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  • The Zeitgeist Movement

    時代精神運動

  • London, UK / July 25th 2009

    英國倫敦 2009年7月25日

  • The title of the presentation is "Where are we now?"

    演講的題目是 [我們在哪裡] ?

  • In my experience so far in attempting to promote the ideas

    根據我目前為止的經驗 在嘗試推廣

  • of the movement and the Venus Project, I find about 95% of the critics

    時代精神運動和維納斯計劃的過程中 我發現有95%的批評

  • tend to ignore the current state of affairs.

    都忽視了目前的狀況

  • And in a detached manner, they simply criticize the abstracts

    他們僅是用一種脫離實際問題的方式片面批評

  • of what our proposed resolutions are

    我們提出的解決方案

  • without ever reflecting on the train of thought

    卻從來不深思

  • that was employed to reach those solutions.

    得出這些方案所用的思路

  • So in response to this, I decided to simply focus on the information

    因此針對這種情況 我決定把問題集中在

  • which will, at a minimum, at least further compound the dire need

    為了脫離當今社會運作的訊息 而這些訊息

  • to get away from our current social practices

    至少會進一步加劇這種迫切的需求

  • while also showing the logic that the Venus Project employs

    同時也展示出維納斯計劃的

  • to arrive at the conclusions and ideas that they do.

    結論以及理念背後的邏輯

  • We're not just making things up. Jacque Fresco didn't just

    我們不是沒事找事 雅克·法斯科不只是

  • creatively come up with ideas. He has a pivotal train of thought

    憑空想出這些主意 他的思考是建立在

  • and it has a near empirical basis.

    實踐的基礎上

  • First there's going to be an overview

    首先要概述的是

  • of the movement, the tenets of the Venus Project.

    時代精神的概述和維納斯計劃的宗旨

  • In Part 1 we're going to elaborate even more

    在第1部分中 我們將更多地

  • on the nature of our world monetary system and its consequences

    闡述我們世界中金融貨幣體系的本質及其後果

  • while in Part 2 we will take a larger step back and consider the human condition

    在第2部分中 我們將回首過去 思考人類制約

  • its cultivation and the effects of the social system at large.

    制約的塑造 以及社會體系對人們的影響

  • Before I begin, please note that it was recommended

    在我開始之前 我曾在電子郵件中推薦

  • in the emails sent out that people read the Orientation Guide

    大家先閱讀"入門指南"

  • or the Activist Video because

    或是行動實踐者的相關影片

  • basically I'm going to move very quickly through a lot of this information

    基本上我將非常快速地把許多訊息帶過一遍

  • on the assumption that a lot of you are already familiar with some of it.

    在很多人已熟悉這些訊息的前提下

  • If you're not, don't be surprised if some things come as extremely foreign.

    如果你還不熟悉 請不要對這些訊息感到極度陌生

  • This lecture is actually part of two lectures.

    本次演講實際上是兩次講座的一部分

  • The second lecture will be given sometime in the future to deal with the other section.

    第二次演講將會在以後的時間處理其它部分

  • As you'll see, I deal with the first part

    如你所見 我現在要講第一部分

  • of the idea which is the fact that our social system is corrupt

    即我們腐敗的社會體系這個事實

  • and the second section is what the solutions are. We're not going to talk

    第二部分談論解決方案 我們不打算談

  • about solutions specifically right now. We're going to talk about

    關於當前問題的具體解決方案 我們現在要談

  • the reasoning behind it.

    它背後的推論

  • The term "Zeitgeist" is defined as the intellectual

    "時代精神"一詞被定義為

  • moral, cultural climate of an era.

    一個時代的思想 道德 文化氛圍

  • The term "Movement" simply implies motion or change.

    "運動"一詞僅僅意味著運動或改變

  • Therefore, the Zeitgeist Movement is an organization that urges change

    因此 "時代精神運動"是一個組織

  • in the dominant, intellectual, moral and cultural climate of the time

    呼籲改變主導這個時代的思想 道德和文化氛圍

  • specifically to values and practices which would better serve

    具體而言是關於價值觀和實踐

  • the well-being of the whole of humanity, regardless of race

    為所有人的福祉作出更佳貢獻 不論其種族

  • religion, creed or any other form of contrived social status.

    信仰 教義或任何形式的人為社會地位狀態

  • The Zeitgeist Movement in function exists as a communicative representation

    "時代精神運動"的功能是作為一個

  • of an organization called The Venus Project

    名為"維納斯計劃"的組織溝通代表

  • which is essentially a conceptual and technological set of ideas

    其本質是結合概念性與技術性的思想

  • which constitutes the life-long work of industrial designer

    維納斯計畫是一位工業設計師和社會工程師

  • and social engineer, Jacque Fresco.

    雅克·法斯科的畢生精華

  • Mr Fresco, along with his associate Roxanne Meadows, have been working

    法斯科先生與他的同事羅克珊·梅多斯一同工作

  • for decades to establish the technical methods and educational imperatives

    幾十年以來建立了技術方法和必要的教育

  • which can transition society away from its current cycles of war

    使這個社會得以轉型 脫離目前的戰爭循環

  • perpetual poverty and pervasive corruption

    無止境的貧窮和普遍的腐敗

  • into an improved social design based on environmental alignment

    轉變成為一個改良過的社會 其設計基於環境和諧

  • practicality, peak efficiency, and most critically

    實用性 最高效率 而且最關鍵的是

  • a heightened standard of living, personal freedom and well-being

    提高生活水準 個人自由和幸福感

  • for not just one nation or class, but for the entire human family.

    不只是一個民族或階級 而是整個人類大家庭

  • The ultimate materialization of these ideas

    這些想法最終會實現在

  • is in the form of a new social design

    一個新的社會模式中

  • updated to present-day knowledge. And the design can be termed

    應用最尖端的科學技術 這個模式可被稱為

  • a "Resource-Based Economy" (RBE).

    "資源導向型經濟(RBE)"

  • In the words of Mr. Fresco

    法斯科先生說過

  • "We call for a straight forward redesign of our culture

    "我們呼籲直接重新設計我們的文化

  • in which the age-old inadequacies of war, poverty, hunger, debt

    其中漫長的戰爭 貧困 飢餓 債務等弊病

  • and unnecessary human suffering are viewed as not only avoidable

    和人類不必要的苦難 不僅是可以避免的

  • but also as totally unacceptable.

    而且是完全無法接受的

  • Anything less simply results in a continuation

    如果不改變只會導致

  • of the same catalog of problems inherent in the present system.

    現行體系中固有問題的延續

  • In summary, a Resource-Based Economy utilizes resources rather than commerce.

    總之 資源導向型經濟利用的是資源而非商業

  • All goods and services are available without the use of currency

    人們可取得所有物品和服務而不需使用貨幣

  • credit, barter, or any form of debt or servitude.

    信貸 以物易物 或任何形式的債務或奴役

  • The aim of this new social design is to free humanity

    這種新社會模式的目標在於解放人類

  • from the repetitive, mundane and arbitrary occupational roles

    免除這些重複 枯燥和隨意的職業角色

  • which hold no true relevance to social development

    而這些東西完全與社會發展無關

  • while also encouraging a new incentive system

    資源導向型經濟同時也鼓勵新的激勵制度

  • that is focused on self-fulfillment, education

    重點是自我實現 教育

  • social awareness and creativity, as opposed

    社會意識和創造力 而不是

  • to the contrived, shallow, self-interested, corruption generating goals

    人為的 膚淺的 自利的腐敗

  • of wealth, property and power which are dominant today.

    把當今主導社會的財富和權力當作目標

  • The enabling foundation of this concept is the realization

    實現這一概念的基礎

  • that through the intelligent management of the earth's resources

    在於透過對地球資源的智慧管理

  • along with the liberal application of modern technology and science

    以及對現代科技和科學的解放應用

  • we have the ability to create a near global abundance on this planet

    我們有能力在這個星球上創造全球性的富足

  • and thus escape the detrimental consequences generated

    從而遠離目前產生的不利後果

  • by the real and artificial scarcity and waste which is dominant today.

    即真實和人為的匱乏主導著當今的社會

  • This reality can provably create a high quality of life for

    這個新現實可以證明 能為多出好幾倍的全球人口

  • the entire world population many times over.

    創造一個更高品質的生活

  • The Venus Project takes into account something which has been long lost

    維納斯計劃考慮的是早已被我們當今

  • in our modern, financially driven world

    由金融驅動的社會所忘卻的

  • the fundamental building blocks of society

    社會基本結構

  • and the basic understandings required to maintain a person's emotional

    以及對於為了維持一個人情感 智力 身體的健康

  • intellectual and physical well-being.

    所必需的基本理解

  • All social systems regardless of political philosophy, religious beliefs

    所有的社會制度 無論政治哲學 宗教信仰

  • or social customs ultimately depend upon natural resources

    或社會習俗 最終都取決於自然資源

  • as the initial step towards social functionality.

    作為社會功能的基礎立足點

  • Concurrently, society itself is a culture machine.

    同時 社會本身是一種文化機械

  • In other words, it's a natural consequence

    換句話說 一個文化會自然而然

  • for a culture to support the values integral to the dominant institutions

    去支持主導社會的機構所提倡的整體價值觀

  • of that society, regardless of the benefit of those values.

    而不管這些價值觀能帶來何種好處

  • In other words, a society reaps what it sows.

    換句話說 這是一個社會種瓜得瓜 種豆得豆

  • If your society's foundation inherently supports self-interest

    如果你的社會基礎 本質上是擁護自身利益

  • elitism, greed and dishonesty

    菁英主義 貪婪和不誠實

  • then no one should ever be surprised when certain members of society

    那麼所有人都不應該感到驚訝 當社會上的某些人員

  • continuously fall into the extremity of murder

    持續地陷入極端生活 如謀殺

  • financial corruption or indifferent, selfish gain.

    金融腐敗或冷漠無情地謀取私利

  • In other words, society is not only a product of the sum of its members values

    換句話說 社會不僅僅是其成員價值觀的總和

  • paradoxically, it's also a generator of them for each new generation.

    相反地 它也影響著每個新世代的價值觀

  • It should be no wonder that government perpetuates

    這也就難怪政府長期推行

  • nationalistic and patriotic values.

    民族主義和愛國主義價值觀

  • If they didn't, people might not support the state agendas or their wars.

    如果沒有這些 人們可能不會支持國家的議程或戰爭

  • It should be no wonder that the Catholic church perpetuates the idea

    也難怪天主教的思想長存於世

  • that humans are born into sin

    主張人類有天生的原罪

  • otherwise, people might not show up to be saved.

    否則 人們就不會信仰宗教以使自己獲得救贖

  • And it should be no wonder

    同樣習以為常的是

  • every major city on this planet is cloaked with corporate advertising

    這個星球上每個主要城市都隱藏著企業廣告

  • working to force materialism and inadequacy. Why?

    努力強調物質主義和匱乏 為什麼?

  • Because otherwise, some people might just be happy with what they have

    因為不這樣的話 有些人可能就會滿足於他們所擁有的

  • and not contribute to the profit and perpetuation

    就不會為了公司或經濟體的利潤和存續

  • of a corporation or an economy.

    做出貢獻

  • Regardless, when it comes to cultural influence, nothing can hold a candle

    無論如何 當涉及到文化影響時 沒有什麼能比得上

  • to the vast psychological implications that have developed

    由金融貨幣體系所建立的

  • due to the system of monetary finance.

    巨大心理洗腦作用

  • Money, contrary to the attitudes of most of the world's populations today

    與當今世界上絕大多數人認知相反的是

  • is not a natural resource, nor does it represent resources.

    金錢既不是一種自然資源 也不代表資源

  • In fact, by our standards of logic, money is only functionally relevant

    事實上 按我們的邏輯標準 金錢在社會中的相關功能

  • in society, when natural resources

    只有在自然資源

  • and the mechanisms of creation are scarce.

    和生產力匱乏的情況中才會體現

  • And thus, a system has emerged where people are given value

    因此 一個體系出現了 其中人們的技能

  • for their skills in exchange for their servitude

    被賦予價值以交換彼此的勞役

  • which can thus be used as a medium of exchange

    並以此價值作為交換的媒介

  • for those supposed scarce resources.

    並得到人們認為匱乏的資源

  • Sadly, the culture is now fully indoctrinated into this frame of reference

    可悲的是 這種文化已經完全被灌輸到這個世界的思維框架裡

  • and, like the rising sun, most could not even consider

    如烈日當頭般 大多數人甚至無法考慮

  • any other possibility for our social functionality.

    我們社會功能的其它可能性

  • In fact, some have even redefined the relevance of money itself

    事實上 有些人甚至已重新定義金錢本身的重要性

  • by being conditioned to think that money represents choice.

    但卻思想受限 認為金錢代表著選擇的能力

  • That money somehow has something to do with democracy.

    而且金錢在某種程度上與民主有關

  • And the greatest illusion, that the monetary structure is a tool of liberty.

    最大的幻覺即是金融貨幣結構是一種自由的工具

  • While money has indeed served

    整體而言 雖然貨幣確實

  • a positive role overall on the course of our social evolution.

    在社會的演化過程中扮演了正面角色

  • Adaptation and change and improvement is still unstoppable.

    但適應 變革和改進仍然是不可阻擋的

  • The fact is, most of the original problems, which require the development

    事實上 大多數我們今天看到的

  • of the economic system we see today, are no longer pressing

    要求經濟體系進步的原始問題都不再緊要

  • due to the dramatic advancement of science and technology.

    因為科學技術驚人的進展

  • We now have the means to move in to a new paradigm

    現在我們有辦法進入一個新的典範

  • one where the negative by-products of our current social establishment

    其中 由我們目前社會體制帶來的負面副產品

  • such as perpetual war, human exploitation, poverty

    如持久的戰爭 人類的剝削 貧困

  • and environmental destruction are no longer tolerable.

