is reforming public education.

都在進行教育改革

There are two reasons for it.

改革的理由有兩個

The first of them is economic.

首先是經濟面

People are trying to work out

人們努力想找出

how do we educate our children

教育孩子的方式

to take their place in the economies of 21st century,

，使他們在21世紀的經濟體系中佔有一席之地。

How do we do that?

我們到底要怎麼做呢？

Given that we can't anticipate

最近的金融風暴顯示出

what the economy would look like

我們甚至連下個星期的經濟走向

at the end of next week,

都無法準確預料

as the recent turmoil is demonstrating.

會發生什麼變化

How do we do that?

我們又要怎麼教育孩子？

The second one though is cultural.

第二個面向是文化

Every country on earth is trying to figure out

世界上每個國家正想方設法

how do we educate our children

搞清楚我們該如何教育孩子

so that they have a sense of cultural identity

使他們具備文化認同

so that we

使得我們能夠

can pass on the cultural genes of our communities

傳承自身社群的文化基因

while being a part of the process of globalisation.

並在全球化進程中占有一席之地

How do we square that circle?

該如何挑戰這個不可能的任務？

The problem is they are trying to meet the future

問題在於，人們試著用過去的經驗

by doing what they did in the past.

來滿足未來的需求

On the way they are alienating millions of kids

與此同時，數以百萬計的孩子被忽視

who don't see any purpose in going to school.

他們不知道上學的目的何在

When we went to school,

在學校裡

we were kept there with a story

我們被一則迷思禁錮

which was if you worked hard and did well

"如果你努力求學、奮發向上

and got a college degree,

拿到大學學位

you would have a job.

就會有份工作等著你"

Our kids don't believe that.

我們的孩子不吃這套

And they are right not to, by the way.

而且他們是對的。順便一提

You are better having a degree than not.

雖然擁有學位至少比沒有好

But it's not a guarantee anymore.

但學位不再是工作的保證

And particularly not if the route to it marginalises

尤其是當求學之路

most things you think are important about yourself.

會將你覺得重要的事物都排除在外時

Some people say we have to raise standards

有些人說，我們要把水準拉高

as if this is a breakthrough.

以為這樣就算是一大突破

Like really? Yes, we should.

真的嗎？ 是阿，想當然爾

Why would you lower them?

幹嘛要降低標準？

I haven't come across an argument that

我發現還沒有人有辦法

persuades me alluringly.

說服我(降低教育水準)

But raise them? Of course, we should raise them.

提高水準呢？我們當然要提高教育水準

The problem is

問題是

that the current system of education

目前的教育體系

was designed and conceived and structured

是在不同的時代

for a different age.

被設計、構思、和架構出來的

It was conceived

教育體系是在啟蒙運動時期

in the intellectual culture of the Enlightenment.

的智慧財產權文化下所構思

And in the economic circumstances

並在工業革命

of the Industrial Revolution.

的經濟環境之中發展

Before the middle of the 19th century,

19世紀中葉之前

there were no systems of public education.

不存在有系統的公共教育

Not really.

少數例外是

You could get educated by the Jesuits

你可以經由教會接受教育

if you had the money.

而且你的口袋要夠深

But public education paid for from taxation,

不過實質上由稅收支撐、

compulsory to everybody,

要求每個人義務接受、

and free at the point of delivery.

以及免費受教的公共教育

That was a revolutionary idea.

是一個革命性的想法

And many people objected to it.

也曾被多數人反對

They said

他們認為

It's not possible for many street kids,

對在街頭流浪的兒童

working class children

和工人階級的小孩來說

to benefit from public education.

公共教育是不可能對他們有益的

They are incapable of learning to read and write

他們沒辦法學會讀寫

Why are we spending time on this?

"為什麼要浪費時間在他們身上？"

So they are all sort of built into it.

這類想法根深蒂固

A whole series of assumptions

是一連串的假設

about social structure and capacity

*假定人在社會結構裡相應的能力

It was driven by the economic imperative of the time.

它推動了經濟至上的時間。

But running right through it,

但通過它正確運行

was an intellectual model of the mind.

是心靈的智慧財產權模式。

which was essentially

這實質上是

the Enlightenment view of intelligence.

啟示視圖的情報。

That real intelligence consists in

真正的智慧在於

capacity of certain type of deductive reasoning,

推理能力的某一類型的演繹，

and the knowledge of the classics originally

和原來的經典知識

what we come to think of as academic ability.

我們來看作是學術能力。

And this is deep in the gene pool of public education

這是深藏在基因庫的公共教育

There are two types of people.

有兩種類型的人。

Academic and non-academic.

學術和非學術。

Smart people and non-smart people.

聰明的人，非智慧人。

And the consequence of that is

這樣的結果是

that many brilliant people think they are not.

輝煌，很多人認為它們不是。

Because they are being judged

因為他們都被判定

against this particular view of the mind.

