會功能的基礎立足點 Concurrently, society itself is a culture machine. 同時 社會本身是一種文化機械 In other words, it's a natural consequence 換句話說 一個文化會自然而然 for a culture to support the values integral to the dominant institutions 去支持主導社會的機構所提倡的整體價值觀 of that society, regardless of the benefit of those values. 而不管這些價值觀能帶來何種好處 In other words, a society reaps what it sows. 換句話說 這是一個社會種瓜得瓜 種豆得豆 If your society's foundation inherently supports self-interest 如果你的社會基礎 本質上是擁護自身利益 elitism, greed and dishonesty 菁英主義 貪婪和不誠實 then no one should ever be surprised when certain members of society 那麼所有人都不應該感到驚訝 當社會上的某些人員 continuously fall into the extremity of murder 持續地陷入極端生活 如謀殺 financial corruption or indifferent, selfish gain. 金融腐敗或冷漠無情地謀取私利 In other words, society is not only a product of the sum of its members values 換句話說 社會不僅僅是其成員價值觀的總和 paradoxically, it's also a generator of them for each new generation. 相反地 它也影響著每個新世代的價值觀 It should be no wonder that government perpetuates 這也就難怪政府長期推行 nationalistic and patriotic values. 民族主義和愛國主義價值觀 If they didn't, people might not support the state agendas or their wars. 如果沒有這些 人們可能不會支持國家的議程或戰爭 It should be no wonder that the Catholic church perpetuates the idea 也難怪天主教的思想長存於世 that humans are born into sin 主張人類有天生的原罪 otherwise, people might not show up to be saved. 否則 人們就不會信仰宗教以使自己獲得救贖 And it should be no wonder 同樣習以為常的是 every major city on this planet is cloaked with corporate advertising 這個星球上每個主要城市都隱藏著企業廣告 working to force materialism and inadequacy. Why? 努力強調物質主義和匱乏 為什麼? Because otherwise, some people might just be happy with what they have 因為不這樣的話 有些人可能就會滿足於他們所擁有的 and not contribute to the profit and perpetuation 就不會為了公司或經濟體的利潤和存續 of a corporation or an economy. 做出貢獻 Regardless, when it comes to cultural influence, nothing can hold a candle 無論如何 當涉及到文化影響時 沒有什麼能比得上 to the vast psychological implications that have developed 由金融貨幣體系所建立的 due to the system of monetary finance. 巨大心理洗腦作用 Money, contrary to the attitudes of most of the world's populations today 與當今世界上絕大多數人認知相反的是 is not a natural resource, nor does it represent resources. 金錢既不是一種自然資源 也不代表資源 In fact, by our standards of logic, money is only functionally relevant 事實上 按我們的邏輯標準 金錢在社會中的相關功能 in society, when natural resources 只有在自然資源 and the mechanisms of creation are scarce. 和生產力匱乏的情況中才會體現 And thus, a system has emerged where people are given value 因此 一個體系出現了 其中人們的技能 for their skills in exchange for their servitude 被賦予價值以交換彼此的勞役 which can thus be used as a medium of exchange 並以此價值作為交換的媒介 for those supposed scarce resources. 並得到人們認為匱乏的資源 Sadly, the culture is now fully indoctrinated into this frame of reference 可悲的是 這種文化已經完全被灌輸到這個世界的思維框架裡 and, like the rising sun, most could not even consider 如烈日當頭般 大多數人甚至無法考慮 any other possibility for our social functionality. 我們社會功能的其它可能性 In fact, some have even redefined the relevance of money itself 事實上 有些人甚至已重新定義金錢本身的重要性 by being conditioned to think that money represents choice. 但卻思想受限 認為金錢代表著選擇的能力 That money somehow has something to do with democracy. 而且金錢在某種程度上與民主有關 And the greatest illusion, that the monetary structure is a tool of liberty. 最大的幻覺即是金融貨幣結構是一種自由的工具 While money has indeed served 整體而言 雖然貨幣確實 a positive role overall on the course of our social evolution. 在社會的演化過程中扮演了正面角色 Adaptation and change and improvement is still unstoppable. 但適應 變革和改進仍然是不可阻擋的 The fact is, most of the original problems, which require the development 事實上 大多數我們今天看到的 of the economic system we see today, are no longer pressing 要求經濟體系進步的原始問題都不再緊要 due to the dramatic advancement of science and technology. 因為科學技術驚人的進展 We now have the means to move in to a new paradigm 現在我們有辦法進入一個新的典範 one where the negative by-products of our current social establishment 其中 由我們目前社會體制帶來的負面副產品 such as perpetual war, human exploitation, poverty 如持久的戰爭 人類的剝削 貧困 and environmental destruction are no longer tolerable. 環境的破壞 都不再能夠容忍 What is advocated here is merely a next step in our social evolution 在這裡所提倡的僅僅是我們社會進化的下一步 as dictated not by a person or group's opinion 並不是一個人或一群人的意見 but by statistics, trends, basic inference and extrapolation 而是統計的趨勢 基本的推理和推斷 all deduced by the scientific method. 所有的推論都源自於"科學方法" Unfortunately, regardless of how logical, clear and obvious 不幸的是 不管新觀點看起來有多麼符合邏輯 new ideas may seem, the public still remains 清晰直觀 公眾仍普遍依舊 on average...tremendous fear of any form of social change. 極端恐懼任何形式的社會變革 This is largely due to propaganda indoctrination 這主要是由於洗腦灌輸 which has been pushed upon them by the established powers 已被既有權力者深深植入到群眾的心裡 which of course prefer the maintain their power. 那些人當然更想維持權力 These institutions range from religious organizations, to government, to business. 這些機構建制涵蓋宗教組織 政府 企業 In fact, it really isn't the technical understandings 事實上 技術知識 and implementations of the physical attributes 和其實質物理上的實現 that comprise the Resource-Based Economy which is the problem. 這些組成資源導向型經濟的屬性 並不是問題 We know we can do it, technically. We know it can happen. 我們知道可以在技術上做到 我們知道這些技術可以實現 The analysis has been extrapolated. 已經有各種推測和分析了 It is the outdated cultural values, such a testy subject. 過時的文化價值是一個惱人的話題 The cultural values and the education barriers of our conditioned culture 文化價值觀與受制約的文化教育壁壘 is the most difficult aspect to consider 是需要考慮的最困難方面 and that's one of the reasons I'm approaching this presentation as I have 這是我演講的其中一個原因 because I want people to understand that we have to move somewhere. 因為我想讓人們知道 我們必須改變 This is where the Zeitgeist movement comes in! 這就是需要時代精神運動的地方! We are not here to tell people what to think or believe. 我們不是在這裡告訴人們去思考和相信什麼 We're here to spread statistical information 我們是在傳播統計資料 and socially positive value identifications 和正面積極的社會價值認同 in hope of bringing people into an awareness 希望能讓人們認識到 of the incredibly positive possibilities the future can hold. 未來擁有令人難以置信的正面發展可能性 Once these understandings are fully realized 一旦充分理解了這些 I think most people will never be able to look at the world 我認為大多數人將再也不會用過去的方式看待這個世界 in the same way again, and the problems we find as commonplace today 我們今天司空見慣的問題 will become simply unacceptable, motivating change. 將變得完全不可接受並推動改變 There are countless well-intentioned people 有無數懷著善意的人們 in activist organizations out there, and they keep popping up like weeds. 在各種組織裡積極活動 他們像野草一樣不斷出現 It's incredible to me how many of these there are 讓我難以置信的是有那麼多 all admirable and amazing, and they're yelling at the top of their lungs 令人欽佩和驚訝的人聲嘶力竭痛斥著 about the rampant problems and injustices in our world. 蔓延我們世界的問題和不公不義 Yet, as you tend to find, very few actually offer any solutions whatsoever. 卻很少有人能提供任何解決方案之類的東西 Those that do offer solutions, however, always frame those solutions 就算有提供解決方案的人 也都是在當前既建體系中 within the context of the current established system. 構建自己的解決方案 Very little regard seems to be given to the root structure 幾乎很少人關心我們社會的設計中 of our social design. 最根本的結構 The Venus Project and hence the Zeitgeist Movement is different. 這就是維納斯計劃和時代精神運動突出之處 Our fundamental focus is finding 我們最根本的焦點在於發現 the foundational sources of our social problems 當前社會問題的根源 and working from that lowest common denominator to create solutions. 並從這些問題的最根本起始點建構解決方案 And when it comes to social corruption, poverty, environmental disregard 當談到社會腐敗 貧窮 不顧環境的 human exploitation, and most personal and social turmoil in the world today 人類開採剝削 今天世界上大多數個人和社會的動盪不安 an important realization is that most of these problems are not the result 重要的是要意識到大多數的問題並不是由於 of some particular company, some nefarious elite group 某些個別公司 某些邪惡的菁英團隊 or some government legislation. 或者某些政府立法造成的 These are symptoms of the foundational problems. 這些只是根本問題的表象病症 And this is the ultimate realization when it comes to 當談到你如何看待今天的世界問題時 how you look at the problems of the world today. 這是最終的理解 There is a massive superstitious basis out there: 但有個巨大的誤解迷思 It's us against them. That is 即"我們"要對抗"他們" extremely poisonous to the development 這對人類的發展是極其有害的 because people are constantly looking for someone else to blame 因為人們總是歸罪於其它人 when it's really themselves because they continue to perpetuate 但其實卻正是他們自己選擇延續 the system that creates these things. 這個造成這些問題的體系 The real issue is human behavior. 真正的問題是人類的行為 And human behavior which will be addressed in this presentation specifically 這次講座將特別講到的是 is largely created and reinforced by the social patterns required for survival 為了在某一時期社會體系下生存所必需的社會模式 as necessitated by the social system of a period. 所產生而強化的人類行為 We are products of our society, and the fact is 我們是自身社會的產物 而事實上 it is very foundation of our socio-economic system 這是我們社會經濟制度的根本基礎 and environmental condition which has created 而且環境條件造成了 the sick culture you see around you. 你周圍看到的病態文化 Our current system is based almost exclusively upon human exploitation 我們當前的體系是幾乎完全基於對人類的剝削 resource abuse and abundant waste. 和對資源的濫用和浪費 It is simply what our system does. 這就是目前系統的"傑作" As far as the infamous "they" 而那些邪惡的"他們" it is simply another social distortion 只是由我們的環境 culminated and reinforced by our environment. 所產生和加強的另一種社會扭曲 There is no singular "they". 沒有獨立存在的"他們" In Zeitgeist I, I described "the men behind the curtain" 在時代精神電影第1集裡 我描述他們為躲在窗簾後面的人 to the effect of a specific niche of economics 厲害到能影響經濟的特定方面 the ones that control most government policy, and those are the banks. 那些控制大多數政府政策的就是銀行 Banks have been running things forever 銀行永遠在一切事的幕後運作 but that is still a product. These are still human beings. 但銀行仍然只是一個產物 內部仍然是由人類組成 We are dealing with negative tendencies. 我們正在處理負面的傾向 The "they" syndrome is absolutely obsolete "他們"的這種表面病症已完全過時 and next time you hear anybody talking about "they" 下次你聽到有人談論"他們"時 please try to correct them. It's a religious mentality: 請試著去糾正他們這是一種宗教的心態: dualities, good and evil. 