    環境的破壞 都不再能夠容忍

  • What is advocated here is merely a next step in our social evolution

    在這裡所提倡的僅僅是我們社會進化的下一步

  • as dictated not by a person or group's opinion

    並不是一個人或一群人的意見

  • but by statistics, trends, basic inference and extrapolation

    而是統計的趨勢 基本的推理和推斷

  • all deduced by the scientific method.

    所有的推論都源自於"科學方法"

  • Unfortunately, regardless of how logical, clear and obvious

    不幸的是 不管新觀點看起來有多麼符合邏輯

  • new ideas may seem, the public still remains

    清晰直觀 公眾仍普遍依舊

  • on average...tremendous fear of any form of social change.

    極端恐懼任何形式的社會變革

  • This is largely due to propaganda indoctrination

    這主要是由於洗腦灌輸

  • which has been pushed upon them by the established powers

    已被既有權力者深深植入到群眾的心裡

  • which of course prefer the maintain their power.

    那些人當然更想維持權力

  • These institutions range from religious organizations, to government, to business.

    這些機構建制涵蓋宗教組織 政府 企業

  • In fact, it really isn't the technical understandings

    事實上 技術知識

  • and implementations of the physical attributes

    和其實質物理上的實現

  • that comprise the Resource-Based Economy which is the problem.

    這些組成資源導向型經濟的屬性 並不是問題

  • We know we can do it, technically. We know it can happen.

    我們知道可以在技術上做到 我們知道這些技術可以實現

  • The analysis has been extrapolated.

    已經有各種推測和分析了

  • It is the outdated cultural values, such a testy subject.

    過時的文化價值是一個惱人的話題

  • The cultural values and the education barriers of our conditioned culture

    文化價值觀與受制約的文化教育壁壘

  • is the most difficult aspect to consider

    是需要考慮的最困難方面

  • and that's one of the reasons I'm approaching this presentation as I have

    這是我演講的其中一個原因

  • because I want people to understand that we have to move somewhere.

    因為我想讓人們知道 我們必須改變

  • This is where the Zeitgeist movement comes in!

    這就是需要時代精神運動的地方!

  • We are not here to tell people what to think or believe.

    我們不是在這裡告訴人們去思考和相信什麼

  • We're here to spread statistical information

    我們是在傳播統計資料

  • and socially positive value identifications

    和正面積極的社會價值認同

  • in hope of bringing people into an awareness

    希望能讓人們認識到

  • of the incredibly positive possibilities the future can hold.

    未來擁有令人難以置信的正面發展可能性

  • Once these understandings are fully realized

    一旦充分理解了這些

  • I think most people will never be able to look at the world

    我認為大多數人將再也不會用過去的方式看待這個世界

  • in the same way again, and the problems we find as commonplace today

    我們今天司空見慣的問題

  • will become simply unacceptable, motivating change.

    將變得完全不可接受並推動改變

  • There are countless well-intentioned people

    有無數懷著善意的人們

  • in activist organizations out there, and they keep popping up like weeds.

    在各種組織裡積極活動 他們像野草一樣不斷出現

  • It's incredible to me how many of these there are

    讓我難以置信的是有那麼多

  • all admirable and amazing, and they're yelling at the top of their lungs

    令人欽佩和驚訝的人聲嘶力竭痛斥著

  • about the rampant problems and injustices in our world.

    蔓延我們世界的問題和不公不義

  • Yet, as you tend to find, very few actually offer any solutions whatsoever.

    卻很少有人能提供任何解決方案之類的東西

  • Those that do offer solutions, however, always frame those solutions

    就算有提供解決方案的人 也都是在當前既建體系中

  • within the context of the current established system.

    構建自己的解決方案

  • Very little regard seems to be given to the root structure

    幾乎很少人關心我們社會的設計中

  • of our social design.

    最根本的結構

  • The Venus Project and hence the Zeitgeist Movement is different.

    這就是維納斯計劃和時代精神運動突出之處

  • Our fundamental focus is finding

    我們最根本的焦點在於發現

  • the foundational sources of our social problems

    當前社會問題的根源

  • and working from that lowest common denominator to create solutions.

    並從這些問題的最根本起始點建構解決方案

  • And when it comes to social corruption, poverty, environmental disregard

    當談到社會腐敗 貧窮 不顧環境的

  • human exploitation, and most personal and social turmoil in the world today

    人類開採剝削 今天世界上大多數個人和社會的動盪不安

  • an important realization is that most of these problems are not the result

    重要的是要意識到大多數的問題並不是由於

  • of some particular company, some nefarious elite group

    某些個別公司 某些邪惡的菁英團隊

  • or some government legislation.

    或者某些政府立法造成的

  • These are symptoms of the foundational problems.

    這些只是根本問題的表象病症

  • And this is the ultimate realization when it comes to

    當談到你如何看待今天的世界問題時

  • how you look at the problems of the world today.

    這是最終的理解

  • There is a massive superstitious basis out there:

    但有個巨大的誤解迷思

  • It's us against them. That is

    即"我們"要對抗"他們"

  • extremely poisonous to the development

    這對人類的發展是極其有害的

  • because people are constantly looking for someone else to blame

    因為人們總是歸罪於其它人

  • when it's really themselves because they continue to perpetuate

    但其實卻正是他們自己選擇延續

  • the system that creates these things.

    這個造成這些問題的體系

  • The real issue is human behavior.

    真正的問題是人類的行為

  • And human behavior which will be addressed in this presentation specifically

    這次講座將特別講到的是

  • is largely created and reinforced by the social patterns required for survival

    為了在某一時期社會體系下生存所必需的社會模式

  • as necessitated by the social system of a period.

    所產生而強化的人類行為

  • We are products of our society, and the fact is

    我們是自身社會的產物 而事實上

  • it is very foundation of our socio-economic system

    這是我們社會經濟制度的根本基礎

  • and environmental condition which has created

    而且環境條件造成了

  • the sick culture you see around you.

    你周圍看到的病態文化

  • Our current system is based almost exclusively upon human exploitation

    我們當前的體系是幾乎完全基於對人類的剝削

  • resource abuse and abundant waste.

    和對資源的濫用和浪費

  • It is simply what our system does.

    這就是目前系統的"傑作"

  • As far as the infamous "they"

    而那些邪惡的"他們"

  • it is simply another social distortion

    只是由我們的環境

  • culminated and reinforced by our environment.

    所產生和加強的另一種社會扭曲

  • There is no singular "they".

    沒有獨立存在的"他們"

  • In Zeitgeist I, I described "the men behind the curtain"

    在時代精神電影第1集裡 我描述他們為躲在窗簾後面的人

  • to the effect of a specific niche of economics

    厲害到能影響經濟的特定方面

  • the ones that control most government policy, and those are the banks.

    那些控制大多數政府政策的就是銀行

  • Banks have been running things forever

    銀行永遠在一切事的幕後運作

  • but that is still a product. These are still human beings.

    但銀行仍然只是一個產物 內部仍然是由人類組成

  • We are dealing with negative tendencies.

    我們正在處理負面的傾向

  • The "they" syndrome is absolutely obsolete

    "他們"的這種表面病症已完全過時

  • and next time you hear anybody talking about "they"

    下次你聽到有人談論"他們"時

  • please try to correct them. It's a religious mentality:

    請試著去糾正他們這是一種宗教的心態:

  • dualities, good and evil.

    二元論 善與惡

  • The bottom line is that we can spend the rest of our existences

    底線是我們可以利用餘生

  • stomping on the ants that mysteriously wander out from underneath the refrigerator

    去踩那些從冰箱下面神秘遊蕩出來的螞蟻

  • setting traps or laws

    設立陷阱或法律

  • or we can get rid of the spoiled food behind it

    或者打從一開始 就除掉

  • which is causing the infestation to begin with.

    導致這些侵擾的腐爛食物

  • This leads us to Part I: Monetary Dynamics and Its Consequences.

    這使我們來到第一部分:金融貨幣動態及其後果

  • Here's an email I received from a PhD in economics

    這是我在"時代精神:附錄"釋出不久後

  • soon after the release of Zeitgeist Addendum.

    從一位經濟學博士收到的電子郵件

  • "Dear Filmmakers, my son presented me

    "親愛的製片者 上周末我兒子給我看了

  • the first half of your film last weekend and asked me my opinion

    你的影片的前半部分 然後問我

  • on the opening section about the Fractional Reserve lending practices.

    對於開頭部分"部份儲備金"借貸實施的看法

  • I'm a PhD certified economist of 12 years and teach macro-economics.

    我是一位擁有博士學位12年的經濟學家 我教宏觀經濟

  • While I always was cognizant of the creation of money

    雖然我已熟知錢的創造

  • and the sale of government bonds, I had never stepped back far enough

    和政府債券的發售 但我卻從來沒能往後退得夠遠

  • to see the larger issue your film presented.

    來發現你影片中提出的更大問題

  • I find it tremendously disturbing that the creation of value through debt

    我極不安地發現通過債務製造價值

  • is indeed by all formal logic, an imposed condition of deficiency

    從邏輯上講確實是一種強行製造的缺陷

  • and an instigator of public servitude.

    一種公然奴役的煽動者

  • I'm not sure what shocked me more

    我不知道什麼事能使我更為震驚

  • the fact that this is true, or the fact that after the many years of education

    例如上述事實是確切的 或是在教了許多年的經濟學後

  • I have on the subject of economics this reality never even occurred to me."

    我卻從沒想到過這個問題的事實"

  • While it seems counter intuitive to think that a person who should

    雖然這看起來違背常識 但如果你認為一個人

  • by all social standards be an expert in a given field

    在所有社會標準看來是某領域的專家

  • due to their awards and credentials

    只因為他們得到獎項和證書

  • very often especially in the purely intellectual arena

    特別是一些純粹知識性的領域

  • such exposure to set established curriculum

    他們這樣接收既建的課程

  • can really hinder someone's openness in a very powerful way.

    可能會強而有力地阻礙一個人的開放性

  • You become cognitively blocked from new ideas and realizations

    你的舊認知阻礙了新的觀念和實現

  • which, if you're outside of the existing framework that you understand

    若這些新東西在你了解的現存框架之外

  • then you have no chance of even realizing it.

    那你甚至連了解的機會都沒有

  • It has restricted your perception.

    "框架"限制了你的認知

  • Jacque Fresco, who dropped out of school at the age of 14

    14歲從學校輟學的雅克·法斯科

  • has a great example regarding this perceptual point.

    在這個屢試不爽的論點上有一個很棒的例子

  • During the time that the Wright brothers were building a machine that could fly

    當萊特兄弟正在製造能夠飛行的機械時

  • expert physicists and engineers were busy writing books

    物理學專家和工程師專家正忙著寫

  • about how it was impossible for man to ever fly in any meaningful way.

    關於人類不可能以任何有意義的方式飛行的書

  • Apparently, the Wright brothers, who were bicycle mechanics

    顯然 身為自行車機械師的萊特兄弟

  • didn't read those books.

    沒有讀過那些書

  • In other words, creativity will always serve you better than just book smarts.

    換句話說 創造力總是比只有書本知識更有用

  • With that in mind, let's step back and pose a very simple question

    把它記在腦子裡 讓我們後退一步 並就我們

  • about the economic structure we all live in.

    都生活在其中的經濟結構 提出非常簡單的問題

  • What are the lowest common denominators

    用來延續市場經濟的最低普遍標準是什麼?

  • required to perpetuate a market economy?

    用來延續市場經濟的最低普遍標準是什麼?

  • (1) Human labor must be sold as a commodity in the open market.

    (1)在自由市場中 人類勞動力一定要像商品一樣買賣

  • Outside of investment and inheritance nearly all money is obtained

    除了投資和繼承 幾乎所有的金錢

  • through income, and income is derived from wages or profit

    都透過收入獲得 而收入來源於工資或利潤

  • in some form of employment.

    以某種就業的形式

  • Therefore, there must always exist a demand for jobs

    因此 必須總是存在著對工作的需求

  • or the economy cannot operate.

    否則此經濟系統無法運作

  • (2) Money must be continuously transferred

    (2)貨幣必須從一方

  • from one party to another in order to sustain so-called economic growth.

    不斷流通到另一方 以維持所謂的經濟增長

  • This is done through constant or cyclical consumption

    這是透過幾乎社會上的每一個人

  • by virtually everyone in society.

    不斷地循環消費而達成

  • Jobs are entirely contingent upon demand for production in some form.

    工作完全視某些形式的生產需求而定

  • If there's no demand for goods and services

    如果沒有對於商品和服務的需求

  • there will be no demand for labor

    將不會有對於勞動力的需求

  • and hence financial circulation would stop.

    金融流通也會因此跟著停止

  • Needless to say these two aspects of the system

    不用說 這兩個與金融貨幣體系

  • which are intimately connected, are absolutely paramount

    密切相連的兩個方面 對其功能而言

  • to the functionality of the financial system.

    是絕對重要的

  • If either one of them were substantially hindered

    如果其中任何一個嚴重受阻

  • the integrity of the economy would be seriously compromised

    經濟系統的完整性將會嚴重受損

  • or possibly be made entirely obsolete.

    或可能被完全淘汰

  • So given this reality

    因此鑑於此事實

  • let's now hypothetically consider some variables

    現在讓我們假設一些變數

  • which could put these mechanisms in jeopardy.

    可以讓這些機制岌岌可危

  • In the first point, labor [is] sold as a commodity in exchange for money.

    第一點 勞動(是)作為一種商品出售 以換取金錢

  • What if the human labor market became unnecessary

    如果人類的勞動市場 對於產品和服務的生產

  • for the production of goods and services?