對心靈的此特定視圖。

So we have twin pillars

因此，我們有兩個支柱

Economic and intellectual

經濟與知識

And my view is

我的看法是

that this model has caused chaos

這種模式已造成混亂

in many people's lives

在許多人的生活

It's been great for some.

它一直很大，一些。

There have been people

有的人

who have benefitted wonderfully from it.

誰有精彩受惠了。

But most people have not.

但大多數人都沒有。

Intead they suffered this.

因此他們遭受這。

This is the modern epidemic.

這是現代流行。

And it's as misplaced

它就是放錯了位置

and it's as fictitious.

它是為虛構。

This is the plague of ADHD.

這是多動症的瘟疫。

Now this is a map of instances of ADHD in America.

現在，這是一張地圖，在美國多動症的實例。

Or the prescription for ADHD.

或多動症的處方。

Don't mistake me.

別誤會我了。

I don't mean to say that there is no such thing as

我不想說是有沒有這種東西

Attention Deficit Disorder.

注意缺陷障礙。

I am not qualified to say that there is such a thing.

我不是說是有這種事的資格。

I know that a great majority of

我知道，絕大多數

psychologists and pediatricians

心理學家和兒科醫師

think that there is such a thing.

認為是有這樣的事。

But it's still a matter of debate.

但它仍是一個問題的辯論。

What I do know for a fact is

我所知道的事實是

that it's not an epidemic.

它不是流行。

These kids are being medicated as routinely

這些孩子是被作為常規藥

as we had our tonsils taken out.

我們有我們的扁桃腺取出。

And on the same whimsical basis

並在相同的異想天開基礎上

and for the same reason, medical fashion.

和出於同樣的原因，醫療時尚。

Our children are living

我們的孩子生活

in the most intensely stimulating period

在大多數強烈刺激期

in the history of the Earth.

在地球的歷史。

They are being beseiged with information

他們正在用資訊 beseiged

and calls for their attention from every platform.

並要求把注意力從每個平臺。

computers,

電腦，

from iPhones,

從 iphone 手機，

from advertising hoardings,

從廣告圍板，

from hundreds of television channels.

從數百個電視頻道。

And we are penalising them now,

現在，我們懲罰他們，

for getting distracted.

對於分心。

From what?

從什麼呢？

Boring stuff.

無聊的東西。

At school, for the most part.

在學校裡，在大多數情況下。

It seems to me that it's not a coincidence totally.

我看來它不是一個巧合完全。

that the incidence of ADHD has risen

注意缺陷障礙的發病率有上升

in parallel with the growth of standardised testing.

與生長的標準化測試並行。

Now these kids are being given

現在這些孩子有了

Ritilin and Adderall and all manner of things,

Ritilin 和便和各種各樣的東西，

often quite dangerous drugs.

常常是很危險的藥物。

to get them focussed and calm them down.

讓他們集中和安定下來。

But according to this, Attention Deficit Disorder

但據以注意缺陷障礙

increases as you travel east across the country.

隨著東行駛在全國各地增加。

People start losing interest in Oklahoma,

人們開始失去興趣奧克拉荷馬州

they can hardly think straight in Arkansas,

他們幾乎可以認為直在阿肯色州的

and by the time they get to Washington

他們去華盛頓的時候

they've lost it completely.

他們已經完全失去了它。

And there are separate reasons for that, I believe.

而且有單獨原因為何，我相信。

It's a fictitious epidemic.

它是一種虛構的流行病。

If you think of it, the arts,

如果你覺得它，藝術，

and I don't say this exclusively of the arts.

我不說這純粹的藝術。

I think it's also true of science.

我認為它也是真正的科學。

and of maths.

和數學。

But let me

但讓我

I say about the arts particularly

我尤其是說藝術

because they are victims of this mentality currently.

因為他們目前是這種心態的受害者。

Particularly.

特別是。

The arts,

藝術學院

especially address the idea of aesthetic experience.

特別是針對審美體驗的想法。

An aesthetic experience is

審美經驗是

one in which your senses are operating at their peak.

一個你的感官現時在其巔峰時期。

When you are present in the current moment,

當您目前的當前的時刻，

When you are resonating with the excitement

當你共鳴興奮

of this thing that you are experiencing.

您遇到的這件事。

When you are fully alive.

當你是完全活著。

An anaesthetic is when you shut your senses off.

麻醉時關閉你的感官。

And deaden yourself to what's happening.

和自己麻木不仁所發生的事情。

And a lot of these drugs are that.

很多這些藥物的。

We are getting our children through education

我們正在通過教育我們的孩子

by anaesthetising them.

由 anaesthetising 他們。

And I think we should be doing the exact opposite.

而且我認為我們應該做正好相反。

We shouldn't be putting them to sleep.

我們不應該把他們睡覺。

We should be waking them up.

我們應該能喚醒他們。

to what they have inside of themselves.

他們所自己。

But the model we have is this.

但這是我們的模型。

I believe we have a system of education

我相信我們的教育制度

that is modeled on the interests of Industrialism

這被仿效工業化發展的利益

and in the image of it.

和它的形象。

I will give you a couple of examples.