二元論 善與惡 The bottom line is that we can spend the rest of our existences 底線是我們可以利用餘生 stomping on the ants that mysteriously wander out from underneath the refrigerator 去踩那些從冰箱下面神秘遊蕩出來的螞蟻 setting traps or laws 設立陷阱或法律 or we can get rid of the spoiled food behind it 或者打從一開始 就除掉 which is causing the infestation to begin with. 導致這些侵擾的腐爛食物 This leads us to Part I: Monetary Dynamics and Its Consequences. 這使我們來到第一部分:金融貨幣動態及其後果 Here's an email I received from a PhD in economics 這是我在"時代精神:附錄"釋出不久後 soon after the release of Zeitgeist Addendum. 從一位經濟學博士收到的電子郵件 "Dear Filmmakers, my son presented me "親愛的製片者 上周末我兒子給我看了 the first half of your film last weekend and asked me my opinion 你的影片的前半部分 然後問我 on the opening section about the Fractional Reserve lending practices. 對於開頭部分"部份儲備金"借貸實施的看法 I'm a PhD certified economist of 12 years and teach macro-economics. 我是一位擁有博士學位12年的經濟學家 我教宏觀經濟 While I always was cognizant of the creation of money 雖然我已熟知錢的創造 and the sale of government bonds, I had never stepped back far enough 和政府債券的發售 但我卻從來沒能往後退得夠遠 to see the larger issue your film presented. 來發現你影片中提出的更大問題 I find it tremendously disturbing that the creation of value through debt 我極不安地發現通過債務製造價值 is indeed by all formal logic, an imposed condition of deficiency 從邏輯上講確實是一種強行製造的缺陷 and an instigator of public servitude. 一種公然奴役的煽動者 I'm not sure what shocked me more 我不知道什麼事能使我更為震驚 the fact that this is true, or the fact that after the many years of education 例如上述事實是確切的 或是在教了許多年的經濟學後 I have on the subject of economics this reality never even occurred to me." 我卻從沒想到過這個問題的事實" While it seems counter intuitive to think that a person who should 雖然這看起來違背常識 但如果你認為一個人 by all social standards be an expert in a given field 在所有社會標準看來是某領域的專家 due to their awards and credentials 只因為他們得到獎項和證書 very often especially in the purely intellectual arena 特別是一些純粹知識性的領域 such exposure to set established curriculum 他們這樣接收既建的課程 can really hinder someone's openness in a very powerful way. 可能會強而有力地阻礙一個人的開放性 You become cognitively blocked from new ideas and realizations 你的舊認知阻礙了新的觀念和實現 which, if you're outside of the existing framework that you understand 若這些新東西在你了解的現存框架之外 then you have no chance of even realizing it. 那你甚至連了解的機會都沒有 It has restricted your perception. "框架"限制了你的認知 Jacque Fresco, who dropped out of school at the age of 14 14歲從學校輟學的雅克·法斯科 has a great example regarding this perceptual point. 在這個屢試不爽的論點上有一個很棒的例子 During the time that the Wright brothers were building a machine that could fly 當萊特兄弟正在製造能夠飛行的機械時 expert physicists and engineers were busy writing books 物理學專家和工程師專家正忙著寫 about how it was impossible for man to ever fly in any meaningful way. 關於人類不可能以任何有意義的方式飛行的書 Apparently, the Wright brothers, who were bicycle mechanics 顯然 身為自行車機械師的萊特兄弟 didn't read those books. 沒有讀過那些書 In other words, creativity will always serve you better than just book smarts. 換句話說 創造力總是比只有書本知識更有用 With that in mind, let's step back and pose a very simple question 把它記在腦子裡 讓我們後退一步 並就我們 about the economic structure we all live in. 都生活在其中的經濟結構 提出非常簡單的問題 What are the lowest common denominators 用來延續市場經濟的最低普遍標準是什麼? required to perpetuate a market economy? 用來延續市場經濟的最低普遍標準是什麼? (1) Human labor must be sold as a commodity in the open market. (1)在自由市場中 人類勞動力一定要像商品一樣買賣 Outside of investment and inheritance nearly all money is obtained 除了投資和繼承 幾乎所有的金錢 through income, and income is derived from wages or profit 都透過收入獲得 而收入來源於工資或利潤 in some form of employment. 以某種就業的形式 Therefore, there must always exist a demand for jobs 因此 必須總是存在著對工作的需求 or the economy cannot operate. 否則此經濟系統無法運作 (2) Money must be continuously transferred (2)貨幣必須從一方 from one party to another in order to sustain so-called economic growth. 不斷流通到另一方 以維持所謂的經濟增長 This is done through constant or cyclical consumption 這是透過幾乎社會上的每一個人 by virtually everyone in society. 不斷地循環消費而達成 Jobs are entirely contingent upon demand for production in some form. 工作完全視某些形式的生產需求而定 If there's no demand for goods and services 如果沒有對於商品和服務的需求 there will be no demand for labor 將不會有對於勞動力的需求 and hence financial circulation would stop. 金融流通也會因此跟著停止 Needless to say these two aspects of the system 不用說 這兩個與金融貨幣體系 which are intimately connected, are absolutely paramount 密切相連的兩個方面 對其功能而言 to the functionality of the financial system. 是絕對重要的 If either one of them were substantially hindered 如果其中任何一個嚴重受阻 the integrity of the economy would be seriously compromised 經濟系統的完整性將會嚴重受損 or possibly be made entirely obsolete. 或可能被完全淘汰 So given this reality 因此鑑於此事實 let's now hypothetically consider some variables 現在讓我們假設一些變數 which could put these mechanisms in jeopardy. 可以讓這些機制岌岌可危 In the first point, labor [is] sold as a commodity in exchange for money. 第一點 勞動(是)作為一種商品出售 以換取金錢 What if the human labor market became unnecessary 如果人類的勞動市場 對於產品和服務的生產 for the production of goods and services? 變得不必要了 那會怎麼樣呢? More specifically, what if automation technology and artificial intelligence 更確切地說 如果自動化科技和人工智慧 became advanced enough to allow for the replacement of perhaps 變得足夠先進並足以允許取代例如 40%, 50%, 60% of the human labor force? 40% 50% 60%的人類勞動力呢? At what point would such displacement, less employment 在什麼時候 這種取代人力導致的失業 be considered too much for the system's integrity 會被認為嚴重到影響此體系的完整性 and put it into question? 並成為問題呢? As far as the second point, the need for cyclical consumption 至於第二點 循環消費的需要 what if conditions arose where the circulation of money was severely stifled? 如果貨幣流通受到嚴重抑制的情況發生呢? In other words, what if people simply did not 換句話說 如果人們就是不再需要 need to continually buy things? 持續地買東西呢? What if, hypothetically, it was discovered that through 如果假設人們發現了 optimized techniques and resource management design and production 透過優化科技 資源管理的設計與生產 the most commonly purchased goods could either be made obsolete 那麼最常購買的商品 要麼就會被 by larger order renovations 更大規模的革新淘汰 or could have such extreme product efficiency 要麼可能擁有足夠高的產品效率 longevity, and near maintenance-free durability 足夠長的壽命 近乎免維修的持久性 that most items could last a lifetime without replacement or major repair. 使得這些物品可以用一輩子 而無須更換或大修 Of course, this exact idea couldn't be applied to perishable items 當然 這個想法不適用於易腐壞的物品 such as food, but following the same train of thought 如食物 但按照相同的思路 what if the cultivation and production of food was in such ease and abundance 如果透過科技種植和生產食物是如此輕鬆 through technology, obviously, that the supply and demand equation 並能帶來充裕的物資 那麼很明顯 供需等式 made the value of such items utterly negligible. 將使這些物品的價值完全一文不值 To put these points in a different way, let's consider the classic economic 為了用不同方式說明這些論點 讓我們考慮古典經濟學中 concept of "theory of value". 關於"價值理論"的概念 Everything in society, theoretically, is given a value 社會的一切在理論上都從兩個方面 based on two considerations. 被賦予一個價值 The scarcity or availability of the materials used 使用材料的匱乏程度或可得性 and the amount of human labor required to produce a good or service. 和生產商品和服務所需的人力勞動程度 If material scarcity, both in terms of resource availability 如果資源容易獲得 and quality was not the issue 且數量不成問題 and human labor was not required to create a good or administer a service 且不需要人力勞動去製造商品或管理服務 then there would technically be no value. 那嚴格來講就沒有"價值" As most of you in this room probably already understand 在這房間裡的大部分人 大概已經瞭解 one of the greatest realizations of Jacque Fresco and the Venus Project 雅克·法斯科和維納斯計劃最大的目標之一 which should be one of the greatest realizations 這將成為最偉大的成就之一 for the whole of humanity at this point in time 對於此時此刻的全人類來說 is that neither of the scenarios presented are hypothetical. 就是展現這些願景並不只是空想 Human beings are indeed being replaced 人類的確正在被取代 [or] becoming obsolete in the labor force [或]成為過時的勞動力 due to advancements in production technology. 由於生產科技的進步 Likewise, powerful new design advancements in production efficiency 同樣的 在生產效率和資源管理上強大的 and resource management reveal the profound possibility 新設計的進步 揭示了 of relative global abundance and peek product efficiency. 全球資源充裕和最高生產效率的無限可能性 This can be proven through statistical analysis 這可以透過統計分析 and the inferential extrapolation of historical trends. 和從歷史趨勢導出的推斷來證明 Obviously the corporations aren't out there telling you this. 顯然 企業財團不會在那裡告訴你這個 You have to dig much deeper to find this information. 你必須更深入地去尋找到這些訊息 When it comes to production automation capabilities, today specifically 尤其當談到今日的自動化生產能力時 the first thing to consider is a statistical evaluation 首先要考慮的是對於被稱呼為 of a phenomenon called technological unemployment. "科技性失業"這個現象的統計評估 Technological unemployment, which is the unemployment 科技性失業就是 caused by the use of machines as vehicles of labor 機械作為勞動工具而造成的失業 has continually and systematically forced relevant numbers of people 已在過去300年裡持續和系統性地 out of every single new emerging sector for the past 300 years. 迫使許多相關人士離開了每個新興的就業領域 Our current employment market is basically broken into three sectors: 我們目前的就業市場基本上分為三個部分: Agriculture (including mining and fishing) 農業(包括採礦和捕撈) Manufacturing (tangible goods) and Service (intangible goods). 製造(實物)和服務(無形物品) As a near universal social progression 作為一種近乎普遍的社會進步 all societies tend to follow the same developmental path 所有的社會傾向於遵循同樣的發展路徑 which takes them from a reliance on agriculture and extraction 把人們對於農業的依賴 towards the development of manufacturing, which is automobiles 朝向於製造業的發展 包括汽車業 textiles, ship building, steel 紡織業 船舶業 建築業 鋼鐵業 and finally towards a more service-based system. 並最終迎來更服務導向的系統 Naturally, the only reason some countries are farther behind 然而 一些國家在這個過程中 in this process than others has to do with the affordability 遠遠落後其它國家的唯一原因 of the technology required to make it move to the next level. 與前進到下一階段所需的可得科技能力有關 It's irrespective of social system or political disposition 作為一種科學進步 這與社會制度 as a scientific progression. 以及政治安排無關 Let's consider this phenomenon using the United States as a proxy. 讓我們考慮一下這種現象 拿美國舉例 The United States is where a lot of my data comes from 我的很多數據來自美國 but please note that this can be applied to any economy. 