    變得不必要了 那會怎麼樣呢?

  • More specifically, what if automation technology and artificial intelligence

    更確切地說 如果自動化科技和人工智慧

  • became advanced enough to allow for the replacement of perhaps

    變得足夠先進並足以允許取代例如

  • 40%, 50%, 60% of the human labor force?

    40% 50% 60%的人類勞動力呢?

  • At what point would such displacement, less employment

    在什麼時候 這種取代人力導致的失業

  • be considered too much for the system's integrity

    會被認為嚴重到影響此體系的完整性

  • and put it into question?

    並成為問題呢?

  • As far as the second point, the need for cyclical consumption

    至於第二點 循環消費的需要

  • what if conditions arose where the circulation of money was severely stifled?

    如果貨幣流通受到嚴重抑制的情況發生呢?

  • In other words, what if people simply did not

    換句話說 如果人們就是不再需要

  • need to continually buy things?

    持續地買東西呢?

  • What if, hypothetically, it was discovered that through

    如果假設人們發現了

  • optimized techniques and resource management design and production

    透過優化科技 資源管理的設計與生產

  • the most commonly purchased goods could either be made obsolete

    那麼最常購買的商品 要麼就會被

  • by larger order renovations

    更大規模的革新淘汰

  • or could have such extreme product efficiency

    要麼可能擁有足夠高的產品效率

  • longevity, and near maintenance-free durability

    足夠長的壽命 近乎免維修的持久性

  • that most items could last a lifetime without replacement or major repair.

    使得這些物品可以用一輩子 而無須更換或大修

  • Of course, this exact idea couldn't be applied to perishable items

    當然 這個想法不適用於易腐壞的物品

  • such as food, but following the same train of thought

    如食物 但按照相同的思路

  • what if the cultivation and production of food was in such ease and abundance

    如果透過科技種植和生產食物是如此輕鬆

  • through technology, obviously, that the supply and demand equation

    並能帶來充裕的物資 那麼很明顯 供需等式

  • made the value of such items utterly negligible.

    將使這些物品的價值完全一文不值

  • To put these points in a different way, let's consider the classic economic

    為了用不同方式說明這些論點 讓我們考慮古典經濟學中

  • concept of "theory of value".

    關於"價值理論"的概念

  • Everything in society, theoretically, is given a value

    社會的一切在理論上都從兩個方面

  • based on two considerations.

    被賦予一個價值

  • The scarcity or availability of the materials used

    使用材料的匱乏程度或可得性

  • and the amount of human labor required to produce a good or service.

    和生產商品和服務所需的人力勞動程度

  • If material scarcity, both in terms of resource availability

    如果資源容易獲得

  • and quality was not the issue

    且數量不成問題

  • and human labor was not required to create a good or administer a service

    且不需要人力勞動去製造商品或管理服務

  • then there would technically be no value.

    那嚴格來講就沒有"價值"

  • As most of you in this room probably already understand

    在這房間裡的大部分人 大概已經瞭解

  • one of the greatest realizations of Jacque Fresco and the Venus Project

    雅克·法斯科和維納斯計劃最大的目標之一

  • which should be one of the greatest realizations

    這將成為最偉大的成就之一

  • for the whole of humanity at this point in time

    對於此時此刻的全人類來說

  • is that neither of the scenarios presented are hypothetical.

    就是展現這些願景並不只是空想

  • Human beings are indeed being replaced

    人類的確正在被取代

  • [or] becoming obsolete in the labor force

    [或]成為過時的勞動力

  • due to advancements in production technology.

    由於生產科技的進步

  • Likewise, powerful new design advancements in production efficiency

    同樣的 在生產效率和資源管理上強大的

  • and resource management reveal the profound possibility

    新設計的進步 揭示了

  • of relative global abundance and peek product efficiency.

    全球資源充裕和最高生產效率的無限可能性

  • This can be proven through statistical analysis

    這可以透過統計分析

  • and the inferential extrapolation of historical trends.

    和從歷史趨勢導出的推斷來證明

  • Obviously the corporations aren't out there telling you this.

    顯然 企業財團不會在那裡告訴你這個

  • You have to dig much deeper to find this information.

    你必須更深入地去尋找到這些訊息

  • When it comes to production automation capabilities, today specifically

    尤其當談到今日的自動化生產能力時

  • the first thing to consider is a statistical evaluation

    首先要考慮的是對於被稱呼為

  • of a phenomenon called technological unemployment.

    "科技性失業"這個現象的統計評估

  • Technological unemployment, which is the unemployment

    科技性失業就是

  • caused by the use of machines as vehicles of labor

    機械作為勞動工具而造成的失業

  • has continually and systematically forced relevant numbers of people

    已在過去300年裡持續和系統性地

  • out of every single new emerging sector for the past 300 years.

    迫使許多相關人士離開了每個新興的就業領域

  • Our current employment market is basically broken into three sectors:

    我們目前的就業市場基本上分為三個部分:

  • Agriculture (including mining and fishing)

    農業(包括採礦和捕撈)

  • Manufacturing (tangible goods) and Service (intangible goods).

    製造(實物)和服務(無形物品)

  • As a near universal social progression

    作為一種近乎普遍的社會進步

  • all societies tend to follow the same developmental path

    所有的社會傾向於遵循同樣的發展路徑

  • which takes them from a reliance on agriculture and extraction

    把人們對於農業的依賴

  • towards the development of manufacturing, which is automobiles

    朝向於製造業的發展 包括汽車業

  • textiles, ship building, steel

    紡織業 船舶業 建築業 鋼鐵業

  • and finally towards a more service-based system.

    並最終迎來更服務導向的系統

  • Naturally, the only reason some countries are farther behind

    然而 一些國家在這個過程中

  • in this process than others has to do with the affordability

    遠遠落後其它國家的唯一原因

  • of the technology required to make it move to the next level.

    與前進到下一階段所需的可得科技能力有關

  • It's irrespective of social system or political disposition

    作為一種科學進步 這與社會制度

  • as a scientific progression.

    以及政治安排無關

  • Let's consider this phenomenon using the United States as a proxy.

    讓我們考慮一下這種現象 拿美國舉例

  • The United States is where a lot of my data comes from

    我的很多數據來自美國

  • but please note that this can be applied to any economy.

    但請注意 這種方式可應用於任何經濟體

  • In 1860, 60% of Americans worked in the agricultural sector.

    在1860年 60%的美國人曾經在農業部門工作

  • However today, due to advancements in machinery and automation, less than 1% [do].

    然而今天 由於先進的機械設備和自動化 人數不到1%(做)

  • Fortunately those technological advancements also gave a rise

    幸運的是這些技術進步也孕育了

  • to an emerging Industrial Revolution

    一次新興的工業革命

  • and by 1950, 33% were employed in the factory-based manufacturing sector.

    到1950年 33%的人被工廠導向的製造業僱傭

  • As of now, due to continual advancements in machine automation

    從現在開始 由於機械自動化的持續發展

  • it is less than 8%.

    製造業人數小於8%

  • So considering that only roughly 9%...

    所以考慮到只有大約9%…

  • (there's probably a few percent leeway depending on the analysis you use)

    (可能有幾個百分點的餘地 由你採用的分析方法決定結論)

  • There's only 9% of Americans working in agriculture and manufacturing now.

    現在只有9%的美國人從事農業和製造業

  • Where did everybody else go? [They went to] the service sector.

    其它人都去哪裡? [他們進入了]服務業

  • The only thing that has saved the US labor market after the technological renovation

    在農業和製造業部門的技術革新後 唯一一件

  • of the agricultural and manufacturing sectors is flight to the service industry.

    挽救了美國勞動力市場的事 就是人們進入了服務業

  • From 1950 to 2002

    從1950到2002年

  • US employment in the service sector went from 59% to 82%.

    美國服務業的就業人數從59%提高到82%

  • The service sector is the dominant employer of Americans today

    如同所有工業化國家一樣 在今日美國人的就業中

  • along with all industrialized countries.

    服務業佔主導地位

  • Of course, this begs the question:

    當然 不禁要問:

  • Is this sector insusceptible to the wrath of technological unemployment?

    這個服務業部門不會受科技性失業的摧殘嗎?

  • Of course [it is] not.

    當然不是

  • With the advent and increasing of versatile computer technologies

    隨著多功能電腦技術的出現和增加

  • we are seeing job displacement once again. This time in all service industries.

    我們正再次目睹工作被取代 這次是整個服務業

  • The replacement of tellers and cashiers with kiosks

    出納員和收銀員被自助服務機取代

  • the use of automated voice systems for phone service...

    使用自動語音系統的電話服務…

  • The Internet has completely redefined retail

    網際網路已完全重新定義了"零售"

  • not to mention full kiosk systems in physical market places

    更別提實體市場中的完整自助服務機系統

  • advanced food-prep machines, and even research done by automation these days.

    先進的食物預備機械 甚至自動操作來進行研究

  • As economist Steven Roach has warned "The service sector has lost

    如同經濟學家史蒂芬·羅奇所警告的 "服務業已經失去了

  • its role as America's unbridled engine of job creation."

    其作為創造美國無限就業機會的引擎角色"

  • As a unique example, in Germany, the first completely automated restaurant

    一個獨特的例子位於德國 那裡出現了第一間完全自動化運作的餐廳

  • is in operation. It uses kiosks for ordering and payment.

    該廳餐使用了自助服務機械來點菜和付款

  • The food is served by a fully mechanized system.

    餐點由完全機械化的系統遞送

  • There is zero wait staff.

    完全沒有服務人員

  • There's no reason that this idea

    所以沒有理由認為

  • could not be done with every single eating establishment in the world.

    這種想法不能在世上任何一家餐館中實現

  • In fact, if one was to think creatively about the application of technology...

    事實上 如果一個人對於科技的應用有創意性的思考...

  • In isolation, you see pockets of things

    若隔離孤立來看 你會看到一堆東西

  • where you see a news report about a certain technology

    像是你會看到新聞報導特定的科技

  • that can do certain things. If you were to apply those creatively

    可以做到特定的事情 但如果你能有創意地運用這些科技

  • I don't see how 90% of the entire service industry

    我看不出整個90%的服務業

  • couldn't be wiped out tomorrow.

    為何不能在明天消失的理由

  • The only reason it hasn't been done is because the focus of society

    唯一尚未實現的理由是 當涉及到社會進步時

  • is backwards when it comes to social progress.

    社會的關注焦點都是落後的

  • To illustrate this point more so

    為了更進一步闡述這個論點

  • let's stop thinking about technology in terms of unemployment

    讓我們先暫停思考科技對失業的影響

  • and consider it from the angle of productivity.

    而反過來從生產力的角度考慮

  • The most incredible relationship of all of this

    整件事最不可思議的關係是

  • is that the more technological unemployment increases

    科技造成的失業情況越嚴重

  • the more productive things become.

    生產力卻變得越高

  • In the G-7 advanced industrialized countries

    在全球7大先進的工業化國家中

  • employment in manufacturing has been dropping

    製造業的就業人數一直在下降

  • but manufacturing output has been rising. Here's the chart.

    但製造業的輸出卻一直在上升 圖表在這裡

  • I think it's quite profound.

    我認為這意義相當重大

  • I love this:

    我喜歡這個:

  • "The truth is that the US manufacturing is doing quite well

    "事實是美國製造業在各方面

  • in every way except the number of people it employs.

    表現一直都相當好 除了就業人數以外

  • Furthermore, a few economists would judge the health or sickness

    此外 一些經濟學家會僅僅從就業的情況

  • of any industry based solely on employment.

    來判斷任何產業的好壞狀況

  • By that standard, agriculture has been the sickest industry of all

    以此標準而言 農業在所有產業中一直都是最病入膏肓的

  • for decades because employment has declined.

    因為數十年來就業人數已經下降

  • Although farm productivity rose dramatically in the past century.

    雖然農業生產力在上世紀驚人地提升了

  • Industrial health is better measured by output

    但產業的好壞狀況最好還是用輸出

  • productivity, profitability and wages."

    生產力 收益性和薪資來衡量"

  • The person is completely forgetting one universal thing:

    但這位仁兄完全忘記了一件常識:

  • If human laborers are displaced, they cannot obtain purchasing power.

    如果人類勞工被機械取代 他們就不能獲得購買力

  • If they cannot obtain purchasing power they cannot

    如果他們不能獲得購買力 他們就不能

  • fuel the economy by consumption.

    藉由消費來刺激經濟發展

  • On that level it doesn't matter how productive we are.

    在這個層面上 這與我們生產力有多高無關

  • No one can buy anything.

    因為沒人可以買任何東西

  • The phenomenon has been termed by some theorists as

    這個現象已被某些理論家稱為

  • "the contradiction of capitalism"

    "資本主義的內在矛盾"

  • for not only is the obsolescence of the human labor force

    因為不止淘汰了過時的人力

  • the obsolescence of the consumer

    淘汰了消費者本身

  • the high level of output generated by technological efficiency

    而且由科技效率所產生的高水準輸出

  • makes the corporate motivation to pursue such advanced means very strong.

    也讓企業財團有非常強烈的動機 去追求如此先進的生產方法

  • Even though it is economically self-defeating over time.

    即使這件事隨著時間推移會擊垮經濟本身

  • In other words, regardless of the level of productivity

    換句話說 不論生產力的水準為何

  • if people don't have jobs, they can't buy anything.

    如果人們沒有工作 他們就不能買任何東西

  • This very fact alone that productivity is inverse to employment

    在所有的部門中 光是生產力的高低

  • in all sectors, should be enough to want

    與就業人數呈相反的這個事實

  • a deliberate shift from the focus of human labor to a system

    就應足以讓人認真考慮 從專注於人力勞動

  • where technology is given the highest priority.

    轉換為科技優先的體系

  • The system is literally denying peak production.