我會給你幾個例子。

Schools are

學校

still pretty much organized on factory lines.

仍然很多組織在工廠生產線上。

So ringing bells,

所以響鐘聲，

separate facilities,

分離設備

specialised inter-separate subjects.

inter-separate 專門的學科。

We still educate children by batches.

我們仍然分批教育孩子。

We put them through the system by age group.

我們把他們通過系統的年齡組。

Why do we do that?

我們為什麼這樣做呢？

Why is there this assumption that

為什麼會有這樣的假設，

the most important thing kids have in common

最重要的是孩子的共同點

is how old they are.

是他們有多大。

It's like the most important thing about them

這就像他們最重要的事情

is their date of manufacture.

是他們日期。

Well I know kids who are much better than other kids

知道孩子比其他孩子

at the same age and different disciplines.

在相同的年齡和不同的學科。

Or different times of the day.

或一天的不同時間。

Or better in smaller groups than in large groups.

或者更好的比大的社會群體中較小的組中。

Or sometimes they want to be on their own.

或者，有時他們要靠自己。

If you are interested in the model of learning,

如果你有興趣學習，模式

you don't start from this production line mentality.

你不要開始從這個生產線的想法。

It's essentially about conformity

它的實質是整合

and increasingly it's about that.

和越來越多地是那件事。

as you look at the growth of standardised testing

當你看在生長的標準化測試

and standardised curricula,

和標準化的課程，

and it's about standardisation.

它是標準化。

I believe we got to go in the exact opposite direction.

我認為我們要正好相反的方向走。

That's what I mean by changing the paradigm.

是這個意思通過改變范式。

There is a great study done recently,

最近，做大研究

of divergent thinking,

發散思維，

published couple of years ago,

幾年前，已發佈

Divergent thinking isn't the same thing as creativity.

發散思維並不相同的創造力。

I define creativity

我定義的創造力

as the process of having original ideas,

作為過程的原始想法，

that have value.

所具有的值。

Divergent thinking isn't a synonym.

發散思維不是同義詞。

But it's an essential capacity for creativity.

但它是創造力的基本能力。

It's the ability

它是能力

to see lots of possible answers to a question.

看到很多的可能的問題的答案。

Lots of possible ways of interpreting a question.

有很多解釋問題的可行方法。

To think what Edward de Bono would call "laterally",

想是愛德華德博諾所說"橫向"

to think not just in linear or convergent ways.

想不只是以線性或收斂的方式。

To see multiple answers not one.

若要查看多個答案不一。

I mean, there are tests for this.

我的意思是，有此測試。

One kind of cod example would be

將是示例的一種化學需氧量

People might be asked to say,

人們可能會說，要求

How many uses can you think of for a paper clip?

多少用途你能想出迴紋針呢？

Routine questions.

常規問題。

Most people might come up with 10 or 15.

大多數人會有 10 或 15。

People who are good at this might come up with 200.

那些善於此人可能趕上 200。

And they do that by saying well,

他們會這樣做，說，

could the paper clip be 200 ft tall

迴紋針可能是 200 英尺

and made out of foam rubber?

和出泡沫橡膠製成？

Does it have to be paper clip as we know it, Jim?

它是否是紙夾，因為我們知道它，吉姆嗎？

Now there are tests for this.

現在有這個測試。

They gave them to 1,500 people

他們給 1500 人

in a book called Break Point & Beyond,

在一本書，叫做斷開點科技超越

and on the protocol of the test,

和議定書 》 的測試，

if you scored above a certain level,

如果你得分超過某一水準，

you would be considered genius at divergent thinking.

您將被認為是發散性思維的天才。

OK?

還行？

So my question to you is,

所以我對你的問題是，

what percentage of the people tested of the 1500

測試，1500年人的百分比

scored genius level for divergent thinking?

發散性思維的評分天才級別嗎？

And you need to know one more thing about them.

與您需要瞭解有關他們的一件事。

These were kindergarden children.

這些都是幼稚園的孩子們。

So what do you think?

所以你認為什麼？

What percentage genius level?

多少百分比的天才？

80%? Thank you.

80%？謝謝。

80%. OK.

80%。還行。

98%.

98%。

Now the thing about this was that

現在，這樣的事情是，

it was a longitudinal study.

這是一項縱向研究。

So they retested the same children 5 years later.

重新所以他們測試一樣的孩子 5 年後。

Age of 8 to 10.

8 到 10 歲。

What do you think? 50%?

你覺得怎麼樣？50%？

They retested them again 5 years later.

他們重新測試他們再次 5 年後。

Ages 13 to 15.

13 到 15 歲。

You can see a trend here, can't you?

你可以看到一種趨勢，不是嗎？

Now, this tells an interesting story.

現在，這會告訴一個有趣的故事。

Because you could've imagined it going the other way, couldn't you?

因為你能想像過它的走向，不是嗎？

You start off not being very good,

你開始不是很好，

but you get better as you get older.

但是你會隨著年齡的增長，更好地。