但請注意 這種方式可應用於任何經濟體 In 1860, 60% of Americans worked in the agricultural sector. 在1860年 60%的美國人曾經在農業部門工作 However today, due to advancements in machinery and automation, less than 1% [do]. 然而今天 由於先進的機械設備和自動化 人數不到1%(做) Fortunately those technological advancements also gave a rise 幸運的是這些技術進步也孕育了 to an emerging Industrial Revolution 一次新興的工業革命 and by 1950, 33% were employed in the factory-based manufacturing sector. 到1950年 33%的人被工廠導向的製造業僱傭 As of now, due to continual advancements in machine automation 從現在開始 由於機械自動化的持續發展 it is less than 8%. 製造業人數小於8% So considering that only roughly 9%... 所以考慮到只有大約9%… (there's probably a few percent leeway depending on the analysis you use) (可能有幾個百分點的餘地 由你採用的分析方法決定結論) There's only 9% of Americans working in agriculture and manufacturing now. 現在只有9%的美國人從事農業和製造業 Where did everybody else go? [They went to] the service sector. 其它人都去哪裡? [他們進入了]服務業 The only thing that has saved the US labor market after the technological renovation 在農業和製造業部門的技術革新後 唯一一件 of the agricultural and manufacturing sectors is flight to the service industry. 挽救了美國勞動力市場的事 就是人們進入了服務業 From 1950 to 2002 從1950到2002年 US employment in the service sector went from 59% to 82%. 美國服務業的就業人數從59%提高到82% The service sector is the dominant employer of Americans today 如同所有工業化國家一樣 在今日美國人的就業中 along with all industrialized countries. 服務業佔主導地位 Of course, this begs the question: 當然 不禁要問: Is this sector insusceptible to the wrath of technological unemployment? 這個服務業部門不會受科技性失業的摧殘嗎? Of course [it is] not. 當然不是 With the advent and increasing of versatile computer technologies 隨著多功能電腦技術的出現和增加 we are seeing job displacement once again. This time in all service industries. 我們正再次目睹工作被取代 這次是整個服務業 The replacement of tellers and cashiers with kiosks 出納員和收銀員被自助服務機取代 the use of automated voice systems for phone service... 使用自動語音系統的電話服務… The Internet has completely redefined retail 網際網路已完全重新定義了"零售" not to mention full kiosk systems in physical market places 更別提實體市場中的完整自助服務機系統 advanced food-prep machines, and even research done by automation these days. 先進的食物預備機械 甚至自動操作來進行研究 As economist Steven Roach has warned "The service sector has lost 如同經濟學家史蒂芬·羅奇所警告的 "服務業已經失去了 its role as America's unbridled engine of job creation." 其作為創造美國無限就業機會的引擎角色" As a unique example, in Germany, the first completely automated restaurant 一個獨特的例子位於德國 那裡出現了第一間完全自動化運作的餐廳 is in operation. It uses kiosks for ordering and payment. 該廳餐使用了自助服務機械來點菜和付款 The food is served by a fully mechanized system. 餐點由完全機械化的系統遞送 There is zero wait staff. 完全沒有服務人員 There's no reason that this idea 所以沒有理由認為 could not be done with every single eating establishment in the world. 這種想法不能在世上任何一家餐館中實現 In fact, if one was to think creatively about the application of technology... 事實上 如果一個人對於科技的應用有創意性的思考... In isolation, you see pockets of things 若隔離孤立來看 你會看到一堆東西 where you see a news report about a certain technology 像是你會看到新聞報導特定的科技 that can do certain things. If you were to apply those creatively 可以做到特定的事情 但如果你能有創意地運用這些科技 I don't see how 90% of the entire service industry 我看不出整個90%的服務業 couldn't be wiped out tomorrow. 為何不能在明天消失的理由 The only reason it hasn't been done is because the focus of society 唯一尚未實現的理由是 當涉及到社會進步時 is backwards when it comes to social progress. 社會的關注焦點都是落後的 To illustrate this point more so 為了更進一步闡述這個論點 let's stop thinking about technology in terms of unemployment 讓我們先暫停思考科技對失業的影響 and consider it from the angle of productivity. 而反過來從生產力的角度考慮 The most incredible relationship of all of this 整件事最不可思議的關係是 is that the more technological unemployment increases 科技造成的失業情況越嚴重 the more productive things become. 生產力卻變得越高 In the G-7 advanced industrialized countries 在全球7大先進的工業化國家中 employment in manufacturing has been dropping 製造業的就業人數一直在下降 but manufacturing output has been rising. Here's the chart. 但製造業的輸出卻一直在上升 圖表在這裡 I think it's quite profound. 我認為這意義相當重大 I love this: 我喜歡這個: "The truth is that the US manufacturing is doing quite well "事實是美國製造業在各方面 in every way except the number of people it employs. 表現一直都相當好 除了就業人數以外 Furthermore, a few economists would judge the health or sickness 此外 一些經濟學家會僅僅從就業的情況 of any industry based solely on employment. 來判斷任何產業的好壞狀況 By that standard, agriculture has been the sickest industry of all 以此標準而言 農業在所有產業中一直都是最病入膏肓的 for decades because employment has declined. 因為數十年來就業人數已經下降 Although farm productivity rose dramatically in the past century. 雖然農業生產力在上世紀驚人地提升了 Industrial health is better measured by output 但產業的好壞狀況最好還是用輸出 productivity, profitability and wages." 生產力 收益性和薪資來衡量" The person is completely forgetting one universal thing: 但這位仁兄完全忘記了一件常識: If human laborers are displaced, they cannot obtain purchasing power. 如果人類勞工被機械取代 他們就不能獲得購買力 If they cannot obtain purchasing power they cannot 如果他們不能獲得購買力 他們就不能 fuel the economy by consumption. 藉由消費來刺激經濟發展 On that level it doesn't matter how productive we are. 在這個層面上 這與我們生產力有多高無關 No one can buy anything. 因為沒人可以買任何東西 The phenomenon has been termed by some theorists as 這個現象已被某些理論家稱為 "the contradiction of capitalism" "資本主義的內在矛盾" for not only is the obsolescence of the human labor force 因為不止淘汰了過時的人力 the obsolescence of the consumer 淘汰了消費者本身 the high level of output generated by technological efficiency 而且由科技效率所產生的高水準輸出 makes the corporate motivation to pursue such advanced means very strong. 也讓企業財團有非常強烈的動機 去追求如此先進的生產方法 Even though it is economically self-defeating over time. 即使這件事隨著時間推移會擊垮經濟本身 In other words, regardless of the level of productivity 換句話說 不論生產力的水準為何 if people don't have jobs, they can't buy anything. 如果人們沒有工作 他們就不能買任何東西 This very fact alone that productivity is inverse to employment 在所有的部門中 光是生產力的高低 in all sectors, should be enough to want 與就業人數呈相反的這個事實 a deliberate shift from the focus of human labor to a system 就應足以讓人認真考慮 從專注於人力勞動 where technology is given the highest priority. 轉換為科技優先的體系 The system is literally denying peak production. 目前的體系從字面上看就是在否定最大生產力 In a world where one billion are starving 世界上有十億人口正在挨餓 I think that's extremely despotic 我認為這是極端暴虐的 and this brings us to one of the most profound points of this talk: 這點帶領我們至這場講座中最為深刻的論點之一: the social intent. 即社會的意圖 Should the focus of society be to create and preserve jobs 社會的焦點應該是創造並保留工作 or should the focus of society be to maximize production 或應該聚焦在將生產力最大化 and create abundance? 並創造富足? It is either one direction or the other. You can't have both. 我們只能二選一 魚與熊掌不可兼得 Sadly, what you are seeing in the world today is 可悲的是 今日你在世界上看到的 the deliberate withholding of social efficiency 卻是故意抑制社會的生產效率 for the sake of preserving the status quo. 只為了維持現狀 I say that again because I want you guys to use that: 我再這麼說一次 因為我想要各位知道: The deliberate withholding of social efficiency 故意抑制社會的生產效率 is what our system does. 正是我們目前社會體系的作為 The main reason outside of employment pressures that you do not see 關於失業的壓力 各位沒有看到的主要理由是因為 technology being liberally used for all purposes imaginable 科技正在被大量應用於所有可以想像到的用途 including the generation of food, energy and material abundance 包括生產食物 能源和物質上的富足 is because our financial system is based entirely 這點被忽略是因為我們的金融體系 on perpetuation of scarcity and inefficiency. 完全是基於持續的匱乏和低落的效率 Why? Because it is most self-preserving and profitable. 為什麼? 因為這樣才最能維持自身的存續和獲利 If a company makes a car that can last 60 years 如果一家公司製造出一台 可以使用60年的汽車 without service and also runs 而且還不需要維修 without the need of perpetual refueling for battery power 也不需要一直填充電池動力的燃料 the after-market value of that car is virtually zero 那麼那台汽車售後服務的市場價值 實際上就為零 and billions of dollars would be lost over time 而且數十億美元 將隨著時間流逝而損失 due to the now obsolete consumer, all in auto-service market industry. 因為到時侯的汽車服務行業中 消費者將會被淘汰 This could happen right now, again. Why doesn't it? 再說一次 這現在就能實現 但為何未實現呢? Because the economic system literally couldn't work 因為如果將其關注焦點轉向最佳效率的話 if it shifted its focus towards optimum efficiency. 我們的經濟體系實際上就無法運作了 Our entire system in an economic sense is based on constriction. 從經濟角度而言 我們的整個體系基於限制緊縮之上 Scarcity and inefficiencies are the movers of money. 匱乏和低效率是金錢的驅動燃科 The more there is of any one resource, the less you can charge for it. 任何一種資源的儲備量越大 你能從中收取的費用就越少 The more problems there are, the more opportunities 相對地 問題越多 there are to make money. This reality is a social disease 賺錢的機會就越多 這種現實是一種社會疾病 for people can actually gain off the misery of others 因為人們實際上可以靠別人的苦難 and the destruction of the environment. It's called a moral hazard 和破壞環境發財 這種現象在保險業裡面 in the insurance industry. The whole system is moral hazard. 被稱作道德危機 事實上目前整個體系都充滿了道德危機 Efficiency, abundance and sustainability are enemies 效率 富足和永續性是我們經濟結構的天敵 of our economic structure for they are inverse to the mechanics 因為它們與維持消費水準所需的機制 required to perpetuate consumption. 背道而馳 This is profoundly critical to understand for once you put this together 理解這點是很重要的 因為一旦你把這些聯繫起來 you begin to see that the one billion people 你就會開始看到 目前這顆星球上 currently starving on this planet 正在挨餓的十億人口 the endless slums of the poor, and all the horrors 無盡的貧民窟 所有文化中 in the culture due to poverty and depravity are not natural phenomena 由於貧窮和剝奪所生的全部慘狀 都不是自然現象 due to some natural human order or lack of earthly resources. 不是因為某些自然的人類秩序或地球資源的缺乏 They are products of the creation, perpetuation 而是人為創造的產物 去延續 and preservation of artificial scarcity and inefficiency. 和維持人為的匱乏和低效率 To add insult to injury, this scarcity is not only perpetuated 說得更難聽一些 這種匱乏不只在消費者 in the markets of consumer goods and services 購買物品和服務的市場中被延續下來 but also manifests in a way which influences 而且其表現方式也影響了 the behavior of the whole of society 整個社會的行為 through making sure that even money itself 甚至經由確保金錢本身 is perpetually limited in supply. 在供給中也一直都是有限量的 As denoted in Zeitgeist Addendum, the Central Banks of the world 如同"時代精神:附錄"中所說明的 世界上的中央銀行 almost all create money out of debt, through loans. 