    目前的體系從字面上看就是在否定最大生產力

  • In a world where one billion are starving

    世界上有十億人口正在挨餓

  • I think that's extremely despotic

    我認為這是極端暴虐的

  • and this brings us to one of the most profound points of this talk:

    這點帶領我們至這場講座中最為深刻的論點之一:

  • the social intent.

    即社會的意圖

  • Should the focus of society be to create and preserve jobs

    社會的焦點應該是創造並保留工作

  • or should the focus of society be to maximize production

    或應該聚焦在將生產力最大化

  • and create abundance?

    並創造富足?

  • It is either one direction or the other. You can't have both.

    我們只能二選一 魚與熊掌不可兼得

  • Sadly, what you are seeing in the world today is

    可悲的是 今日你在世界上看到的

  • the deliberate withholding of social efficiency

    卻是故意抑制社會的生產效率

  • for the sake of preserving the status quo.

    只為了維持現狀

  • I say that again because I want you guys to use that:

    我再這麼說一次 因為我想要各位知道:

  • The deliberate withholding of social efficiency

    故意抑制社會的生產效率

  • is what our system does.

    正是我們目前社會體系的作為

  • The main reason outside of employment pressures that you do not see

    關於失業的壓力 各位沒有看到的主要理由是因為

  • technology being liberally used for all purposes imaginable

    科技正在被大量應用於所有可以想像到的用途

  • including the generation of food, energy and material abundance

    包括生產食物 能源和物質上的富足

  • is because our financial system is based entirely

    這點被忽略是因為我們的金融體系

  • on perpetuation of scarcity and inefficiency.

    完全是基於持續的匱乏和低落的效率

  • Why? Because it is most self-preserving and profitable.

    為什麼? 因為這樣才最能維持自身的存續和獲利

  • If a company makes a car that can last 60 years

    如果一家公司製造出一台 可以使用60年的汽車

  • without service and also runs

    而且還不需要維修

  • without the need of perpetual refueling for battery power

    也不需要一直填充電池動力的燃料

  • the after-market value of that car is virtually zero

    那麼那台汽車售後服務的市場價值 實際上就為零

  • and billions of dollars would be lost over time

    而且數十億美元 將隨著時間流逝而損失

  • due to the now obsolete consumer, all in auto-service market industry.

    因為到時侯的汽車服務行業中 消費者將會被淘汰

  • This could happen right now, again. Why doesn't it?

    再說一次 這現在就能實現 但為何未實現呢?

  • Because the economic system literally couldn't work

    因為如果將其關注焦點轉向最佳效率的話

  • if it shifted its focus towards optimum efficiency.

    我們的經濟體系實際上就無法運作了

  • Our entire system in an economic sense is based on constriction.

    從經濟角度而言 我們的整個體系基於限制緊縮之上

  • Scarcity and inefficiencies are the movers of money.

    匱乏和低效率是金錢的驅動燃科

  • The more there is of any one resource, the less you can charge for it.

    任何一種資源的儲備量越大 你能從中收取的費用就越少

  • The more problems there are, the more opportunities

    相對地 問題越多

  • there are to make money. This reality is a social disease

    賺錢的機會就越多 這種現實是一種社會疾病

  • for people can actually gain off the misery of others

    因為人們實際上可以靠別人的苦難

  • and the destruction of the environment. It's called a moral hazard

    和破壞環境發財 這種現象在保險業裡面

  • in the insurance industry. The whole system is moral hazard.

    被稱作道德危機 事實上目前整個體系都充滿了道德危機

  • Efficiency, abundance and sustainability are enemies

    效率 富足和永續性是我們經濟結構的天敵

  • of our economic structure for they are inverse to the mechanics

    因為它們與維持消費水準所需的機制

  • required to perpetuate consumption.

    背道而馳

  • This is profoundly critical to understand for once you put this together

    理解這點是很重要的 因為一旦你把這些聯繫起來

  • you begin to see that the one billion people

    你就會開始看到 目前這顆星球上

  • currently starving on this planet

    正在挨餓的十億人口

  • the endless slums of the poor, and all the horrors

    無盡的貧民窟 所有文化中

  • in the culture due to poverty and depravity are not natural phenomena

    由於貧窮和剝奪所生的全部慘狀 都不是自然現象

  • due to some natural human order or lack of earthly resources.

    不是因為某些自然的人類秩序或地球資源的缺乏

  • They are products of the creation, perpetuation

    而是人為創造的產物 去延續

  • and preservation of artificial scarcity and inefficiency.

    和維持人為的匱乏和低效率

  • To add insult to injury, this scarcity is not only perpetuated

    說得更難聽一些 這種匱乏不只在消費者

  • in the markets of consumer goods and services

    購買物品和服務的市場中被延續下來

  • but also manifests in a way which influences

    而且其表現方式也影響了

  • the behavior of the whole of society

    整個社會的行為

  • through making sure that even money itself

    甚至經由確保金錢本身

  • is perpetually limited in supply.

    在供給中也一直都是有限量的

  • As denoted in Zeitgeist Addendum, the Central Banks of the world

    如同"時代精神:附錄"中所說明的 世界上的中央銀行

  • almost all create money out of debt, through loans.

    幾乎都是透過貸款而從債務中創造金錢

  • These loans are produced with interest

    這些創造出來的貸款帶有利息

  • yet only the principal is created in the money supply

    然而只有本金是在原本的金錢供應中被創造

  • creating a perpetual deficit in supply.

    因此會在金錢供應中不斷創造赤字

  • The debts generated by these loans

    這些貸款所產生的債務

  • serve as virtual prison cells for the average citizen

    實際上對於一般市民而言 其作用就是監獄

  • keeping them willing to work off their debt

    使他們願意工作清償他們的債務

  • putting them in a perpetual state of obligation.

    使人們永遠處於負擔還債義務的地位

  • There's a word for that. It's called slavery, debt slavery.

    有一個字來描述這種現象:奴隸 債務奴隸

  • The money isn't real. The interest sure isn't real.

    金錢不是真實的 利息不是真實的

  • The debt is not real. The whole thing is an illusion.

    債務不是真實的 整件事是個幻象騙局

  • The whole world today is now stuck in the illusion

    今日整個世界現在都被困在這個幻象之中

  • that there isn't enough money to do this or that.

    即沒有錢做這件事或那件事

  • 98% of the countries in the world

    世界上98%的國家

  • are actually in debt to other countries and banks.

    實際上都欠其它國家或銀行債務

  • As of 2009, it's been confirmed that the world

    從2009年開始 已證實世界

  • is in a state of recession, which basically means

    是處於衰退的狀態 這基本上表示

  • massive monetary contraction.

    大規模的金融貨幣緊縮

  • In other words, the whole world is somehow short on cash.

    換句話說 整個世界不知道怎麼搞的竟缺現金

  • Am I the only one who finds this absolutely unbelievable?

    我是唯一發現這件事絕對不可置信的人嗎?

  • This stupidity is not only unbelievable, it's deadly.

    這種愚蠢不只無法置信 同時也是致命的

  • The market and financial system as we know it

    我們所知的市場和金融體系

  • is diametrically opposed to development of peak efficiency

    完全與最高效率的發展方向相反

  • in order to perpetuate profit in the established order.

    只是為了延續既建秩序中的利潤

  • What is peak efficiency?

    什麼是最高效率?

  • The highest form of technical efficiency known at a time.

    即某個時間點上 已知的最高的科技效率形式

  • Not the highest form of efficiency that is affordable

    不是"可負擔得起"的最高效率形式

  • but the highest form of efficiency that is actually possible.

    而是實際上可能達到的最高效率形式

  • The question has never been "Do we have the money?"

    問題從來都不會是"我們有錢嗎?"

  • The question has always been "Do we have the resources

    真正的問題一直都會是"我們有資源

  • and technical understandings to make it happen?"

    和技術上的知識理解來使其成真嗎?"

  • That is all that has ever mattered.

    這才是任何時刻都最重要的

  • Now, given all of this

    既然理解了這點

  • it's easy to see how the public today finds it difficult

    就能簡單地看出來 為何今日的大眾

  • to assume that technology can provide abundance and peak efficiency

    去設想科技可以提供富足和最高效率是困難的

  • for there's very little in their day-to-day life that clearly illustrates this point.

    因為在他們的日常生活中 幾乎根本沒有實例能清楚說明此論點

  • Everything around them reinforces the idea

    人們生活週遭的每件事 強化了一個概念

  • that scarcity in the world today is a natural problem.

    即今日世界上的匱乏問題是一種自然現象

  • Why? Because the pursuit of profit by industry always inherently limits

    為什麼? 因為產業對於利潤的追求 先天上就總會限制

  • the quality of design for the sake of monetary preservation.

    設計的品質 以為了金融貨幣上的存續

  • If a company wants to be competitive in the marketplace

    如果一家公司想在市場中有競爭力

  • they must find a balance between quality and cost

    那就一定要在品質和成本之間找到平衡

  • invariably denying quality.

    這樣總是會犧牲品質

  • It is impossible for a company to produce a product

    對一間公司而言 不可能生產出一件產品

  • with peak efficiency by the very nature of the game.

    能擁有最高效率 因為此遊戲的本質就是如此

  • It would be too expensive to afford.

    追求最高效率會成本太貴而無法負擔

  • This is one reason why there is so much unhealthy food

    這就是為何我們的體系中 有如此多的垃圾食物

  • and trash goods in our system.

    和廢物的理由之一

  • When you consider the majority of people in society today

    當你思考今日社會中的大多數人們

  • our lower middle class and below, you realize that the corporations

    即中產階級及更低階層的人 你會瞭解到

  • must reduce their production costs to meet the terms

    企業財團一定要降低它們的生產成本以滿足

  • of the affordability of the predominant demographic of the culture.

    這個文化中主要人口能負擔得起的條件

  • I live in Brooklyn, New York, in an area that is very very poor.

    我住在紐約布魯克林 在一個非常非常貧窮的區域裡

  • Within a six-block radius of my apartment

    在我公寓六個街口的半徑範圍內

  • there are five of these 99-cent stores.

    有五家這種99分美元的便宜商店

  • These are stores which sell products from the cheapest possible materials

    這些商店銷售的產品 都是從盡可能最便宜的材料

  • and lowest possible efficiency that could ever be manufactured.

    和隨時都盡可能最低效率的製程中生產的

  • It's junk! Stuff that should have never been created to begin with.

    都是廢物! 都是一開始本來不應該造出來的東西

  • Why is it there?

    那為何還在呢?

  • Because the people can't afford anything else.

    因為人們買不起其它東西

  • Why can't they afford anything else? Because the market system also creates

    為何人們買不起其它東西? 因為這個市場體系也創造

  • and perpetuates social stratification

    並維護社會階級的分層

  • and the poor must exist in order for the rich to exist.

    窮人一定要為了富人而存在

  • Therefore, the level of product efficiency today

    因此 今日產品效率的水準

  • is artificially and directly proportional

    是人為地且直接成比例於

  • to the purchasing power of a target demographic.

    目標人口的購買力

  • Therefore, generally speaking, one's perception of quality

    因此一般而言 一個人對品質的概念

  • is often only as good as their socio-economic status.

    通常只與人們的社會和經濟狀態相等而已

  • The quality of goods are stratified, just as the social classes are.

    物品的品質被劃分等級 就如同社會階級一樣

  • The result is outrageous amounts of resource waste.

    結果是大量資源的無端浪費

  • In the world that claims to be growing more and more concerned

    世界上宣稱有越來越多令人擔心的

  • about environmental issues, resource supplies

    環境問題 資源供應問題

  • man-made atmospheric changes and pollution, I find it fascinating

    人為的氣侯改變和污染 但讓我興味盎然的是

  • that no one is talking about the most consistent destroyer of ecology

    沒有人在談論最堅定的生態毀滅者

  • and the most continuous waster of natural resources there is:

    最持續的自然資源浪費者就是:

  • the pursuit of profit.

    追求利潤

  • Capitalism is based on the free-pursuit of profit

    資本主義奠基於藉由任何必要手段

  • by whatever means necessary.

    去自由追求利潤

  • I was in a cab coming here and the cab-driver made a great comment.

    我在來這裡的路上 計程車司機下了一個很好的評論

  • He was describing something along the lines of business he was conducting.

    他在描述一些他正在進行的生意事項

  • He said "Yeah, there's no friends in business."

    他說:"沒錯 生意上不會有朋友的"

  • And he's absolutely right. I'm going to be using that one too.

    他完全正確 我也將利用這點說明

  • Capitalism is based entirely on the free pursuit of profit

    資本主義完全是奠基於自由追求利潤

  • by whatever means necessary. It is a gaming strategy

    藉由任何必要手段 這是賭博性質的策略

  • and nothing more. The irresponsibility it enables

    再也沒別的了 它允許不負責任的行為

  • by its central philosophy of self-interest is profound.

    因為其自私自利的中心哲學是深刻有力的

  • And while there are many angles at this, let's stay with the point at hand:

    儘管有許多角度可探討 但就讓我們用手邊的論點來說吧:

  • The deliberate production of inferior products.

    即故意生產劣等的次級產品

  • Think about it. It is as environmentally illogical as it can be.

    想想看 這點在環保邏輯上也同樣不合理

  • There is no reason to ever create a product that is deliberately low in efficiency.

    任何時刻都沒有理由去故意創造無效率的產品

  • This simply means faster break down, faster obsolescence

    這樣做只會造成毀損更快 淘汰更快

  • more duplicate production and many times more waste and pollution

    更多的重複生產和更多倍的浪費和污染

  • than would be required if the goal was to simply optimize products

    如果目標是單純地優化產品 就不會比必要的代價更嚴重

  • based on the most current technological awareness of the day.

    因為其基礎會是當代最先進的技術知識理解

  • And this leads us to the final topic of this section: Market Mythology.

    而這一點帶領我們至這部份最後的主題:市場迷思

  • So far we've talked about the structural mechanics of the system

    到目前為止 我們已談論了關於這個體系的結構機制

  • pointing out the inherent contradictions and problems.

    指出其固有的內在矛盾和問題

  • As of now, through the overpowering growth in science and technology

    但從現在起 經由科學和科技壓倒性力量的成長

  • the monetary system can be considered structurally obsolete

    金融貨幣體系的結構可被視為過時了

  • serving only as a paralyzing hindrance of social progress

    其作用只會癱瘓並阻礙社會進步

  • not to mention a destroyer of trust, human trust in the environment.

    更別提破壞了社會環境中人類的信賴關係

  • That's a whole different topic in and of itself.

    這又是另一個不同的主題了

  • Unfortunately, the social indoctrination within the market system

    不幸地 市場體系中的社會價值觀灌輸

  • has created a mentality which blindly supports the social dogma

    已創造了一種心理狀態 盲目地支持著社會上的教條

  • regardless of what we have touched upon.

    而不談論我們已提過的論點

  • The identity relationships are simply too strong.

    "認同"或"認可"目前社會關係的力量就是強大

  • In many ways, it's like a religion. Taking away the belief

    許多方面而言 就像一種宗教

  • in the market system is like taking away someone's belief in God

    把市場體系中的信念拿掉 就如同一個人失去對神的信仰

  • for it challenges who they are.

    因為這挑戰了人們本身的身份認同

  • When you're a little kid, you pull on your mother's pants.

    當你是小孩時 你會拉著母親的褲子

  • You want candy and she might say: "No, we can't afford that".

    你想要糖果 然後她可能會說:"不 我們買不起"

  • It's this instant indoctrination of the monetary system

    就是這種即時的金融貨幣體系灌輸

  • from the earliest form of life because obviously

    從一出生就開始了 因為很明顯

  • your parents are always struggling to a certain degree.

    你的父母總是掙扎到某種程度

  • It becomes absolutely built in to your psychology

    這種狀況完全內建至你的心理中

  • not to mention that those that have successfully acquired

    更別提那些已成功獲得

  • a great deal of wealth...

    大量財富的人...

  • They will almost always be inclined to tell you that "the system is great".

    你會發現那些事實上是非常富有的人

  • That's just the nature of behavioral reinforcement.

    他們幾乎都會傾向於告訴你"這個體系棒透了"

  • The three most dominant of these psychological indoctrinations

    因為這就是行為鞏固的本質

  • that I want to talk about are the notions of property

    這些心理灌輸之中 其中三個

  • incentive and associations with freedom of choice.

    我最想要談論的觀念是財產

  • Starting with property:

    動機 選擇的自由

  • The capitalist economy is founded on the very idea of exchanging property

    從財產開始:

  • in the markets. Even your labor is a form of property in a sense.

    資本主義式的經濟 最根本的概念是在市場中交換財產

  • The world that we know is so bound up in the process of buying and selling

    即使你的勞動某種程度上就是一種財產形式

  • that most of us can't imagine any other way of functioning human affairs.

    我們所知的世界是如此被束縛於買賣的過程之中

  • Property is often associated with so-called "rights" as well.

    所以大部份的人 無法想像任何其它使人類事務運作的方式

  • We use a legal system to protect our property

    財產通常也與所謂的"權利"互相連結

  • and if anyone interferes with what is mine

    我們利用法律體系來保護我們的財產

  • their freedom can possibly be taken away.

    如果任何人干擾到我的所有物

  • In fact, there's even an entire industry which is there to tell you

    他們的自由可能就要被奪走

  • what the best property there is to own. It's called advertising, of course.

    事實上 甚至有一整個產業在那裡告訴你

  • Yet, with all of this obsession over property, very few ask the question:

    要去擁有什麼才是最好的財產 當然 這被稱為廣告

  • "Why do we have property to begin with?"

    然而儘管伴隨著這些對於財產的迷戀 但卻幾乎沒有人問:

  • The answer is simple: It's scarcity.

    "我們一開始為何要有財產?"

  • Property is an outgrowth of scarcity.

    答案很簡單:因為"匱乏"

  • The farther we go back in time the more difficult and time-consuming it was

    財產是"匱乏"的產物

  • for people to create tools or extract a resource.

    我們時間上回溯得越遠 創造工具或擷取資源對人們而言

  • They, in turn, protected it because it had an immense value relative

    就益發困難和費時

  • to the labor entailed along with the possible scarcity associated.

    人們反過來會保護所有物 因為相對於所需的勞動

  • People claim ownership because it is a legal form of protection.

    以及可能產生的"匱乏" 物品擁有巨大的價值

  • Property is not an American or free-enterprise or capitalist idea.

    人們宣稱所有權 因為這是保護的法律形式

  • It is an ancient mental perspective necessitated from generations of scarcity.

    財產不是一種美國或自由企業或資本主義式的概念

  • If there isn't scarcity, rationale for property

    它是一種古老的心理觀點 而世代以來的"匱乏" 使其成為必要

  • becomes an irrelevant issue.

    如果沒有"匱乏" 財產的基本存在理由

  • Let's move on to the idea of incentive.

    就變得無關緊要

  • As the theory goes, the need profit provides a person or organization

    讓我們往下討論"激勵動機"的概念

  • with a motivation to work on new ideas and products

    理論有云:對於利潤的需求 提供了個人或組織

  • that would sell on the market place.

    一個動機 去從事新想法和製造新產品

  • In other words, the assumption is that if technology replaced humans

    以便能在市場上販賣

  • in the workforce and abundance could be created

    換句話說 這種假設是如果科技取代了人力

  • then people would just have no motivation to do anything socially relevant.

    並創造了富足

  • "No monetary incentive, no progress" is the idea.

    那麼人們就會沒有動機 去做任何與社會相關的事務

  • There are two glaring issues with this assumption:

    "沒有金融貨幣的激勵動機就沒有進步"是關鍵概念

  • The first is that it's entirely based on projected values

    但此假設有兩個明顯的問題:

  • and the values are almost entirely based on culture.

    第一個是它完全基於預先投射的價值觀

  • Nikola Tesla, Louis Pasteur, Charles Darwin, and The Wright Brothers

    而這種價值觀幾乎完全基於文化灌輸

  • Albert Einstein and Isaac Newton did not make their massive contributions

    尼古拉·特斯拉 路易·巴斯德 查爾斯·達爾文和萊特兄弟

  • to society because of material self-interest.

    阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦和艾薩克·牛頓 都不是因為物質上的自利

  • Did Martin Luther King walk down the street in Birmingham, Alabama

    才對社會作出偉大的貢獻

  • while a bunch of racists threw rocks at his head

    馬丁·路德·金走在阿拉巴馬州伯明罕的街道上

  • because he was on his way to cash a check?

    當一群種族主義者朝他的頭丟石頭時

  • If the incentive motivation theory held true

    這會是因為他要去銀行兌現支票嗎?

  • then you would see no volunteerism in the world today.

    如果傳統的激勵動機理論是真實的

  • Amazingly, in the 1992 US Gallup Poll, it was found that more than 50%

    那麼你就看不到今日世界上的志工精神

  • of American adults volunteered time with no pay for social causes

    令人驚訝的是 在1992年美國的蓋洛普民調之中

  • on an average of 4.2 hours a week

    發現超過50%的美國成人 平均一個星期花上4.2個小時 無償為了社會理想

  • for a total of 20.5 billion hours a year.

    而志願付出時間奉獻

  • This is pretty amazing, especially with a lack of social capital

    每年總時數高達205億小時

  • in a place like the United States which is the most powerful free-market

    這是相當驚人的 特別是在美國這種

  • country there is. The ideology is the most ingrained.

    缺乏社會資本的地方 也是最蓬勃的自由市場和國家

  • I find that to be pretty incredible.

    其中傳統意識型態是最根深蒂固的

  • Even with the sickness of self-interest, generated by the monetary system

    所以我覺得這點相當難以置信

  • even with this sickness, humans still strive to help each other

    但即使伴隨著由金融貨幣體系產生的自私病態

  • and give to society without reward.

    即使有這種病態現象 人類卻仍然努力幫忙彼此

  • What's even more amazing is that the poor and the middle class

    並無償奉獻投身於社會

  • are more likely to volunteer than the wealthy.

    甚至更驚人的是 窮人和中產階級

  • Think about that. These are the people that have the least amount of money.

    比起富人更可能去當志工

  • It makes you understand the cultural and psychological nuances

    想想這點吧 這些人是最沒有錢的人

  • that are created: The more money you get, the more diseased

    這點使各位瞭解到 文化和心理上的細微差別

  • you might possibly become. It's a fascinating phenomenon.

    是創造出來的:你賺到越多錢

  • The second thing to consider is that while it is true

    你可能就越病態 這是個有趣的現象

  • that useful inventions and methods do come

    第二件要考慮的事情是

  • from the motivation for personal gain, the intent behind those creations

    雖然有用的發明和方法 確實會從

  • has nothing to do with human or social concern

    為了個人獲利這個動機而誕生 但這些創造的背後意圖

  • for the incentive goal is not to improve humanity but to make money.

    卻可能與人類或社會關懷無關

  • There is a massive disconnect, and as we have denoted thoroughly

    因為動機的目標不是為了改善人類 而是為了賺錢

  • the very means by which money is obtained in our system

    這裡有巨大的鴻溝 而且如同我們已徹底指出的

  • is counter to social progress fundamentally

    從我們的體系中獲得金錢的根本方式

  • for it is based on the deliberate withholding of efficiency.

    本質上是與社會進步相違背的

  • And, by the way, I haven't even addressed the traditional corruption

    因為效率是被蓄意限制壓抑的

  • that we see occurring on a daily basis based and derived

    順便說一句 我甚至還沒提到那些我們每天

  • from this incentive for income which spreads like a malignant cancer

    都看得到的傳統腐敗 這些都衍生自

  • of an indifferent self-interest

    為了獲得收入這個動機 冷漠的自私自利

  • from product dishonesty, murder, fraud, theft, slave labor

    就像惡性腫瘤一樣傳播開來

  • outsourcing, price fixing, monopolistic collusion, redundant waste

    像是劣質產品 謀殺 詐騙 偷盜 奴役

  • environmental exploitation, illegal taxation

    外包 價格壟斷 壟斷勾結 多餘的浪費

  • institutional theft, societal indifference, imposed psychological distortions

    環境剝削 非法課稅

  • or advertising, and of course, the sickest monetary incentive

    制度性竊取 社會冷漠 強加的心理扭曲

  • ever created, war!

    或廣告 當然 史上最病態的金融貨幣激勵動機

  • That is the reality of the monetary incentive.

    就是戰爭!

  • And the final myth for now: The Freedom of Choice.

    這就是金融貨幣激勵動機的現實

  • The free market is very persuasive for most people

    然後還有最後一個迷思:"選擇的自由"

  • because it appears that the possibilities are endless

    對大多數人而言 自由市場是非常有說服力的

  • and that they, the individuals, have limitless choices.

    因為看起來好像有無限的可能性

  • People witness the vast stratification of goods and services

    人們因此認為 個人有無限的選擇餘地

  • portrayed by the media and advertising and think that since

    在媒體與廣告的宣傳下 人們見識到了

  • the options just exist in abstraction

    各種產品和服務的衍生 並且認為

  • it has some form of relevance to the freedom of the individual.

    既然這種選擇權是抽象的

  • They can walk into a store and choose between 25 kinds of detergent

    它便與個人自由有了某種聯繫

  • and 75 kinds of sugar-coated cereal

    人們可以走進商店選擇25種洗滌劑

  • yet they turn a blind eye with the fact that their lives are managed by

    或75種塗糖麥片

  • on average, two political parties.

    卻無視他們的生活被兩個政黨

  • They pay no attention to the reality that 40%

    操弄的事實

  • of the world's wealth is owned by 1% of the population

    他們沒注意到

  • and thus 99% of the world's people will never obtain

    世上40%的財富由1%的人佔有

  • the luxuries afforded by the 1%.

    因此99%的人將永遠無法享受

  • More specifically, everyone seems oblivious to the reality

    那1%的人承擔得起的奢侈

  • that nearly every day of your life, you are forced by the obligation

    更進一步講 多數人似乎都沒發現

  • of mere survival and, of course, debt which is imposed

    每天的生活幾乎都被單純的

  • into a private dictatorship

    生存負擔所壓迫 當然 加諸於身上的債務

  • where most of your decisions are controlled by those on the next

    就像私人的獨裁

  • artificially created hierarchical degree

    其中各位大部份的決定都被那些

  • the next larger hierarchical degree.

    處於人造的更高階級

  • It's amazing to me when you talk to economists

    以及再更高階級的人控制

  • and they say "Well, people have a choice of where they work."

    令我震驚的是當你與經濟學家談話時

  • They only have a choice of where they work within a specific frame

    他們會說:"人們對於在哪裡工作有自由選擇"

  • that is allowable based on their demographic of education.

    但人們只能在特定的框架之中 才會有在哪裡工作的選擇

  • And of course, there's so many friend orientations in business.

    還要取決於接受教育的程度

  • Their ultimate fantasy is that anyone can be a President in the United States.

    另外當然還有許多靠人情關係而能雞犬升天的事情

  • This is something that has been perpetuated.

    人們的終極幻想是任何人在美國都可以成為總統

  • These are groups that perpetuate themselves: elitism.

    社會上一直灌輸這種思想

  • Elitism works in the same way in the corporate world.

    這些都是維持自我存續的群體:菁英主義

  • You are absolutely restricted.

    菁英主義在企業財團的世界中 也以同樣的方式運作

  • You have no freedom because you are forced to do the work as it is.