幾乎都是透過貸款而從債務中創造金錢 These loans are produced with interest 這些創造出來的貸款帶有利息 yet only the principal is created in the money supply 然而只有本金是在原本的金錢供應中被創造 creating a perpetual deficit in supply. 因此會在金錢供應中不斷創造赤字 The debts generated by these loans 這些貸款所產生的債務 serve as virtual prison cells for the average citizen 實際上對於一般市民而言 其作用就是監獄 keeping them willing to work off their debt 使他們願意工作清償他們的債務 putting them in a perpetual state of obligation. 使人們永遠處於負擔還債義務的地位 There's a word for that. It's called slavery, debt slavery. 有一個字來描述這種現象:奴隸 債務奴隸 The money isn't real. The interest sure isn't real. 金錢不是真實的 利息不是真實的 The debt is not real. The whole thing is an illusion. 債務不是真實的 整件事是個幻象騙局 The whole world today is now stuck in the illusion 今日整個世界現在都被困在這個幻象之中 that there isn't enough money to do this or that. 即沒有錢做這件事或那件事 98% of the countries in the world 世界上98%的國家 are actually in debt to other countries and banks. 實際上都欠其它國家或銀行債務 As of 2009, it's been confirmed that the world 從2009年開始 已證實世界 is in a state of recession, which basically means 是處於衰退的狀態 這基本上表示 massive monetary contraction. 大規模的金融貨幣緊縮 In other words, the whole world is somehow short on cash. 換句話說 整個世界不知道怎麼搞的竟缺現金 Am I the only one who finds this absolutely unbelievable? 我是唯一發現這件事絕對不可置信的人嗎? This stupidity is not only unbelievable, it's deadly. 這種愚蠢不只無法置信 同時也是致命的 The market and financial system as we know it 我們所知的市場和金融體系 is diametrically opposed to development of peak efficiency 完全與最高效率的發展方向相反 in order to perpetuate profit in the established order. 只是為了延續既建秩序中的利潤 What is peak efficiency? 什麼是最高效率? The highest form of technical efficiency known at a time. 即某個時間點上 已知的最高的科技效率形式 Not the highest form of efficiency that is affordable 不是"可負擔得起"的最高效率形式 but the highest form of efficiency that is actually possible. 而是實際上可能達到的最高效率形式 The question has never been "Do we have the money?" 問題從來都不會是"我們有錢嗎?" The question has always been "Do we have the resources 真正的問題一直都會是"我們有資源 and technical understandings to make it happen?" 和技術上的知識理解來使其成真嗎?" That is all that has ever mattered. 這才是任何時刻都最重要的 Now, given all of this 既然理解了這點 it's easy to see how the public today finds it difficult 就能簡單地看出來 為何今日的大眾 to assume that technology can provide abundance and peak efficiency 去設想科技可以提供富足和最高效率是困難的 for there's very little in their day-to-day life that clearly illustrates this point. 因為在他們的日常生活中 幾乎根本沒有實例能清楚說明此論點 Everything around them reinforces the idea 人們生活週遭的每件事 強化了一個概念 that scarcity in the world today is a natural problem. 即今日世界上的匱乏問題是一種自然現象 Why? Because the pursuit of profit by industry always inherently limits 為什麼? 因為產業對於利潤的追求 先天上就總會限制 the quality of design for the sake of monetary preservation. 設計的品質 以為了金融貨幣上的存續 If a company wants to be competitive in the marketplace 如果一家公司想在市場中有競爭力 they must find a balance between quality and cost 那就一定要在品質和成本之間找到平衡 invariably denying quality. 這樣總是會犧牲品質 It is impossible for a company to produce a product 對一間公司而言 不可能生產出一件產品 with peak efficiency by the very nature of the game. 能擁有最高效率 因為此遊戲的本質就是如此 It would be too expensive to afford. 追求最高效率會成本太貴而無法負擔 This is one reason why there is so much unhealthy food 這就是為何我們的體系中 有如此多的垃圾食物 and trash goods in our system. 和廢物的理由之一 When you consider the majority of people in society today 當你思考今日社會中的大多數人們 our lower middle class and below, you realize that the corporations 即中產階級及更低階層的人 你會瞭解到 must reduce their production costs to meet the terms 企業財團一定要降低它們的生產成本以滿足 of the affordability of the predominant demographic of the culture. 這個文化中主要人口能負擔得起的條件 I live in Brooklyn, New York, in an area that is very very poor. 我住在紐約布魯克林 在一個非常非常貧窮的區域裡 Within a six-block radius of my apartment 在我公寓六個街口的半徑範圍內 there are five of these 99-cent stores. 有五家這種99分美元的便宜商店 These are stores which sell products from the cheapest possible materials 這些商店銷售的產品 都是從盡可能最便宜的材料 and lowest possible efficiency that could ever be manufactured. 和隨時都盡可能最低效率的製程中生產的 It's junk! Stuff that should have never been created to begin with. 都是廢物! 都是一開始本來不應該造出來的東西 Why is it there? 那為何還在呢? Because the people can't afford anything else. 因為人們買不起其它東西 Why can't they afford anything else? Because the market system also creates 為何人們買不起其它東西? 因為這個市場體系也創造 and perpetuates social stratification 並維護社會階級的分層 and the poor must exist in order for the rich to exist. 窮人一定要為了富人而存在 Therefore, the level of product efficiency today 因此 今日產品效率的水準 is artificially and directly proportional 是人為地且直接成比例於 to the purchasing power of a target demographic. 目標人口的購買力 Therefore, generally speaking, one's perception of quality 因此一般而言 一個人對品質的概念 is often only as good as their socio-economic status. 通常只與人們的社會和經濟狀態相等而已 The quality of goods are stratified, just as the social classes are. 物品的品質被劃分等級 就如同社會階級一樣 The result is outrageous amounts of resource waste. 結果是大量資源的無端浪費 In the world that claims to be growing more and more concerned 世界上宣稱有越來越多令人擔心的 about environmental issues, resource supplies 環境問題 資源供應問題 man-made atmospheric changes and pollution, I find it fascinating 人為的氣侯改變和污染 但讓我興味盎然的是 that no one is talking about the most consistent destroyer of ecology 沒有人在談論最堅定的生態毀滅者 and the most continuous waster of natural resources there is: 最持續的自然資源浪費者就是: the pursuit of profit. 追求利潤 Capitalism is based on the free-pursuit of profit 資本主義奠基於藉由任何必要手段 by whatever means necessary. 去自由追求利潤 I was in a cab coming here and the cab-driver made a great comment. 我在來這裡的路上 計程車司機下了一個很好的評論 He was describing something along the lines of business he was conducting. 他在描述一些他正在進行的生意事項 He said "Yeah, there's no friends in business." 他說:"沒錯 生意上不會有朋友的" And he's absolutely right. I'm going to be using that one too. 他完全正確 我也將利用這點說明 Capitalism is based entirely on the free pursuit of profit 資本主義完全是奠基於自由追求利潤 by whatever means necessary. It is a gaming strategy 藉由任何必要手段 這是賭博性質的策略 and nothing more. The irresponsibility it enables 再也沒別的了 它允許不負責任的行為 by its central philosophy of self-interest is profound. 因為其自私自利的中心哲學是深刻有力的 And while there are many angles at this, let's stay with the point at hand: 儘管有許多角度可探討 但就讓我們用手邊的論點來說吧: The deliberate production of inferior products. 即故意生產劣等的次級產品 Think about it. It is as environmentally illogical as it can be. 想想看 這點在環保邏輯上也同樣不合理 There is no reason to ever create a product that is deliberately low in efficiency. 任何時刻都沒有理由去故意創造無效率的產品 This simply means faster break down, faster obsolescence 這樣做只會造成毀損更快 淘汰更快 more duplicate production and many times more waste and pollution 更多的重複生產和更多倍的浪費和污染 than would be required if the goal was to simply optimize products 如果目標是單純地優化產品 就不會比必要的代價更嚴重 based on the most current technological awareness of the day. 因為其基礎會是當代最先進的技術知識理解 And this leads us to the final topic of this section: Market Mythology. 而這一點帶領我們至這部份最後的主題:市場迷思 So far we've talked about the structural mechanics of the system 到目前為止 我們已談論了關於這個體系的結構機制 pointing out the inherent contradictions and problems. 指出其固有的內在矛盾和問題 As of now, through the overpowering growth in science and technology 但從現在起 經由科學和科技壓倒性力量的成長 the monetary system can be considered structurally obsolete 金融貨幣體系的結構可被視為過時了 serving only as a paralyzing hindrance of social progress 其作用只會癱瘓並阻礙社會進步 not to mention a destroyer of trust, human trust in the environment. 更別提破壞了社會環境中人類的信賴關係 That's a whole different topic in and of itself. 這又是另一個不同的主題了 Unfortunately, the social indoctrination within the market system 不幸地 市場體系中的社會價值觀灌輸 has created a mentality which blindly supports the social dogma 已創造了一種心理狀態 盲目地支持著社會上的教條 regardless of what we have touched upon. 而不談論我們已提過的論點 The identity relationships are simply too strong. "認同"或"認可"目前社會關係的力量就是強大 In many ways, it's like a religion. Taking away the belief 許多方面而言 就像一種宗教 in the market system is like taking away someone's belief in God 把市場體系中的信念拿掉 就如同一個人失去對神的信仰 for it challenges who they are. 因為這挑戰了人們本身的身份認同 When you're a little kid, you pull on your mother's pants. 當你是小孩時 你會拉著母親的褲子 You want candy and she might say: "No, we can't afford that". 你想要糖果 然後她可能會說:"不 我們買不起" It's this instant indoctrination of the monetary system 就是這種即時的金融貨幣體系灌輸 from the earliest form of life because obviously 從一出生就開始了 因為很明顯 your parents are always struggling to a certain degree. 你的父母總是掙扎到某種程度 It becomes absolutely built in to your psychology 這種狀況完全內建至你的心理中 not to mention that those that have successfully acquired 更別提那些已成功獲得 a great deal of wealth... 大量財富的人... They will almost always be inclined to tell you that "the system is great". 你會發現那些事實上是非常富有的人 That's just the nature of behavioral reinforcement. 他們幾乎都會傾向於告訴你"這個體系棒透了" The three most dominant of these psychological indoctrinations 因為這就是行為鞏固的本質 that I want to talk about are the notions of property 這些心理灌輸之中 其中三個 incentive and associations with freedom of choice. 我最想要談論的觀念是財產 Starting with property: 動機 選擇的自由 The capitalist economy is founded on the very idea of exchanging property 從財產開始: in the markets. Even your labor is a form of property in a sense. 資本主義式的經濟 最根本的概念是在市場中交換財產 The world that we know is so bound up in the process of buying and selling 即使你的勞動某種程度上就是一種財產形式 that most of us can't imagine any other way of functioning human affairs. 我們所知的世界是如此被束縛於買賣的過程之中 Property is often associated with so-called "rights" as well. 所以大部份的人 無法想像任何其它使人類事務運作的方式 We use a legal system to protect our property 財產通常也與所謂的"權利"互相連結 and if anyone interferes with what is mine 我們利用法律體系來保護我們的財產 their freedom can possibly be taken away. 如果任何人干擾到我的所有物 In fact, there's even an entire industry which is there to tell you 他們的自由可能就要被奪走 what the best property there is to own. It's called advertising, of course. 事實上 甚至有一整個產業在那裡告訴你 Yet, with all of this obsession over property, very few ask the question: 要去擁有什麼才是最好的財產 當然 這被稱為廣告 "Why do we have property to begin with?" 然而儘管伴隨著這些對於財產的迷戀 但卻幾乎沒有人問: The answer is simple: It's scarcity. "我們一開始為何要有財產?" Property is an outgrowth of scarcity. 