    你被完全限制了

  • It's amazing to me and I get this argument a lot from high-end economists.

    你沒有自由 因為你被迫去做相應的工作

  • They say "You have freedom of choice. You can choose where you work".

    對我來說真的很吃驚 總是有很多"專業"經濟學家跟我說

  • No, you really can't.

    "你有選擇的自由 你可以選擇在哪裡工作"

  • When you get out of college there's this wall of jobs.

    不 你真的沒有

  • You can find your slot. And that's about it. That's your choice.

    當你大學畢業時 有工作的壁壘障礙

  • It's preset choice.

    你仍可以勉強找到位置 但也僅止於此 那就是你的選擇

  • So I ask you: What freedoms are we talking about?

    這是預先限制的選擇

  • You are only as free as your purchasing power will allow you to be.

    所以我問你們:我們在討論怎樣的自由?

  • And the statistics have proven that the socio-economic rank you are born into

    你的自由程度只會取決於你的購買力

  • tends to persist for the rest of your life.

    而且統計數字已證明 你出生時的社會經濟階級

  • If you are born poor, you will likely remain poor.

    通常都會跟隨你一輩子

  • Why? Because all the odds are against you.

    如果你出身貧窮 你很可能將繼續貧窮

  • If you are rich, you will likely remain rich. Why?

    為什麼? 因為你會遇到很多困難

  • Because all the odds are in favor. It is the nature of the system.

    如果你出生富貴 你很可能將繼續富貴 為什麼?

  • For example, if you have one million dollars and put it into a CD

    因為佔盡天時地利 這就是這個體系的本質

  • at 5% interest you are going to generate 50,000 dollars a year

    例如 如果你有一百萬元的定期存款

  • simply for that deposit. You are making money off money itself:

    而且利率為5% 那你每年就會得到5萬元的收益

  • paper being made on top of paper, nothing more.

    僅僅因為有那個存款 你就由錢滾錢了:

  • No invention. No contribution to society. No nothing.

    從紙鈔生出紙鈔 再也沒別的了

  • That being denoted, if you were lower to middle class

    沒有發明創造 沒有對社會貢獻 什麼都沒有

  • who is limited in funds and must get interest-based loans

    說完了這點 那麼如果你在中產階級之下

  • to buy your home or use credit cards

    資金有限 而且一定要依靠有息貸款

  • then you are paying interest into the bank

    以購買房屋或使用信用卡

  • which the bank is then using, in theory, to pay the person's return

    那你就就是把利息付還給銀行

  • with the 5% CD.

    然後銀行理論上就會去用這筆錢去償還

  • Not only is this equation outrageously offensive due to the use of usury

    那利息5%的定期存款

  • or interest to "steal from the poor and give to the rich"

    這種"平衡"不只令人髮指地冒犯 因為利用了高利貸

  • but also perpetuates class-stratification by its very design:

    或利息來"從窮人身上竊取金錢給富人"

  • keeping the lower classes poor, under the constant burden of debt

    而且其本質也延續了社會階級的分層

  • and servitude, while keeping the upper classes rich

    使得較低階級的人陷於貧窮 持續負擔債務並受到奴役

  • with the means to simply turn excess money into more money.

    而且同時使得上層階級富有

  • The very idea that you can take money and turn it into more money

    方法是僅僅把多餘的資金轉變為更多錢

  • is absolutely hilarious

    這種用錢滾錢的想法 其本質

  • and corrupt.

    絕對是可笑的

  • Likewise, it should be no surprise

    而且也是腐敗的

  • that the world is run by cartels and government collusion

    同樣地 不令人意外

  • for competition is based on nothing more than a gaming strategy

    世界是由企業聯合和政府間的勾結共謀所運作

  • as we have said. In other words, competition breeds corruption.

    因為"競爭"基本上跟博弈的策略差不多

  • It's another one of those economist things where they say

    如前所述 換句話說 競爭孕育出腐敗

  • "Oh, the free-market used to be great, but something happened

    這又是那些經濟學家說的另一件事 他們說:

  • and now we have all these cartels." No.

    "喔! 自由市場過去是很好的 但發生了一些事

  • Monopoly is the final stage of success in a competitive environment.

    所以我們現在有這些企業聯合" 不是這樣的

  • It is incredible how people don't realize this.

    壟斷在一個競爭的環境中是成功的最後階段

  • It doesn't matter how much legislation you have to combat

    無法置信的是人們卻無法理解這一點

  • sector or industry dominance. It will keep occurring.

    重要的不是你有多少條法律去抗衡

  • Even more powerfully, government coercion

    產業部門的主導統治 這種情況將會持續發生

  • by big business is also unstoppable.

    甚至更嚴重的是 政府被大企業強迫綁架

  • It is a natural progression of market strategy

    也是停不下來的

  • to get government on your side.

    這是市場策略中的自然發展

  • In fact, the true propensity of our world economic system

    好讓政府站在你這邊

  • continually, year by year, approaches one thing

    事實上 我們世界經濟體系的真正傾向是

  • fascism. Or more specifically, inverted fascism.

    年復一年不斷地朝向一個東西邁進

  • This is the condition where corporations covertly control government policy.

    即法西斯主義 更具體而言是"顛倒的"法西斯主義

  • This is the natural gravitation.

    在這種情況中 企業財團詭秘地操弄政府政策

  • So, as time continues to move forward and you keep looking back

    這是一種自然的傾向

  • it seems like things always get worse. And they do.

    因此 隨著時間推移 當你繼續回顧時

  • And this leads me to Part 2: Culture and the Bio-Social Imperative.

    事情看起來總是會越來越糟 確實是如此

  • This is a detour now. I hope that first section...

    這將帶領我們到第2部份:文化和生物-社會層面的急迫性

  • If you have any questions, keep them in mind, as we go to the Q&A.

    這裡離題一下 我希望第一部份...

  • In this section we're going to address some issues

    如果你有任何問題 先留在心裡 我們之後會有問答時間

  • regarding our physical and social selves.

    在這個部份我們將討論一些問題

  • This is very relevant to me, and I think very relevant to the whole argument

    關於我們的實體和社會自我

  • and unfortunately most never think of this subject at all.

    這跟我今天要講的主要論點是很相關的

  • In order for us to consider routes of social change

    而且不幸地 大部份的人從未想過這方面的問題

  • we must also have a clear understanding of conditioning

    為了讓我們思考社會改變的路線

  • our biology, and our relationship to the environment.

    對於"制約限制" 我們也一定要有清楚的理解

  • As denoted before, when it comes to the pursuits of social change

    還有生理以及與環境的關係

  • the most profound hurdle is overcoming the traditional ideology

    如前所述 當涉及到追求社會改變時

  • identifications and dogmas, which have been set in stone as final

    最困難的障礙是超越傳統的意識形態

  • by the established culture.

    身份認同和教條 被既建的文化設定為

  • Of these ideas, a consistent one that comes up

    不可動搖的

  • has to do with the conclusion that the human being is a rigid

    這些舊觀念之中

  • fixed nature, whereas certain behaviors are simply immutable.

    會出現一個結論:即人類的本性是頑固的

  • Therefore, as the logic goes, social structures are locked into a set pattern

    而且特定的行為就是永恆不變的

  • which cannot be overcome due to the very nature of the species.

    因此照這種邏輯 社會結構會被鎖死在一個固定的模式裡

  • In order to address this claim we need to first consider the ramifications

    因為人類這個物種的"本性"不能被超越昇華

  • of culture itself.

    為了解釋這個主張 我們首先必須考慮情形

  • The word culture, in a social sense, is defined as a set of shared attributes

    文化本身的複雜

  • values, goals and practices

    文化這個字詞以社會的角度而言 被定義為一套人們共享的屬性

  • that characterizes an institution, organization or group.

    價值觀 目標和實踐

  • The most obvious, yet often overlooked example of the mechanics of culture

    使一個機構 組織或團體具有特色

  • is the fact that we are provably shaped by the sort of society we live in.

    文化機制最明顯 然而通常也最被忽略的例子如下:

  • The language we use, the gaming strategies you execute for survival

    我們可以證明自身是被居住於其中的社會型態所塑造

  • the perception of beauty you lust for, the familial patterns

    像是我們使用的語言 你為了生存而施展的各種策略

  • and traditions that you perpetuate and the deeply held theology:

    你渴望的審美觀念 家族模式

  • myths and urban legends that define your broadest view

    你延續下來的傳統與深信不疑的神學理論

  • are all examples of the qualities you might absorb

    定義了你最廣大視野的迷思和都市傳說

  • arbitrarily, in the culture you have been born into.

    這些例子在你所出生的文化中

  • In fact, if you dig deeper, you find

    都是你可能會肆意吸收到的特質

  • that there's really nothing that we cognitively think and believe

    事實上 如果再更深入探究

  • which isn't first presented to us in some environmental form.

    你會發現我們認知上思考和相信的東西 真的沒有任何一個

  • An insulted man who pulls out a gun and shoots somebody had to learn

    最初不是以某種環境造就的形態 出現在我們面前

  • at some point of his life, what a gun was, how to pull the trigger

    一個受到侮辱並掏出手槍射擊的人 在他生命中的某一刻

  • along with what he was to find insulting to begin with.

    必須要先學習槍是什麼 如何扣動板機

  • Every word that I'm saying has been learned one way or another.

    以及找出一開始侮辱他的是什麼東西

  • Every concept relayed is a collective accumulation of experience.

    每個我正在說的字 都是以某種方式學來的

  • A Chinese baby taken at the birth and raised in a British family in England

    每個不斷接替的概念是經驗的集體累積

  • will develop the language, dialect, mannerisms

    一個中國孩子如果在英國受撫養而長大

  • traditions and accent of the British culture.

    將會發展出英國文化中的語言

  • Needless to say, it is obvious the profound effect the environment has on behavior.

    方言 儀態 傳統和口音

  • But that's only part of the equation

    不用說 環境對於行為的影響顯然是深遠的

  • for we are obviously biologically defined as well.

    但這只是一部份的影響

  • Doesn't matter how much time I try to condition a cat

    因為顯然我們也受到生物學上的界定

  • to learn to speak English, it simply can't.

    不論我花多久時間去使一隻貓

  • Simply due to limitations of its evolutionarily derived biological state.

    學習說英文 就是行不通

  • Those limitations are basically defined by genes.

    這僅僅是因為演化上衍生的生理狀態限制

  • Genes are a fairly recent discovery and there's been a great deal of speculation

    那些限制基本上是由基因所決定

  • as to the spectrum that genes hold.

    基因是個相當新的發現 而且關於基因的影響範圍

  • The spectrum of relevance that genes hold.

    有大量的推測討論

  • The most contentious is in the realm of behavioral biology.

    關於基因影響的重要性的範圍

  • This is a field dedicated to understanding how genetics influences behavior.

    此點最有爭議的領域 存在於行為生物學中

  • The idea that genetics are the possible source of various behaviors

    這個領域努力去理解基因如何影響行為

  • became popular in about the 19th century.

    在大約19世紀時 "基因是各種行為的可能來源"這種想法

  • One of the first pursuits that emerged was the idea

    變得受歡迎

  • that the aberrancies of the human behavior, such as criminality

    第一個浮現出來的探求問題是

  • could be explained by the person's genes. The old "criminal gene" idea.

    人類行為的偏差 像是

  • Sickly enough, even eugenics operations in the form of sterilization

    犯罪可以由一個人的基因解釋 即老舊的"犯罪基因"這種想法

  • took place many years ago in an attempt to rid society

    夠令人噁心的是 即使是以墮胎形式的優生學操作

  • of "criminals, idiots, imbeciles, and rapists".

    在許多年前也發生過 並企圖去消除

  • The implications is that certain people are naturally

    充滿"犯罪 白癡 智障 強暴犯"的社會

  • "bad people" due to their genetics.

    這暗指了特定的人們 由於他們的基因影響

  • You see this rhetoric everywhere. Someone might say "He has bad blood."

    自然而然就是"壞人"

  • or "She's just a evil person."

    你到處都看得到這種論調 某人可能會說:"他流著壞人的血液"

  • As an aside, I find it fascinating that this simplistic

    或"她就是個邪惡的人"

  • social fall back to explain a person's behavior

    同時 有趣的是我發現這種簡化的

  • is in full accord with the primitive superstitious duality postulated

    落後的社會觀點去解釋一個人的行為

  • by nearly all established religions: Good and Evil.

    與原始二分法的迷信假設完全一致

  • The gene in this case has replaced

    此觀點幾乎被所有既建宗教使用:即"好或壞"

  • the satanic demon that once possessed the person

    基因在這種情況中 已經取代了

  • and thus the person has no control over their evil actions.

    曾經佔據著一個人的撒旦惡魔

  • In other words, they are slaves to their genes.

    因此這個人無法控制邪惡的行為

  • As research has progressed, it has been found that genes do nothing at the sort.

    換句話說 他們是自己基因的奴隸

  • Genes are stretches of DNA that produce proteins

    隨著研究進展 已經發現基因與這種說法無關

  • which, of course, are vital to the operation of the brain

    基因是生產出蛋白質的DNA的延伸

  • the nervous system and the whole body.

    而蛋白質當然對於腦部運作

  • However, they are not autonomous initiators of commands.

    以及神經系統和整個身體而言是重要的

  • They do not cause behaviors in any real sense of the idea.

    然而 它們並不是自發性的指令啟動者

  • In the words of professor of biology and neurology at Stanford University

    它們在這種觀點的任何現實層面上 都不會造成行為

  • a well-known anthropologist as well, Dr. Robert Sapolsky

    一位史丹佛大學的知名生物學 神經學教授和人類學家

  • "Genes are rarely about inevitability especially when it comes to humans

    羅伯特·薩波斯基說過:

  • the brain and behavior. They're about vulnerability

    "當談到人類時 基因對於大腦和行為兩者

  • propensities and tendencies."