答案很簡單:因為"匱乏" The farther we go back in time the more difficult and time-consuming it was 財產是"匱乏"的產物 for people to create tools or extract a resource. 我們時間上回溯得越遠 創造工具或擷取資源對人們而言 They, in turn, protected it because it had an immense value relative 就益發困難和費時 to the labor entailed along with the possible scarcity associated. 人們反過來會保護所有物 因為相對於所需的勞動 People claim ownership because it is a legal form of protection. 以及可能產生的"匱乏" 物品擁有巨大的價值 Property is not an American or free-enterprise or capitalist idea. 人們宣稱所有權 因為這是保護的法律形式 It is an ancient mental perspective necessitated from generations of scarcity. 財產不是一種美國或自由企業或資本主義式的概念 If there isn't scarcity, rationale for property 它是一種古老的心理觀點 而世代以來的"匱乏" 使其成為必要 becomes an irrelevant issue. 如果沒有"匱乏" 財產的基本存在理由 Let's move on to the idea of incentive. 就變得無關緊要 As the theory goes, the need profit provides a person or organization 讓我們往下討論"激勵動機"的概念 with a motivation to work on new ideas and products 理論有云:對於利潤的需求 提供了個人或組織 that would sell on the market place. 一個動機 去從事新想法和製造新產品 In other words, the assumption is that if technology replaced humans 以便能在市場上販賣 in the workforce and abundance could be created 換句話說 這種假設是如果科技取代了人力 then people would just have no motivation to do anything socially relevant. 並創造了富足 "No monetary incentive, no progress" is the idea. 那麼人們就會沒有動機 去做任何與社會相關的事務 There are two glaring issues with this assumption: "沒有金融貨幣的激勵動機就沒有進步"是關鍵概念 The first is that it's entirely based on projected values 但此假設有兩個明顯的問題: and the values are almost entirely based on culture. 第一個是它完全基於預先投射的價值觀 Nikola Tesla, Louis Pasteur, Charles Darwin, and The Wright Brothers 而這種價值觀幾乎完全基於文化灌輸 Albert Einstein and Isaac Newton did not make their massive contributions 尼古拉·特斯拉 路易·巴斯德 查爾斯·達爾文和萊特兄弟 to society because of material self-interest. 阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦和艾薩克·牛頓 都不是因為物質上的自利 Did Martin Luther King walk down the street in Birmingham, Alabama 才對社會作出偉大的貢獻 while a bunch of racists threw rocks at his head 馬丁·路德·金走在阿拉巴馬州伯明罕的街道上 because he was on his way to cash a check? 當一群種族主義者朝他的頭丟石頭時 If the incentive motivation theory held true 這會是因為他要去銀行兌現支票嗎? then you would see no volunteerism in the world today. 如果傳統的激勵動機理論是真實的 Amazingly, in the 1992 US Gallup Poll, it was found that more than 50% 那麼你就看不到今日世界上的志工精神 of American adults volunteered time with no pay for social causes 令人驚訝的是 在1992年美國的蓋洛普民調之中 on an average of 4.2 hours a week 發現超過50%的美國成人 平均一個星期花上4.2個小時 無償為了社會理想 for a total of 20.5 billion hours a year. 而志願付出時間奉獻 This is pretty amazing, especially with a lack of social capital 每年總時數高達205億小時 in a place like the United States which is the most powerful free-market 這是相當驚人的 特別是在美國這種 country there is. The ideology is the most ingrained. 缺乏社會資本的地方 也是最蓬勃的自由市場和國家 I find that to be pretty incredible. 其中傳統意識型態是最根深蒂固的 Even with the sickness of self-interest, generated by the monetary system 所以我覺得這點相當難以置信 even with this sickness, humans still strive to help each other 但即使伴隨著由金融貨幣體系產生的自私病態 and give to society without reward. 即使有這種病態現象 人類卻仍然努力幫忙彼此 What's even more amazing is that the poor and the middle class 並無償奉獻投身於社會 are more likely to volunteer than the wealthy. 甚至更驚人的是 窮人和中產階級 Think about that. These are the people that have the least amount of money. 比起富人更可能去當志工 It makes you understand the cultural and psychological nuances 想想這點吧 這些人是最沒有錢的人 that are created: The more money you get, the more diseased 這點使各位瞭解到 文化和心理上的細微差別 you might possibly become. It's a fascinating phenomenon. 是創造出來的:你賺到越多錢 The second thing to consider is that while it is true 你可能就越病態 這是個有趣的現象 that useful inventions and methods do come 第二件要考慮的事情是 from the motivation for personal gain, the intent behind those creations 雖然有用的發明和方法 確實會從 has nothing to do with human or social concern 為了個人獲利這個動機而誕生 但這些創造的背後意圖 for the incentive goal is not to improve humanity but to make money. 卻可能與人類或社會關懷無關 There is a massive disconnect, and as we have denoted thoroughly 因為動機的目標不是為了改善人類 而是為了賺錢 the very means by which money is obtained in our system 這裡有巨大的鴻溝 而且如同我們已徹底指出的 is counter to social progress fundamentally 從我們的體系中獲得金錢的根本方式 for it is based on the deliberate withholding of efficiency. 本質上是與社會進步相違背的 And, by the way, I haven't even addressed the traditional corruption 因為效率是被蓄意限制壓抑的 that we see occurring on a daily basis based and derived 順便說一句 我甚至還沒提到那些我們每天 from this incentive for income which spreads like a malignant cancer 都看得到的傳統腐敗 這些都衍生自 of an indifferent self-interest 為了獲得收入這個動機 冷漠的自私自利 from product dishonesty, murder, fraud, theft, slave labor 就像惡性腫瘤一樣傳播開來 outsourcing, price fixing, monopolistic collusion, redundant waste 像是劣質產品 謀殺 詐騙 偷盜 奴役 environmental exploitation, illegal taxation 外包 價格壟斷 壟斷勾結 多餘的浪費 institutional theft, societal indifference, imposed psychological distortions 環境剝削 非法課稅 or advertising, and of course, the sickest monetary incentive 制度性竊取 社會冷漠 強加的心理扭曲 ever created, war! 或廣告 當然 史上最病態的金融貨幣激勵動機 That is the reality of the monetary incentive. 就是戰爭! And the final myth for now: The Freedom of Choice. 這就是金融貨幣激勵動機的現實 The free market is very persuasive for most people 然後還有最後一個迷思:"選擇的自由" because it appears that the possibilities are endless 對大多數人而言 自由市場是非常有說服力的 and that they, the individuals, have limitless choices. 因為看起來好像有無限的可能性 People witness the vast stratification of goods and services 人們因此認為 個人有無限的選擇餘地 portrayed by the media and advertising and think that since 在媒體與廣告的宣傳下 人們見識到了 the options just exist in abstraction 各種產品和服務的衍生 並且認為 it has some form of relevance to the freedom of the individual. 既然這種選擇權是抽象的 They can walk into a store and choose between 25 kinds of detergent 它便與個人自由有了某種聯繫 and 75 kinds of sugar-coated cereal 人們可以走進商店選擇25種洗滌劑 yet they turn a blind eye with the fact that their lives are managed by 或75種塗糖麥片 on average, two political parties. 卻無視他們的生活被兩個政黨 They pay no attention to the reality that 40% 操弄的事實 of the world's wealth is owned by 1% of the population 他們沒注意到 and thus 99% of the world's people will never obtain 世上40%的財富由1%的人佔有 the luxuries afforded by the 1%. 因此99%的人將永遠無法享受 More specifically, everyone seems oblivious to the reality 那1%的人承擔得起的奢侈 that nearly every day of your life, you are forced by the obligation 更進一步講 多數人似乎都沒發現 of mere survival and, of course, debt which is imposed 每天的生活幾乎都被單純的 into a private dictatorship 生存負擔所壓迫 當然 加諸於身上的債務 where most of your decisions are controlled by those on the next 就像私人的獨裁 artificially created hierarchical degree 其中各位大部份的決定都被那些 the next larger hierarchical degree. 處於人造的更高階級 It's amazing to me when you talk to economists 以及再更高階級的人控制 and they say "Well, people have a choice of where they work." 令我震驚的是當你與經濟學家談話時 They only have a choice of where they work within a specific frame 他們會說:"人們對於在哪裡工作有自由選擇" that is allowable based on their demographic of education. 但人們只能在特定的框架之中 才會有在哪裡工作的選擇 And of course, there's so many friend orientations in business. 還要取決於接受教育的程度 Their ultimate fantasy is that anyone can be a President in the United States. 另外當然還有許多靠人情關係而能雞犬升天的事情 This is something that has been perpetuated. 人們的終極幻想是任何人在美國都可以成為總統 These are groups that perpetuate themselves: elitism. 社會上一直灌輸這種思想 Elitism works in the same way in the corporate world. 這些都是維持自我存續的群體:菁英主義 You are absolutely restricted. 菁英主義在企業財團的世界中 也以同樣的方式運作 You have no freedom because you are forced to do the work as it is. 你被完全限制了 It's amazing to me and I get this argument a lot from high-end economists. 你沒有自由 因為你被迫去做相應的工作 They say "You have freedom of choice. You can choose where you work". 對我來說真的很吃驚 總是有很多"專業"經濟學家跟我說 No, you really can't. "你有選擇的自由 你可以選擇在哪裡工作" When you get out of college there's this wall of jobs. 不 你真的沒有 You can find your slot. And that's about it. That's your choice. 當你大學畢業時 有工作的壁壘障礙 It's preset choice. 你仍可以勉強找到位置 但也僅止於此 那就是你的選擇 So I ask you: What freedoms are we talking about? 這是預先限制的選擇 You are only as free as your purchasing power will allow you to be. 所以我問你們:我們在討論怎樣的自由? And the statistics have proven that the socio-economic rank you are born into 你的自由程度只會取決於你的購買力 tends to persist for the rest of your life. 而且統計數字已證明 你出生時的社會經濟階級 If you are born poor, you will likely remain poor. 通常都會跟隨你一輩子 Why? Because all the odds are against you. 如果你出身貧窮 你很可能將繼續貧窮 If you are rich, you will likely remain rich. Why? 為什麼? 因為你會遇到很多困難 Because all the odds are in favor. It is the nature of the system. 如果你出生富貴 你很可能將繼續富貴 為什麼? For example, if you have one million dollars and put it into a CD 因為佔盡天時地利 這就是這個體系的本質 at 5% interest you are going to generate 50,000 dollars a year 例如 如果你有一百萬元的定期存款 simply for that deposit. You are making money off money itself: 而且利率為5% 那你每年就會得到5萬元的收益 paper being made on top of paper, nothing more. 僅僅因為有那個存款 你就由錢滾錢了: No invention. No contribution to society. No nothing. 從紙鈔生出紙鈔 再也沒別的了 That being denoted, if you were lower to middle class 沒有發明創造 沒有對社會貢獻 什麼都沒有 who is limited in funds and must get interest-based loans 說完了這點 那麼如果你在中產階級之下 to buy your home or use credit cards 資金有限 而且一定要依靠有息貸款 then you are paying interest into the bank 以購買房屋或使用信用卡 which the bank is then using, in theory, to pay the person's return 那你就就是把利息付還給銀行 with the 5% CD. 然後銀行理論上就會去用這筆錢去償還 Not only is this equation outrageously offensive due to the use of usury 那利息5%的定期存款 or interest to "steal from the poor and give to the rich" 這種"平衡"不只令人髮指地冒犯 因為利用了高利貸 but also perpetuates class-stratification by its very design: 或利息來"從窮人身上竊取金錢給富人" keeping the lower classes poor, under the constant burden of debt 而且其本質也延續了社會階級的分層 and servitude, while keeping the upper classes rich 使得較低階級的人陷於貧窮 持續負擔債務並受到奴役 with the means to simply turn excess money into more money. 而且同時使得上層階級富有 The very idea that you can take money and turn it into more money 方法是僅僅把多餘的資金轉變為更多錢 is absolutely hilarious 這種用錢滾錢的想法 其本質 and corrupt. 