    很少有必然的聯繫 基因只是易受影響的

  • As it turns out, the determining factor of genetic propensities

    習性和傾向"

  • particularly in the realm of behavior is the environment

    結果是決定基因傾向的關鍵因素

  • that the organism resides in.

    特別在行為的領域中 卻是環境

  • For example, recent research has shown that a gene could exist for depression.

    即有機體居住的地方

  • However, just because you have that gene

    例如 最近的研究已表明基因可能與憂鬱有關

  • does not mean you're going to get depressed.

    然而只因為一個人有那種基因

  • It takes some form of dramatic environmental stress

    並不就表示會得到憂鬱

  • to trigger the genetic response such as a sudden death of a loved one

    而是還需要劇烈的環境壓力

  • or something very severe.

    以便激發該基因的反應 像是所愛之人的死亡

  • In other words, the environment triggers the existing genetic propensity.

    或某些非常嚴重的事故

  • Even with the genetic predisposition to particular illness

    換句話說 環境引發了現存的基因傾向

  • there's no guarantee you're going to get it.

    但即便帶有導致某種疾病傾向的基因

  • A chair with a broken leg is not dangerous if you never sit on it.

    也不保證你就會生病

  • As a variation of this, it is interesting to know

    一隻腳破損的椅子 不去坐它就沒有危險

  • how the environment even affects broad physiological attributes

    作為這種觀點的轉化

  • a realm traditionally left for the genetic side of the nature and nurture debate.

    去知道環境甚至會如何影響廣泛的心理屬性是很有趣的

  • A study was done a few years ago at the Miami School of Medicine

    這些領域傳統上留給了基因觀點有關先天和後天的爭論

  • with premature infants in neonatology wards

    在幾年前有一項研究在邁阿密醫學大學完成

  • where they decided to simply touch a section of the infants in the wards.

    觀察新生兒醫學病房中的早產嬰兒

  • a few times a day, while the other section was not touched.

    其中研究人員決定只觸摸病房中的一部份嬰兒

  • All feeding patterns remained alike, everything else equal.

    一天觸摸幾次 而其它部份的嬰兒則不去觸摸

  • As it turned out, the infants that were touched grew 50% faster

    所有的回饋模式保持相同 其它條件也相同

  • and were noticeably more healthy.

    結果是被觸摸過的嬰兒 成長速度快了50%

  • They were released from the hospital a week early.

    而且可注意到更健康

  • When compared months later, these same kids showed better health

    他們提早一個星期出院

  • and agility than those that were not touched. It's incredible.

    當數個月後再比較時\\N這些同樣的孩子們 比起那些未被觸摸過的嬰兒

  • It's a dramatic finding on many levels, for it shows

    表現得更健康 更敏捷 這是難以置信的

  • that the genetically prescribed growth hormone release

    在許多層面上這是引人注目的發現 因為這表示

  • can be profoundly influenced by a simple

    基因上被預先限定而釋放的成長荷爾蒙

  • and subtle environmental experience.

    可以經由簡單細微的環境經驗

  • Further more, the environment can not only trigger genetic propensities

    而受到深刻影響

  • or influence their extent, it can over-ride them to a certain degree.

    此外 環境不只引發了基因的傾向

  • A couple of years ago, another study was done in Princeton University

    或影響它們的程度 它在某種程度上也可以推翻基因

  • where scientists were able to genetically engineer mice

    幾年前 另一個研究在普林斯頓大學完成

  • removing a key gene relevant to their neurotransmitter system

    其中科學家能夠透過基因工程改造老鼠

  • selectively targeting learning and memory.

    選擇性地移除與神經傳送素系統相關的

  • As a result, the cultivated mice were poor

    學習和記憶關鍵基因

  • at various memory and learning exercises.

    因此 受到培養的老鼠

  • They had trouble recognizing simple objects.

    對於各種記憶和學習活動的表現很差

  • Their accuracy of smell was poor and they were unable to learn well

    它們對於識別簡單的物體都有困難

  • in many ways which otherwise would be normal to an average mouse.

    它們對於氣味的精確度也差 在許多方面都不能良好學習

  • Once their disability was confirmed and established

    反之在一隻普通的老鼠上則表現正常

  • the scientists then put the cognitively dim mice as adults

    一旦研究人員確認了它們的缺陷已成立

  • in an enriched, stimulating environment.

    科學家們就把識別能力薄弱的成年老鼠

  • And over time it was found that many of the genetically engineered

    放在一個充實且富有刺激的環境中

  • learning disabilities were actually overcome by the simple exposure

    隨著時間流逝 發現到許多由於基因工程而產生的

  • to an intellectually nurturing environment.

    學習障礙 實際上可被克服 只要暴露在

  • In other words, the environment is actually able to re-establish

    能培育智識的環境中

  • neurological pathways that seemed not to exist.

    換句話說 環境確實能夠重建

  • Again, this is a powerful testament to the power of the environment

    看似不存在的神經細胞路徑

  • when it comes to brain and hence behavior.

    這是環境力量再一次強而有力的證明

  • We're perpetually molded and shaped by what's around us

    當涉及到大腦和行為時

  • and it has an extremely direct effect on our genes

    我們不斷被週遭事物所形塑

  • our genes and what might be inherent to us. It's very important.

    這對我們的基因和與生俱來的特質

  • The reason this is being brought up is to illustrate the fact

    會有劇烈的直接影響 這點非常重要

  • that our environment is provably the most important determinant

    提出這點的理由是為了說明這個事實:

  • in our functionality.

    我們的環境對於人體功能而言 可證實是最重要的

  • Nurture, in many ways, dictates nature.

    決定性因素

  • On many levels, ranging from behavior to psychology, excuse me, to physiology.

    "後天"在許多方面支配了"先天"

  • (psychology wouldn't have a relevance) but to physiology

    在許多層面上 範圍涵蓋行為學到生理學

  • and health. Consequently, it is incorrect to think

    (與心理學無關)而是生理學

  • that the human being is a slave to his biology.

    和健康 因此 認為人類是

  • Especially when it comes to his or her actions.

    其生理的奴隸是不正確的

  • This is a powerful myth which needs to be dispelled and debunked

    特別當涉及到一個人的行動時

  • for when we realize the importance of our environment

    這個強大的迷思需要被驅除和拆穿解構

  • we'll be much more prone to changing it. That's why I'm talking about this.

    因為當我們瞭解到環境的重要性時

  • In isolation, it might seem that these are abstractions

    我們將更傾向於改變它 這就是我為何要說明的理由

  • but we have to learn that biologically, we are only as relevant

    孤立來看 這些似乎是抽象概念

  • as the environment which interacts with our biology.

    但我們必須學習到 我們生理上的重大意義

  • However, as one final example worth considering

    只跟與我們生理互動的環境有關

  • which, from my perspective, summarizes the overwhelming power

    然而從我的觀點而言

  • and relevance of our environmental culture we're exposed to

    最後一個值得思考的例子是總結我們的

  • let's consider the implications of feral children.

    環境文化薰陶之下的壓倒性力量和重要性

  • A feral child is a human child which has lived

    讓我們想想"野孩子"的意涵

  • isolated from human contact from a very young age.

    "野孩子"是指人類小孩

  • Isolated from society or human society.

    從非常年輕時就孤立生活於人群聯繫之外

  • Historical examples of this range from children

    隔絕於社會或人類社會

  • that have been locked in rooms by their parents for years

    歷史上這種範圍的例子

  • to children who have been abandoned in the wild and raised, so to speak

    包括被父母鎖在房間數年的孩童

  • by animals.

    再到被拋棄在野外而被養育的孩童們 這樣說好了

  • This is Genie. She was discovered in 1970

    即被動物養大的孩童

  • having been locked in a single room virtually alone for ten years.

    這位是金妮 她在1970年被發現

  • When they found her at 13 years old, she could barely understand language

    確實孤單地被鎖在一個房間內長達十年

  • and she knew only a few words. She was 54 inches tall.

    當人們在她十三歲找到她時 她幾乎不懂語言

  • Her eyes could not focus beyond 12 feet

    她只懂幾個字 她54英吋高

  • and she walked in an awkward, hunched manner

    她的視力不能聚焦超過12英尺

  • and she could not chew solid food.

    而且她走路的方式彆扭駝背

  • Once rescued, psychologists and scientists immediately began working

    她也不能咀嚼固體食物

  • to rehabilitate Genie, creating a nurturing environment

    她一被拯救後 心理學家和科學家們就馬上開始努力

  • and she quickly began to overcome a great amount of the problems

    使金妮恢復 並創造一個養育性的環境

  • that she had had, but due to the severe mental scars

    她開始快速克服她一直擁有的大量問題

  • that she went through, something very specific stuck out

    但由於她所經歷過的嚴重心靈傷疤

  • which has a specific relevance to the point I'm trying to make

    某件非常獨特的事情出現了

  • and that was her inability to learn language.

    這與我即將試著說明的論點有具體關連

  • While humans obviously have a genetic predisposition for language

    那就是她學習語言的能力陷缺

  • it is cases like this that show how the environment does not...

    儘管人類明顯有著對於語言的基因預定傾向

  • If the environment does not engage those propensities

    但正是在這種案例中顯示出環境並沒有...

  • at a certain point in time

    如果環境不與那些基因傾向互動

  • then those language capabilities will not form.

    在某個特定的時間點上

  • It requires the environment to stimulate the effect.

    那麼那些語言能力就不會形成

  • That's a very important thing, and I may keep reiterating that.

    這需要環境來刺激整個效果

  • This young girl was rescued in May of this year in Russia.

    這是件非常重要的事情 而且我可能會一直重申這點

  • She was locked in a room with dogs and cats for several years

    這位年輕女孩在這一年的五月於俄羅斯被拯救

  • causing her to behave like an animal. She could not speak.

    她被關在一間房間裡 和貓狗住在一起好幾年

  • She lapped up her food, drank with her tongue and she walked on all fours.

    導致她的行為像一隻動物 她不能說話

  • She was five years old when they found her, but her physical size was only

    她吃食物是用舔的 喝水是用舌頭 而且四肢著地走路

  • that of a two-year old.

    當人們找到她時她五歲 但她身體的尺寸只有

  • This is fascinating, apart from being horrific.

    兩歲小孩那樣

  • It's the fact that feral children can pick up and imitate things

    除了恐怖以外 也是意味深遠的

  • in their environment that to us would seem absolutely unhuman.

    事實上"野孩子"能夠撿起並仿製東西

  • This is a girl named Oxana Malaya.

    但他們的環境對我們來說 將看似絕對不像人類住的地方

  • She was also extremely neglected and ended up

    這位女孩叫作Oxana Malaya

  • spending the majority of her childhood between the ages of 3 and 8

    她也是被極度忽略的

  • 5 years living with dogs in the back of the family home.

    最終導致她3歲到8歲 這5年大部份的童年時光

  • She actually slept in the kennel with the dogs for 5 years

    都耗在與家裡後面的狗群一起生活

  • and when rescued, she had adopted incredible canine mannerisms

    她事實上在狗屋中與狗群們每天一起睡了5年

  • including barking, a higher than average sense of smell and hearing.

    當被拯救時 她的儀態不可置信地像極了犬科動物

  • She ate raw meat. She walked on all fours and knew virtually no language.

    包括吠叫 比一般人平均水準更敏銳的嗅覺和聽覺

  • It is sociological examples like this that should really make one step back

    她吃生肉 她以四肢走路而且事實上完全不懂語言

  • and question the lowest common denominator

    正是這種社會學的例子 應該要讓人退一步反思

  • of what is supposed to be "human nature".

    並質疑最低限度且共通的

  • Please understand that there is no denial

    "人性"因子到底應該是什麼

  • that we human beings are "wired" in a particular way.

    請理解 這並不是否認

  • However, the fact is we obviously, especially at a young age

    人類在某特定方面是"連線"共通的

  • have an incredible ability to adapt to our environment.

    然而實際上我們顯然特別在年輕時

  • We are exceptionally malleable

    有一種不可置信的能力去適應我們的環境

  • and as studies have shown, we'll adapt based on what is supported

    我們有極強的適應彈性

  • and reinforced by the social condition we inhabit.

    如同研究所顯示 我們將基於由所居住的社會條件

  • If the known propensities of human beings such as walking upright

    所支持和強化的事物去適應環境

  • learning language and the like are not triggered

    如果人類已知的傾向 像是直立走路

  • and supported by the environment, then they might not manifest.

    學習語言等等並不是由環境

  • Therefore again, the human being is very much a cultivated organism.

    激發和支持 那麼它們就不能顯現出來

  • The quality of a person's health and behaviors

    因此再次強調 人類是非常需要環境培養的有機體

  • really comes down to the quality of the environment

    一個人健康和行為的質量

  • culture and social influences they are exposed to.

    確實會與人們身處其中的

  • This is critical that society fully understand this and adjust accordingly.

    環境文化和社會影響的質量相關

  • It should be no wonder the world we live in

    重要的是社會要完全理解這點並據此進行調整

  • when we examine the system, the environment that creates us.

    當我們檢視我們的體系時

  • And this is the point:

    即創造出我們的環境時 這一點並不奇怪

  • We, as so-called individuals

    因此重點如下:

  • are running composites of our life experiences.

    我們所謂的個體

  • We are walking expressions and cultivations of the environments

    是我們生活經驗的組成複合物

  • we have passed through up until this very moment.

    我們是環境所培養出來的活生生表現

  • And when it comes to survival, only those behavioral attributes

    我們一直以來都是如此 直到當下這一刻仍是

  • that have served a function in your environment

    而當談到生存時 只有那些行為上的屬性

  • are reinforced and made dominant.

    即那些在環境中起作用的屬性

  • Once you understand this, the corrupt world around you

    才會被強化和成為主導的影響

  • suddenly makes perfect sense.

    一旦你理解了這點 你週遭腐敗的世界

  • Human beings are not inherently greedy

    突然變得完全合理了

  • or inherently competitive or inherently corrupt.

    人類不是天生貪婪

  • It is the social system. It's the environment that creates us.

    或天生愛好競爭或腐敗

  • Just as a young girl will choose to walk on all fours

    問題是社會體系 是環境造就了我們

  • and bark because that's what the environment makes similar to her

    如同年輕女孩會選擇用四肢走路

  • we become corrupt, and we become self-interested

    並吠叫 因為就是環境使她熟悉這些行為

  • because that's what our culture has created and put upon us.

    我們也會變得腐敗 自私

  • The social imperative that emerges on all of this in the long run

    因為這就是我們的文化所造就並加諸在我們身上的

  • is that there is a great deal of care which needs to be taken

    最終 所有浮現出來的社會急迫性任務

  • in regard to our social environment.

    會是需要大量的關心和照顧

  • We must alter the system in such a way so it does not create

    以維護我們的社會環境

  • support or reinforce those behaviors which are socially harmful.

    我們改變這個體系的方式 一定要

  • And that's what social design is about.

    不會創造 支持或強化那些危害社會的行為

  • It's interesting to point out

    這就是"社會設計"的重心

  • and this takes me to a sub-section of this:

    指出這一點很有趣

  • It's interesting to point out that competition and hierarchy

    而且這把我帶到下一部分:

  • which seem dominant today

    有趣的是指出今日社會中

  • have not been the dominant ethos of human society

    主流的競爭和階級價值觀

  • for the majority of our time on this planet.

    在地球上大部份的時間中

  • Before the agricultural or neolithic revolution

    並非一直都是人類社會中主流的風氣

  • which occurred about 10,000 years ago, hunter-gatherer societies

    在農業或新石器革命之前

  • actually had a non-hierarchical, egalitarian social structure.

    大約發生在一萬年前的漁獵採集社會中

  • The social values were based essentially on equality

    實際上存在著無階級 平等的社會結構

  • altruism, sharing and literally forbid

    社會價值觀實際上是基於平等

  • upstartism, dominance, aggression and egoism.

    利他主義 分享 並確實禁止

  • We know this because of the anthropological research that has been done

    暴發戶 統治 侵略和自我主義

  • on remaining hunter-gatherer societies over the course of the past century.

    我們知道這一點 因為在過去的世紀中 已經完成了

  • I find this fascinating, that for the bulk of our existences

    關於殘存的漁獵採集社會的人類學研究

  • as the human species, 99% of our societies have been virtually

    我發現迷人的是 對於人類這個種族的

  • non-hierarchical, non-materialistic.

    大多數人而言 99%的人類社會事實上一直都是

  • They have had the wisdom to appreciate a minimalist affluence

    無階級 不注重物質的

  • as opposed to the dominance-driven, excessive

    人們有智慧去體會"極簡主義者"的"富足"

  • and unsatisfied culture we see today.

    與今日主流社會中所看見的

  • Regardless, this historical reality puts into question

    過度浪費和慾求不滿的文化相異

  • the notion that social hierarchy is a natural human tendency.

    無論如何 這種歷史上的現實

  • What it is, is a social condition that has been created.

    確實挑戰了社會階級是人類的自然傾向這一觀念

  • In the view of Robert Sapolsky:

    並且反而存在著人為創造的社會條件制約

  • "Hunter-gatherers have thousands of wild sources of food to subsist on.

    以羅伯特·薩波斯基的觀點而言:

  • Agriculture changed all of that

    "漁獵採集者有數千種野外的食物來源可以維持生活

  • generating an overwhelming reliance on a few dozen food sources.

    但農業改變了這點

  • Agriculture allowed for the stockpiling of surplus resources

    產生出只對於一些食物來源壓倒性的依賴

  • and thus, inevitably, the unequal stockpiling of them

    農業允許人們儲備剩餘的資源

  • stratification of society and the invention of classes.

    因此無法避免儲備的不平等

  • Thus it has also allowed for the invention of poverty."

    社會階層和階級的出現

  • The core basis of social hierarchy

    因此也允許了貧窮的發生"

  • is real, or perceived, scarcity.

    社會階級的核心基礎

  • Social hierarchy is a formalized system of inequality

    是真實或可察覺到的匱乏

  • which serves as a substitute for perpetual conflict

    社會階級是一種形式化的不平等體系

  • over scarce resources.

    取代了爭奪匱乏資源的不斷衝突

  • In view of our Western society which, as we have denoted

    取代了爭奪匱乏資源的不斷衝突

  • works to literally preserve scarcity

    以我們西方社會的觀點 如同我解釋過的

  • it's easy to see how our social classes are perpetuated unnecessarily.

    實際上人們是在努力維護"匱乏"

  • But the problem doesn't stop there. Another consequence

    於是不難發現我們的社會階級是如何不必要地延續著

  • which is very new, has to do with the chain of causality.

    但問題不僅於此 另一個後果

  • One that affects everyone of us in a way that is almost hidden

    非常新穎 並與因果關係有關

  • and that is to do with the effect it has on our health.

    這個問題以一種幾乎隱密的方式影響著我們每一個人

  • Studies have shown that people of higher socio-economic status

    而且還對我們健康的影響有關

  • live longer, enjoy better health and suffer less from disability

    研究已顯示出 較高社經地位的人們

  • while those of lower socio-economic classes die younger

    更長壽 更健康而且生活較穩定

  • and suffer the largest burden of disease and disability.

    而那些較低社經階級的人們死得較早

  • This most often comes in the form of a gradient meaning that

    並遭受到疾病和不穩定的最大負擔之苦

  • from the highest upper classes, straight down the lowest bottom classes

    用劃分等級的意義來看的話

  • each successive step up or down the socio-economic ladder

    從最高的階級往下直到最底層的階級

  • constitutes a respective quality change in a person's health on average.

    每一步沿社經地位的梯子接連向上爬升或下降

  • On the surface this would seem absolutely logical, right? Just makes sense.

    通常就構成了人們各自健康質量的變化

  • In the sense, lower classes often have poor diets due to lack of purchasing power.

    從表面上這似乎完全合乎邏輯 對吧? 就是有道理

  • They're more prone to live in polluted areas.

    以此意義而言 較低階級的人們由於缺乏購買力而經常飲食不濟

  • They are more likely to get sub-par health care

    這些人更容易居住在受污染的區域之中

  • and due to lack of education, they might not take care of themselves

    他們更可能得到更糟的醫療照顧

  • in the best way.

    而且由於缺乏教育 他們可能不會用最好的方式

  • Now, while these attributes are obviously relevant to health

    照顧自己

  • new studies have shown that there is something else going on

    雖然這些屬性明顯都與健康有關

  • that is contributing to the increasingly poor health

    但新的研究已顯示 有其它東西起作用

  • and disease propensities of people

    即當人們的社會階級越低時

  • the lower they go in the social hierarchy.

    健康狀況就越差

  • One of the most documented studies that has been done on this issue

    並且越容易患病

  • has been called "The Whitehouse Studies", done here in London

    關於這項議題 其中一份記錄得最詳細的研究

  • at the University College of London.

    被稱為"白宮研究" 在倫敦這裡完成

  • Using the British Civil Service system as a subject group.

    在倫敦大學完成

  • They found that the gradient of health quality in industrialized societies

    利用英國的服務業作為實驗對象

  • is not simply a manner of poor health

    研究發現工業化社會中的"健康梯度"

  • for the disadvantaged and good health for everyone else.

    並非僅僅是弱勢者健康差

  • Something else was happening.

    而其它人健康好而已

  • Remember this is the UK where health care is socialized

    還發現其它情況

  • and theoretically you have equal health care.

    先記住英國這裡有公共健保

  • They also found there is a social distribution of disease

    所以理論上你會獲得平等的醫療照顧

  • meaning that as you went from the top of the socio-economic status

    但研究也發現有一種社會性的疾病分佈

  • to the bottom, the types of the diseases people would get

    表示當你從社經地位的頂端往下降至底端時

  • would change on average, but they'd be linked.

    人們會得到的疾病種類

  • For example: The lowest rungs of the hierarchy had a 4-fold increase

    一般而言也將會改變 但會有關聯性

  • of heart disease-based mortality, compared to the highest rungs.

    例如:社會階級之中處於最低位置的人

  • I think if I remember correctly, the highest ones were things like melanoma.

    比起最上層的人 心臟相關疾病的致死率高出4倍

  • You know, people sitting on their yachts

    如果我記對的話 最高階級的人們就像胎記一樣引人注目

  • which I thought was quite amusing.

    你懂的 坐在遊艇上的人們

  • Regardless, this is the pattern and to a certain degree.

    我認為這相當有趣

  • It's irrespective of health care, keep this in mind.

    無論如何 整個模式某個程度上就是這樣

  • Disease is being generated irrespective of socialized health care.

    這與醫療照顧無關 記住這一點

  • Even in a country with universal health care, the worse

    疾病的產生與公共健保無關

  • a person's financial status, the lower they are in the social hierarchy

    即使是在有著普遍醫療照顧的國家裡

  • the worse their health appears to be getting.

    一個人的財務狀況越差 所處的社會階級就越低

  • Why is this? As it turns out

    健康似乎也就越差了

  • psychological stress

    為何如此? 結果是

  • generated from social inequality.

    從社會不平等中

  • Not the by-products of inequality such as poor nutrition

    產生的心理壓力作祟

  • health care resources or education for a person's health, but inequality itself:

    對一個人的健康而言 這並非不平等的副作用

  • psychological subordination.

    像是營養 醫療或教育資源不足 原因就是"不平等"本身:

  • Concurrent research, done by Richard Wilkinson at the University of Nottingham

    心理上的自卑

  • found that the more income inequality there is in a society

    由諾丁漢大學的理查德·威爾金森所作的實驗

  • the worse the gradient of health and mortality rates.

    同樣發現 一個社會中薪資所得越不平等

  • This is irrespective of absolute income

    健康和死亡率的梯度就越糟糕

  • and again it has nothing to do with health care or nutrition.

    這與"絕對收入"多寡無關

  • Evidently, the more income inequality that exists in a society

    再說一次 也與醫療照顧或營養無關

  • or in other words, the more stratified a society is

    顯然社會中薪資收入越不平等

  • the more money that's divided between the culture

    或換句話說 社會分層越明顯

  • the more health problems that occur in the upper

    一個文化的貧富差異就越大

  • and lower classes together. It isn't about money in and of itself.

    較上層和較下層人們的健康問題

  • It's about the psychological ramifications, the psychological stress

    都會一起越來越多 這和金錢本身無關

  • or "psychosocial stress" generated by the social hierarchy itself.

    而是和心理衍生物及心理壓力有關

  • Not to mention as an aside

    或者說是由社會階級本身造成的"社會心理壓力"

  • it is also well documented that the more income inequality

    附帶一提 更不用說

  • that exists, the more crime.

    也有仔細的記錄說明 薪資不平等越嚴重

  • Assault, robbery, murder are probable.

    犯罪就越猖獗

  • Not the more poverty and deprivation

    攻擊 搶劫 謀殺都是可能的

  • that causes this, the more inequality.

    並不是因為更貧窮和受剝奪

  • Does everyone understand that? It's a very interesting point.

    才造成這種更不平等的現象

  • This is easy to exemplify, for the United States

    各位理解這一點嗎? 這是非常有趣的論點

  • which has the largest income gap on the planet

    這種狀況很容易舉例

  • also has the largest crime rate in the world

    因為美國在地球上有最大的貧富差距

  • the largest prison population in the world and amusingly

    也有世界上最高的犯罪率

  • we're also the most aggressive and armed nation in the world.

    世界上最多的監獄囚犯 而且饒富趣味地

  • Go figure!

    我們也是世界上最具侵略性和武力最強大的國家

  • The bottom line is that when it comes to the comparison of hierarchy

    看一下數據吧!

  • to egalitarianism, in other words, people being equal

    結論是當提到階級制度與平等主義的對比時

  • or people being stratified, egalitarianism or equality

    換句話說 即人們平等

  • when it comes to psychologically stress-driven health

    或分層的對比時 平等主義或平等

  • trumps stratification

    在涉及到由心理壓力造成的死亡時

  • for the whole of society from crime to disease rates.

    優於社會分層

  • In conclusion to this section, I hope I've made this relatively clear.

    從社會整體的犯罪率和疾病率看都是如此

  • It's a really important point when you think about it.

    至於這部份的結論 我希望我已說明得相當清楚

  • Not only are social classes modern inventions of human society

    當你思考這些問題時這點真的相當重要

  • social classes are scientifically proven

    社會階級不只是人類社會的現代發明

  • to be detrimental to the health of everybody

    社會階級科學上也已被證實為

  • by the very construct of its creation.

    對每個人的健康有害

  • I think, in conclusion of this formal presentation

    經由建構社會階級本身

  • that that is one of the most incredibly compelling motivations to seek alternatives.

    作為這個正式報告的結論 我認為

  • The very fabric of the larger order of society

    這一點是其中一個最令人急迫地想去尋找替代方案的動機

  • is intrinsically and provably, unhealthy.

    社會更大秩序組成的最根本部份

  • And, coupled with everything else that we've talked about

    本質上可證明為是不健康的

  • I think that adds a tremendous weight to moving forward into something new.

    因此 結合我們已談論過的所有其它東西

  • www.thezeitgeistmovement.com

    我認為這對邁向新的境界增添了極大的重要性

The Zeitgeist Movement

時代精神運動

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