絕對是可笑的 Likewise, it should be no surprise 而且也是腐敗的 that the world is run by cartels and government collusion 同樣地 不令人意外 for competition is based on nothing more than a gaming strategy 世界是由企業聯合和政府間的勾結共謀所運作 as we have said. In other words, competition breeds corruption. 因為"競爭"基本上跟博弈的策略差不多 It's another one of those economist things where they say 如前所述 換句話說 競爭孕育出腐敗 "Oh, the free-market used to be great, but something happened 這又是那些經濟學家說的另一件事 他們說: and now we have all these cartels." No. "喔! 自由市場過去是很好的 但發生了一些事 Monopoly is the final stage of success in a competitive environment. 所以我們現在有這些企業聯合" 不是這樣的 It is incredible how people don't realize this. 壟斷在一個競爭的環境中是成功的最後階段 It doesn't matter how much legislation you have to combat 無法置信的是人們卻無法理解這一點 sector or industry dominance. It will keep occurring. 重要的不是你有多少條法律去抗衡 Even more powerfully, government coercion 產業部門的主導統治 這種情況將會持續發生 by big business is also unstoppable. 甚至更嚴重的是 政府被大企業強迫綁架 It is a natural progression of market strategy 也是停不下來的 to get government on your side. 這是市場策略中的自然發展 In fact, the true propensity of our world economic system 好讓政府站在你這邊 continually, year by year, approaches one thing 事實上 我們世界經濟體系的真正傾向是 fascism. Or more specifically, inverted fascism. 年復一年不斷地朝向一個東西邁進 This is the condition where corporations covertly control government policy. 即法西斯主義 更具體而言是"顛倒的"法西斯主義 This is the natural gravitation. 在這種情況中 企業財團詭秘地操弄政府政策 So, as time continues to move forward and you keep looking back 這是一種自然的傾向 it seems like things always get worse. And they do. 因此 隨著時間推移 當你繼續回顧時 And this leads me to Part 2: Culture and the Bio-Social Imperative. 事情看起來總是會越來越糟 確實是如此 This is a detour now. I hope that first section... 這將帶領我們到第2部份:文化和生物-社會層面的急迫性 If you have any questions, keep them in mind, as we go to the Q&A. 這裡離題一下 我希望第一部份... In this section we're going to address some issues 如果你有任何問題 先留在心裡 我們之後會有問答時間 regarding our physical and social selves. 在這個部份我們將討論一些問題 This is very relevant to me, and I think very relevant to the whole argument 關於我們的實體和社會自我 and unfortunately most never think of this subject at all. 這跟我今天要講的主要論點是很相關的 In order for us to consider routes of social change 而且不幸地 大部份的人從未想過這方面的問題 we must also have a clear understanding of conditioning 為了讓我們思考社會改變的路線 our biology, and our relationship to the environment. 對於"制約限制" 我們也一定要有清楚的理解 As denoted before, when it comes to the pursuits of social change 還有生理以及與環境的關係 the most profound hurdle is overcoming the traditional ideology 如前所述 當涉及到追求社會改變時 identifications and dogmas, which have been set in stone as final 最困難的障礙是超越傳統的意識形態 by the established culture. 身份認同和教條 被既建的文化設定為 Of these ideas, a consistent one that comes up 不可動搖的 has to do with the conclusion that the human being is a rigid 這些舊觀念之中 fixed nature, whereas certain behaviors are simply immutable. 會出現一個結論:即人類的本性是頑固的 Therefore, as the logic goes, social structures are locked into a set pattern 而且特定的行為就是永恆不變的 which cannot be overcome due to the very nature of the species. 因此照這種邏輯 社會結構會被鎖死在一個固定的模式裡 In order to address this claim we need to first consider the ramifications 因為人類這個物種的"本性"不能被超越昇華 of culture itself. 為了解釋這個主張 我們首先必須考慮情形 The word culture, in a social sense, is defined as a set of shared attributes 文化本身的複雜 values, goals and practices 文化這個字詞以社會的角度而言 被定義為一套人們共享的屬性 that characterizes an institution, organization or group. 價值觀 目標和實踐 The most obvious, yet often overlooked example of the mechanics of culture 使一個機構 組織或團體具有特色 is the fact that we are provably shaped by the sort of society we live in. 文化機制最明顯 然而通常也最被忽略的例子如下: The language we use, the gaming strategies you execute for survival 我們可以證明自身是被居住於其中的社會型態所塑造 the perception of beauty you lust for, the familial patterns 像是我們使用的語言 你為了生存而施展的各種策略 and traditions that you perpetuate and the deeply held theology: 你渴望的審美觀念 家族模式 myths and urban legends that define your broadest view 你延續下來的傳統與深信不疑的神學理論 are all examples of the qualities you might absorb 定義了你最廣大視野的迷思和都市傳說 arbitrarily, in the culture you have been born into. 這些例子在你所出生的文化中 In fact, if you dig deeper, you find 都是你可能會肆意吸收到的特質 that there's really nothing that we cognitively think and believe 事實上 如果再更深入探究 which isn't first presented to us in some environmental form. 你會發現我們認知上思考和相信的東西 真的沒有任何一個 An insulted man who pulls out a gun and shoots somebody had to learn 最初不是以某種環境造就的形態 出現在我們面前 at some point of his life, what a gun was, how to pull the trigger 一個受到侮辱並掏出手槍射擊的人 在他生命中的某一刻 along with what he was to find insulting to begin with. 必須要先學習槍是什麼 如何扣動板機 Every word that I'm saying has been learned one way or another. 以及找出一開始侮辱他的是什麼東西 Every concept relayed is a collective accumulation of experience. 每個我正在說的字 都是以某種方式學來的 A Chinese baby taken at the birth and raised in a British family in England 每個不斷接替的概念是經驗的集體累積 will develop the language, dialect, mannerisms 一個中國孩子如果在英國受撫養而長大 traditions and accent of the British culture. 將會發展出英國文化中的語言 Needless to say, it is obvious the profound effect the environment has on behavior. 方言 儀態 傳統和口音 But that's only part of the equation 不用說 環境對於行為的影響顯然是深遠的 for we are obviously biologically defined as well. 但這只是一部份的影響 Doesn't matter how much time I try to condition a cat 因為顯然我們也受到生物學上的界定 to learn to speak English, it simply can't. 不論我花多久時間去使一隻貓 Simply due to limitations of its evolutionarily derived biological state. 學習說英文 就是行不通 Those limitations are basically defined by genes. 這僅僅是因為演化上衍生的生理狀態限制 Genes are a fairly recent discovery and there's been a great deal of speculation 那些限制基本上是由基因所決定 as to the spectrum that genes hold. 基因是個相當新的發現 而且關於基因的影響範圍 The spectrum of relevance that genes hold. 有大量的推測討論 The most contentious is in the realm of behavioral biology. 關於基因影響的重要性的範圍 This is a field dedicated to understanding how genetics influences behavior. 此點最有爭議的領域 存在於行為生物學中 The idea that genetics are the possible source of various behaviors 這個領域努力去理解基因如何影響行為 became popular in about the 19th century. 在大約19世紀時 "基因是各種行為的可能來源"這種想法 One of the first pursuits that emerged was the idea 變得受歡迎 that the aberrancies of the human behavior, such as criminality 第一個浮現出來的探求問題是 could be explained by the person's genes. The old "criminal gene" idea. 人類行為的偏差 像是 Sickly enough, even eugenics operations in the form of sterilization 犯罪可以由一個人的基因解釋 即老舊的"犯罪基因"這種想法 took place many years ago in an attempt to rid society 夠令人噁心的是 即使是以墮胎形式的優生學操作 of "criminals, idiots, imbeciles, and rapists". 在許多年前也發生過 並企圖去消除 The implications is that certain people are naturally 充滿"犯罪 白癡 智障 強暴犯"的社會 "bad people" due to their genetics. 這暗指了特定的人們 由於他們的基因影響 You see this rhetoric everywhere. Someone might say "He has bad blood." 自然而然就是"壞人" or "She's just a evil person." 你到處都看得到這種論調 某人可能會說:"他流著壞人的血液" As an aside, I find it fascinating that this simplistic 或"她就是個邪惡的人" social fall back to explain a person's behavior 同時 有趣的是我發現這種簡化的 is in full accord with the primitive superstitious duality postulated 落後的社會觀點去解釋一個人的行為 by nearly all established religions: Good and Evil. 與原始二分法的迷信假設完全一致 The gene in this case has replaced 此觀點幾乎被所有既建宗教使用:即"好或壞" the satanic demon that once possessed the person 基因在這種情況中 已經取代了 and thus the person has no control over their evil actions. 曾經佔據著一個人的撒旦惡魔 In other words, they are slaves to their genes. 因此這個人無法控制邪惡的行為 As research has progressed, it has been found that genes do nothing at the sort. 換句話說 他們是自己基因的奴隸 Genes are stretches of DNA that produce proteins 隨著研究進展 已經發現基因與這種說法無關 which, of course, are vital to the operation of the brain 基因是生產出蛋白質的DNA的延伸 the nervous system and the whole body. 而蛋白質當然對於腦部運作 However, they are not autonomous initiators of commands. 以及神經系統和整個身體而言是重要的 They do not cause behaviors in any real sense of the idea. 然而 它們並不是自發性的指令啟動者 In the words of professor of biology and neurology at Stanford University 它們在這種觀點的任何現實層面上 都不會造成行為 a well-known anthropologist as well, Dr. Robert Sapolsky 一位史丹佛大學的知名生物學 神經學教授和人類學家 "Genes are rarely about inevitability especially when it comes to humans 羅伯特·薩波斯基說過: the brain and behavior. They're about vulnerability "當談到人類時 基因對於大腦和行為兩者 propensities and tendencies." 很少有必然的聯繫 基因只是易受影響的 As it turns out, the determining factor of genetic propensities 習性和傾向" particularly in the realm of behavior is the environment 結果是決定基因傾向的關鍵因素 that the organism resides in. 特別在行為的領域中 卻是環境 For example, recent research has shown that a gene could exist for depression. 即有機體居住的地方 However, just because you have that gene 例如 最近的研究已表明基因可能與憂鬱有關 does not mean you're going to get depressed. 然而只因為一個人有那種基因 It takes some form of dramatic environmental stress 並不就表示會得到憂鬱 to trigger the genetic response such as a sudden death of a loved one 而是還需要劇烈的環境壓力 or something very severe. 以便激發該基因的反應 像是所愛之人的死亡 In other words, the environment triggers the existing genetic propensity. 或某些非常嚴重的事故 Even with the genetic predisposition to particular illness 換句話說 環境引發了現存的基因傾向 there's no guarantee you're going to get it. 但即便帶有導致某種疾病傾向的基因 A chair with a broken leg is not dangerous if you never sit on it. 也不保證你就會生病 As a variation of this, it is interesting to know 一隻腳破損的椅子 不去坐它就沒有危險 how the environment even affects broad physiological attributes 作為這種觀點的轉化 a realm traditionally left for the genetic side of the nature and nurture debate. 去知道環境甚至會如何影響廣泛的心理屬性是很有趣的 A study was done a few years ago at the Miami School of Medicine 這些領域傳統上留給了基因觀點有關先天和後天的爭論 with premature infants in neonatology wards 在幾年前有一項研究在邁阿密醫學大學完成 where they decided to simply touch a section of the infants in the wards. 觀察新生兒醫學病房中的早產嬰兒 a few times a day, while the other section was not touched. 其中研究人員決定只觸摸病房中的一部份嬰兒 All feeding patterns remained alike, everything else equal. 一天觸摸幾次 而其它部份的嬰兒則不去觸摸 As it turned out, the infants that were touched grew 50% faster 所有的回饋模式保持相同 其它條件也相同 and were noticeably more healthy. 結果是被觸摸過的嬰兒 成長速度快了50% They were released from the hospital a week early. 而且可注意到更健康 When compared months later, these same kids showed better health 他們提早一個星期出院 and agility than those that were not touched. It's incredible. 當數個月後再比較時\\N這些同樣的孩子們 比起那些未被觸摸過的嬰兒 It's a dramatic finding on many levels, for it shows 表現得更健康 更敏捷 這是難以置信的 that the genetically prescribed growth hormone release 在許多層面上這是引人注目的發現 因為這表示 can be profoundly influenced by a simple 基因上被預先限定而釋放的成長荷爾蒙 and subtle environmental experience. 可以經由簡單細微的環境經驗 Further more, the environment can not only trigger genetic propensities 而受到深刻影響 or influence their extent, it can over-ride them to a certain degree. 此外 環境不只引發了基因的傾向 A couple of years ago, another study was done in Princeton University 或影響它們的程度 它在某種程度上也可以推翻基因 where scientists were able to genetically engineer mice 幾年前 另一個研究在普林斯頓大學完成 removing a key gene relevant to their neurotransmitter system 其中科學家能夠透過基因工程改造老鼠 selectively targeting learning and memory. 選擇性地移除與神經傳送素系統相關的 As a result, the cultivated mice were poor 學習和記憶關鍵基因 at various memory and learning exercises. 因此 受到培養的老鼠 They had trouble recognizing simple objects. 對於各種記憶和學習活動的表現很差 Their accuracy of smell was poor and they were unable to learn well 它們對於識別簡單的物體都有困難 in many ways which otherwise would be normal to an average mouse. 它們對於氣味的精確度也差 在許多方面都不能良好學習 Once their disability was confirmed and established 反之在一隻普通的老鼠上則表現正常 the scientists then put the cognitively dim mice as adults 一旦研究人員確認了它們的缺陷已成立 in an enriched, stimulating environment. 科學家們就把識別能力薄弱的成年老鼠 And over time it was found that many of the genetically engineered 放在一個充實且富有刺激的環境中 learning disabilities were actually overcome by the simple exposure 隨著時間流逝 發現到許多由於基因工程而產生的 to an intellectually nurturing environment. 學習障礙 實際上可被克服 只要暴露在 In other words, the environment is actually able to re-establish 能培育智識的環境中 neurological pathways that seemed not to exist. 換句話說 環境確實能夠重建 Again, this is a powerful testament to the power of the environment 看似不存在的神經細胞路徑 when it comes to brain and hence behavior. 這是環境力量再一次強而有力的證明 We're perpetually molded and shaped by what's around us 當涉及到大腦和行為時 and it has an extremely direct effect on our genes 我們不斷被週遭事物所形塑 our genes and what might be inherent to us. It's very important. 這對我們的基因和與生俱來的特質 The reason this is being brought up is to illustrate the fact 會有劇烈的直接影響 這點非常重要 that our environment is provably the most important determinant 提出這點的理由是為了說明這個事實: in our functionality. 我們的環境對於人體功能而言 可證實是最重要的 Nurture, in many ways, dictates nature. 決定性因素 On many levels, ranging from behavior to psychology, excuse me, to physiology. "後天"在許多方面支配了"先天" (psychology wouldn't have a relevance) but to physiology 在許多層面上 範圍涵蓋行為學到生理學 and health. Consequently, it is incorrect to think (與心理學無關)而是生理學 that the human being is a slave to his biology. 和健康 因此 認為人類是 Especially when it comes to his or her actions. 其生理的奴隸是不正確的 This is a powerful myth which needs to be dispelled and debunked 特別當涉及到一個人的行動時 for when we realize the importance of our environment 這個強大的迷思需要被驅除和拆穿解構 we'll be much more prone to changing it. That's why I'm talking about this. 因為當我們瞭解到環境的重要性時 In isolation, it might seem that these are abstractions 我們將更傾向於改變它 這就是我為何要說明的理由 but we have to learn that biologically, we are only as relevant 孤立來看 這些似乎是抽象概念 as the environment which interacts with our biology. 但我們必須學習到 我們生理上的重大意義 However, as one final example worth considering 只跟與我們生理互動的環境有關 which, from my perspective, summarizes the overwhelming power 然而從我的觀點而言 and relevance of our environmental culture we're exposed to 最後一個值得思考的例子是總結我們的 let's consider the implications of feral children. 環境文化薰陶之下的壓倒性力量和重要性 A feral child is a human child which has lived 讓我們想想"野孩子"的意涵 isolated from human contact from a very young age. "野孩子"是指人類小孩 Isolated from society or human society. 從非常年輕時就孤立生活於人群聯繫之外 Historical examples of this range from children 隔絕於社會或人類社會 that have been locked in rooms by their parents for years 歷史上這種範圍的例子 to children who have been abandoned in the wild and raised, so to speak 包括被父母鎖在房間數年的孩童 by animals. 再到被拋棄在野外而被養育的孩童們 這樣說好了 This is Genie. She was discovered in 1970 即被動物養大的孩童 having been locked in a single room virtually alone for ten years. 這位是金妮 她在1970年被發現 When they found her at 13 years old, she could barely understand language 確實孤單地被鎖在一個房間內長達十年 and she knew only a few words. She was 54 inches tall. 當人們在她十三歲找到她時 她幾乎不懂語言 Her eyes could not focus beyond 12 feet 她只懂幾個字 她54英吋高 and she walked in an awkward, hunched manner 她的視力不能聚焦超過12英尺 and she could not chew solid food. 而且她走路的方式彆扭駝背 Once rescued, psychologists and scientists immediately began working 她也不能咀嚼固體食物 to rehabilitate Genie, creating a nurturing environment 她一被拯救後 心理學家和科學家們就馬上開始努力 and she quickly began to overcome a great amount of the problems 使金妮恢復 並創造一個養育性的環境 that she had had, but due to the severe mental scars 她開始快速克服她一直擁有的大量問題 that she went through, something very specific stuck out 但由於她所經歷過的嚴重心靈傷疤 which has a specific relevance to the point I'm trying to make 某件非常獨特的事情出現了 and that was her inability to learn language. 這與我即將試著說明的論點有具體關連 While humans obviously have a genetic predisposition for language 那就是她學習語言的能力陷缺 it is cases like this that show how the environment does not... 儘管人類明顯有著對於語言的基因預定傾向 If the environment does not engage those propensities 但正是在這種案例中顯示出環境並沒有... at a certain point in time 如果環境不與那些基因傾向互動 then those language capabilities will not form. 在某個特定的時間點上 It requires the environment to stimulate the effect. 那麼那些語言能力就不會形成 That's a very important thing, and I may keep reiterating that. 這需要環境來刺激整個效果 This young girl was rescued in May of this year in Russia. 這是件非常重要的事情 而且我可能會一直重申這點 She was locked in a room with dogs and cats for several years 這位年輕女孩在這一年的五月於俄羅斯被拯救 causing her to behave like an animal. She could not speak. 她被關在一間房間裡 和貓狗住在一起好幾年 She lapped up her food, drank with her tongue and she walked on all fours. 導致她的行為像一隻動物 她不能說話 She was five years old when they found her, but her physical size was only 她吃食物是用舔的 喝水是用舌頭 而且四肢著地走路 that of a two-year old. 當人們找到她時她五歲 但她身體的尺寸只有 This is fascinating, apart from being horrific. 兩歲小孩那樣 It's the fact that feral children can pick up and imitate things 除了恐怖以外 也是意味深遠的 in their environment that to us would seem absolutely unhuman. 事實上"野孩子"能夠撿起並仿製東西 This is a girl named Oxana Malaya. 但他們的環境對我們來說 將看似絕對不像人類住的地方 She was also extremely neglected and ended up 這位女孩叫作Oxana Malaya spending the majority of her childhood between the ages of 3 and 8 她也是被極度忽略的 5 years living with dogs in the back of the family home. 最終導致她3歲到8歲 這5年大部份的童年時光 She actually slept in the kennel with the dogs for 5 years 都耗在與家裡後面的狗群一起生活 and when rescued, she had adopted incredible canine mannerisms 她事實上在狗屋中與狗群們每天一起睡了5年 including barking, a higher than average sense of smell and hearing. 當被拯救時 她的儀態不可置信地像極了犬科動物 She ate raw meat. She walked on all fours and knew virtually no language. 包括吠叫 比一般人平均水準更敏銳的嗅覺和聽覺 It is sociological examples like this that should really make one step back 她吃生肉 她以四肢走路而且事實上完全不懂語言 and question the lowest common denominator 正是這種社會學的例子 應該要讓人退一步反思 of what is supposed to be "human nature". 並質疑最低限度且共通的 Please understand that there is no denial "人性"因子到底應該是什麼 that we human beings are "wired" in a particular way. 請理解 這並不是否認 However, the fact is we obviously, especially at a young age 人類在某特定方面是"連線"共通的 have an incredible ability to adapt to our environment. 然而實際上我們顯然特別在年輕時 We are exceptionally malleable 有一種不可置信的能力去適應我們的環境 and as studies have shown, we'll adapt based on what is supported 我們有極強的適應彈性 and reinforced by the social condition we inhabit. 如同研究所顯示 我們將基於由所居住的社會條件 If the known propensities of human beings such as walking upright 所支持和強化的事物去適應環境 learning language and the like are not triggered 如果人類已知的傾向 像是直立走路 and supported by the environment, then they might not manifest. 學習語言等等並不是由環境 Therefore again, the human being is very much a cultivated organism. 激發和支持 那麼它們就不能顯現出來 The quality of a person's health and behaviors 因此再次強調 人類是非常需要環境培養的有機體 really comes down to the quality of the environment 一個人健康和行為的質量 culture and social influences they are exposed to. 確實會與人們身處其中的 This is critical that society fully understand this and adjust accordingly. 環境文化和社會影響的質量相關 It should be no wonder the world we live in 重要的是社會要完全理解這點並據此進行調整 when we examine the system, the environment that creates us. 當我們檢視我們的體系時 And this is the point: 即創造出我們的環境時 這一點並不奇怪 We, as so-called individuals 因此重點如下: are running composites of our life experiences. 我們所謂的個體 We are walking expressions and cultivations of the environments 是我們生活經驗的組成複合物 we have passed through up until this very moment. 我們是環境所培養出來的活生生表現 And when it comes to survival, only those behavioral attributes 我們一直以來都是如此 直到當下這一刻仍是 that have served a function in your environment 而當談到生存時 只有那些行為上的屬性 are reinforced and made dominant. 即那些在環境中起作用的屬性 Once you understand this, the corrupt world around you 才會被強化和成為主導的影響 suddenly makes perfect sense. 一旦你理解了這點 你週遭腐敗的世界 Human beings are not inherently greedy 突然變得完全合理了 or inherently competitive or inherently corrupt. 人類不是天生貪婪 It is the social system. It's the environment that creates us. 或天生愛好競爭或腐敗 Just as a young girl will choose to walk on all fours 問題是社會體系 是環境造就了我們 and bark because that's what the environment makes similar to her 如同年輕女孩會選擇用四肢走路 we become corrupt, and we become self-interested 並吠叫 因為就是環境使她熟悉這些行為 because that's what our culture has created and put upon us. 我們也會變得腐敗 自私 The social imperative that emerges on all of this in the long run 因為這就是我們的文化所造就並加諸在我們身上的 is that there is a great deal of care which needs to be taken 最終 所有浮現出來的社會急迫性任務 in regard to our social environment. 會是需要大量的關心和照顧 We must alter the system in such a way so it does not create 以維護我們的社會環境 support or reinforce those behaviors which are socially harmful. 我們改變這個體系的方式 一定要 And that's what social design is about. 不會創造 支持或強化那些危害社會的行為 It's interesting to point out 這就是"社會設計"的重心 and this takes me to a sub-section of this: 指出這一點很有趣 It's interesting to point out that competition and hierarchy 而且這把我帶到下一部分: which seem dominant today 有趣的是指出今日社會中 have not been the dominant ethos of human society 主流的競爭和階級價值觀 for the majority of our time on this planet. 在地球上大部份的時間中 Before the agricultural or neolithic revolution 並非一直都是人類社會中主流的風氣 which occurred about 10,000 years ago, hunter-gatherer societies 在農業或新石器革命之前 actually had a non-hierarchical, egalitarian social structure. 大約發生在一萬年前的漁獵採集社會中 The social values were based essentially on equality 實際上存在著無階級 平等的社會結構 altruism, sharing and literally forbid 社會價值觀實際上是基於平等 upstartism, dominance, aggression and egoism. 利他主義 分享 並確實禁止 We know this because of the anthropological research that has been done 暴發戶 統治 侵略和自我主義 on remaining hunter-gatherer societies over the course of the past century. 我們知道這一點 因為在過去的世紀中 已經完成了 I find this fascinating, that for the bulk of our existences 關於殘存的漁獵採集社會的人類學研究 as the human species, 99% of our societies have been virtually 我發現迷人的是 對於人類這個種族的 non-hierarchical, non-materialistic. 大多數人而言 99%的人類社會事實上一直都是 They have had the wisdom to appreciate a minimalist affluence 無階級 不注重物質的 as opposed to the dominance-driven, excessive 人們有智慧去體會"極簡主義者"的"富足" and unsatisfied culture we see today. 與今日主流社會中所看見的 Regardless, this historical reality puts into question 過度浪費和慾求不滿的文化相異 the notion that social hierarchy is a natural human tendency. 無論如何 這種歷史上的現實 What it is, is a social condition that has been created. 確實挑戰了社會階級是人類的自然傾向這一觀念 In the view of Robert Sapolsky: 並且反而存在著人為創造的社會條件制約 "Hunter-gatherers have thousands of wild sources of food to subsist on. 以羅伯特·薩波斯基的觀點而言: Agriculture changed all of that "漁獵採集者有數千種野外的食物來源可以維持生活 generating an overwhelming reliance on a few dozen food sources. 但農業改變了這點 Agriculture allowed for the stockpiling of surplus resources 產生出只對於一些食物來源壓倒性的依賴 and thus, inevitably, the unequal stockpiling of them 農業允許人們儲備剩餘的資源 stratification of society and the invention of classes. 因此無法避免儲備的不平等 Thus it has also allowed for the invention of poverty." 社會階層和階級的出現 The core basis of social hierarchy 因此也允許了貧窮的發生" is real, or perceived, scarcity. 社會階級的核心基礎 Social hierarchy is a formalized system of inequality 是真實或可察覺到的匱乏 which serves as a substitute for perpetual conflict 社會階級是一種形式化的不平等體系 over scarce resources. 取代了爭奪匱乏資源的不斷衝突 In view of our Western society which, as we have denoted 取代了爭奪匱乏資源的不斷衝突 works to literally preserve scarcity 以我們西方社會的觀點 如同我解釋過的 it's easy to see how our social classes are perpetuated unnecessarily. 實際上人們是在努力維護"匱乏" But the problem doesn't stop there. Another consequence 於是不難發現我們的社會階級是如何不必要地延續著 which is very new, has to do with the chain of causality. 但問題不僅於此 另一個後果 One that affects everyone of us in a way that is almost hidden 非常新穎 並與因果關係有關 and that is to do with the effect it has on our health. 這個問題以一種幾乎隱密的方式影響著我們每一個人 Studies have shown that people of higher socio-economic status 而且還對我們健康的影響有關 live longer, enjoy better health and suffer less from disability 研究已顯示出 較高社經地位的人們 while those of lower socio-economic classes die younger 更長壽 更健康而且生活較穩定 and suffer the largest burden of disease and disability. 而那些較低社經階級的人們死得較早 This most often comes in the form of a gradient meaning that 並遭受到疾病和不穩定的最大負擔之苦 from the highest upper classes, straight down the lowest bottom classes 用劃分等級的意義來看的話 each successive step up or down the socio-economic ladder 從最高的階級往下直到最底層的階級 constitutes a respective quality change in a person's health on average. 每一步沿社經地位的梯子接連向上爬升或下降 On the surface this would seem absolutely logical, right? Just makes sense. 通常就構成了人們各自健康質量的變化 In the sense, lower classes often have poor diets due to lack of purchasing power. 從表面上這似乎完全合乎邏輯 對吧? 就是有道理 They're more prone to live in polluted areas. 以此意義而言 較低階級的人們由於缺乏購買力而經常飲食不濟 They are more likely to get sub-par health care 這些人更容易居住在受污染的區域之中 and due to lack of education, they might not take care of themselves 他們更可能得到更糟的醫療照顧 in the best way. 而且由於缺乏教育 他們可能不會用最好的方式 Now, while these attributes are obviously relevant to health 照顧自己 new studies have shown that there is something else going on 雖然這些屬性明顯都與健康有關 that is contributing to the increasingly poor health 但新的研究已顯示 有其它東西起作用 and disease propensities of people 即當人們的社會階級越低時 the lower they go in the social hierarchy. 健康狀況就越差 One of the most documented studies that has been done on this issue 並且越容易患病 has been called "The Whitehouse Studies", done here in London 關於這項議題 其中一份記錄得最詳細的研究 at the University College of London. 被稱為"白宮研究" 在倫敦這裡完成 Using the British Civil Service system as a subject group. 在倫敦大學完成 They found that the gradient of health quality in industrialized societies 利用英國的服務業作為實驗對象 is not simply a manner of poor health 研究發現工業化社會中的"健康梯度" for the disadvantaged and good health for everyone else. 並非僅僅是弱勢者健康差 Something else was happening. 而其它人健康好而已 Remember this is the UK where health care is socialized 還發現其它情況 and theoretically you have equal health care. 先記住英國這裡有公共健保 They also found there is a social distribution of disease 所以理論上你會獲得平等的醫療照顧 meaning that as you went from the top of the socio-economic status 但研究也發現有一種社會性的疾病分佈 to the bottom, the types of the diseases people would get 表示當你從社經地位的頂端往下降至底端時 would change on average, but they'd be linked. 人們會得到的疾病種類 For example: The lowest rungs of the hierarchy had a 4-fold increase 一般而言也將會改變 但會有關聯性 of heart disease-based mortality, compared to the highest rungs. 例如:社會階級之中處於最低位置的人 I think if I remember correctly, the highest ones were things like melanoma. 比起最上層的人 心臟相關疾病的致死率高出4倍 You know, people sitting on their yachts 如果我記對的話 最高階級的人們就像胎記一樣引人注目 which I thought was quite amusing. 你懂的 坐在遊艇上的人們 Regardless, this is the pattern and to a certain degree. 我認為這相當有趣 It's irrespective of health care, keep this in mind. 無論如何 整個模式某個程度上就是這樣 Disease is being generated irrespective of socialized health care. 這與醫療照顧無關 記住這一點 Even in a country with universal health care, the worse 疾病的產生與公共健保無關 a person's financial status, the lower they are in the social hierarchy 即使是在有著普遍醫療照顧的國家裡 the worse their health appears to be getting. 一個人的財務狀況越差 所處的社會階級就越低 Why is this? As it turns out 健康似乎也就越差了 psychological stress 為何如此? 結果是 generated from social inequality. 從社會不平等中 Not the by-products of inequality such as poor nutrition 產生的心理壓力作祟 health care resources or education for a person's health, but inequality itself: 對一個人的健康而言 這並非不平等的副作用 psychological subordination. 像是營養 醫療或教育資源不足 原因就是"不平等"本身: Concurrent research, done by Richard Wilkinson at the University of Nottingham 心理上的自卑 found that the more income inequality there is in a society 由諾丁漢大學的理查德·威爾金森所作的實驗 the worse the gradient of health and mortality rates. 同樣發現 一個社會中薪資所得越不平等 This is irrespective of absolute income 健康和死亡率的梯度就越糟糕 and again it has nothing to do with health care or nutrition. 這與"絕對收入"多寡無關 Evidently, the more income inequality that exists in a society 再說一次 也與醫療照顧或營養無關 or in other words, the more stratified a society is 顯然社會中薪資收入越不平等 the more money that's divided between the culture 或換句話說 社會分層越明顯 the more health problems that occur in the upper 一個文化的貧富差異就越大 and lower classes together. It isn't about money in and of itself. 較上層和較下層人們的健康問題 It's about the psychological ramifications, the psychological stress 都會一起越來越多 這和金錢本身無關 or "psychosocial stress" generated by the social hierarchy itself. 而是和心理衍生物及心理壓力有關 Not to mention as an aside 或者說是由社會階級本身造成的"社會心理壓力" it is also well documented that the more income inequality 附帶一提 更不用說 that exists, the more crime. 也有仔細的記錄說明 薪資不平等越嚴重 Assault, robbery, murder are probable. 犯罪就越猖獗 Not the more poverty and deprivation 攻擊 搶劫 謀殺都是可能的 that causes this, the more inequality. 並不是因為更貧窮和受剝奪 Does everyone understand that? It's a very interesting point. 才造成這種更不平等的現象 This is easy to exemplify, for the United States 各位理解這一點嗎? 這是非常有趣的論點 which has the largest income gap on the planet 這種狀況很容易舉例 also has the largest crime rate in the world 因為美國在地球上有最大的貧富差距 the largest prison population in the world and amusingly 也有世界上最高的犯罪率 we're also the most aggressive and armed nation in the world. 世界上最多的監獄囚犯 而且饒富趣味地 Go figure! 我們也是世界上最具侵略性和武力最強大的國家 The bottom line is that when it comes to the comparison of hierarchy 看一下數據吧! to egalitarianism, in other words, people being equal 結論是當提到階級制度與平等主義的對比時 or people being stratified, egalitarianism or equality 換句話說 即人們平等 when it comes to psychologically stress-driven health 或分層的對比時 平等主義或平等 trumps stratification 在涉及到由心理壓力造成的死亡時 for the whole of society from crime to disease rates. 優於社會分層 In conclusion to this section, I hope I've made this relatively clear. 從社會整體的犯罪率和疾病率看都是如此 It's a really important point when you think about it. 至於這部份的結論 我希望我已說明得相當清楚 Not only are social classes modern inventions of human society 當你思考這些問題時這點真的相當重要 social classes are scientifically proven 社會階級不只是人類社會的現代發明 to be detrimental to the health of everybody 社會階級科學上也已被證實為 by the very construct of its creation. 對每個人的健康有害 I think, in conclusion of this formal presentation 經由建構社會階級本身 that that is one of the most incredibly compelling motivations to seek alternatives. 作為這個正式報告的結論 我認為 The very fabric of the larger order of society 這一點是其中一個最令人急迫地想去尋找替代方案的動機 is intrinsically and provably, unhealthy. 社會更大秩序組成的最根本部份 And, coupled with everything else that we've talked about 本質上可證明為是不健康的 I think that adds a tremendous weight to moving forward into something new. 因此 結合我們已談論過的所有其它東西 www.thezeitgeistmovement.com 我認為這對邁向新的境界增添了極大的重要性
B1 中級 中文 澳洲腔 社會 體系 階級 環境 基因 人類 彼得·約瑟夫 - 我們現在在哪裡? - 倫敦2009-07-25 (Peter Joseph - Where are we now? - London 2009-07-25) 679 33 王惟惟 發佈於 2017 年 07 月 23 日 更多分享 分享 收藏 回報 影片單字