Have you ever wondered how the world works?

你是否有想過這個世界是如何運作的?

I’m not talking about atoms and molecules, or wave functions and chemical reactions;

我不是在談論原子、分子或是波函數與化學反應

I mean the world of people.

我是指這世界上的人們

For example, have you ever wondered who goes to college, and why?

舉例來說，你是否想過誰要上大學，以及為什麼?

What is it that makes people march in the streets?

是什麼原因使人們上街遊街?

How do you know to raise your hand in math class, but not at the dinner table?

你知道為什麼數學課需要舉手發問，但在餐桌上卻不用?

Why do some people like Broadway musicals, and some people like hip-hop, and some people like both?

為什麼某些人喜歡百老匯音樂劇，有些人喜歡嘻哈，而有些人兩者些喜歡?

Well, we're gonna find out about all of that stuff and so so much more.

我們將尋找出這些原因

Especially, you!

特別是，你!

You’re going to learn about you, and your place in the world because this is Crash Course Sociology.

你將從Crash Course社會學認識你自己和你居住的世界

[Theme Music]

主題音樂

Sociology got its start thanks to a French philosopher named Auguste Comte in the 1800s.

首先感謝19世紀法國哲學家-奧古斯特·孔德

He wanted there to be a systematic science for studying society, a way to investigate and solve its basic problems.

他希望用科學系統方法解讀社會，能調查與解決基本問題

And while sociology today is very different from what Comte imagined, that’s still kind of what it is.

現今的社會學和孔德當初想像的不同

Sociology is the scientific study of society and human behavior.

社會學是社會的科學研究和人類行為

But isn't society this great big thing?

但社會就這樣大嗎?

I mean, society is whole cities; it's the economy; it's politics.

我是指，社會包括整個城市、經濟和政治

And what does all that have to do with raising your hand at the dinner table?

以及包含必須在餐桌上舉起你的手?

A lot, as it turns out.

總結來說，就是那麼多

A society is just a group of people who share a culture and a territory.

一個社會是一群人擁有共同文化和領土

And culture is in everything, from the biggest questions in politics to the smallest interactions between people.

文化包含每個層面，從大政治問題到人們小互動

So yes, society is big, but it's also very small.

所以是的，社會很大，但同時也很小

Want to see how? Let’s go to the Thought Bubble!

想要知道原因? 讓我們來試想!

Imagine you're sitting alone in your room, singing along to your favorite Broadway show at the top of your lungs.

想像你單獨坐在你的房間，高歌唱著最愛的百老匯劇

Not another person in sight.

沒有人在看

Society isn’t anywhere to be found.

社會不是隨處可見的

Except that it is.

這狀況也不是

Even if you ignore the house that you’re in – and the parents, siblings, or roommates you're probably bothering while you’re singing so horribly

即使你忽略房子內的父母、兄弟姊妹，或者室友，但也可能被你可怕的歌聲所干擾

– there’s still the song that you’re singing, and the music that goes with it.

即使你依然隨著音樂唱著歌

Those things, along with literally every object in the room that you didn't make yourself, are all products of society.

所有在房間內非你自己擁有的東西，都是社會

And you might be all alone when you’re belting out Hamilton, but you weren't alone when a friend first introduced you to the musical, and its songs.

即使你獨自高歌著漢密爾頓音樂劇，但當你朋友介紹給妳這個音樂劇和音樂時，你就並非處於一個人狀態

And for that matter, your taste in music isn't purely yours either.

所以當你獨自品嘗這些音樂時，就不能單純用"你的"來看

What kind of music you like can be influenced by anything from what you were exposed to as a kid, to what your friends like now,

你兒時所曝露的環境會影響喜歡音樂的種類，以及你的朋友們

to what neighborhood you grew up in, or what schools you went to.

和你所成長的鄰居，或是你所就讀的學校

Society is tricky; it gets in places you might not expect.

社會是複雜的，包含你所意想不到的

Thanks Thought Bubble!

謝謝你的想像

So when we say that sociology is the study of society and human behavior, that means that sociology is incredibly broad.

所以當我們說社會學是社會研究和人類行為，代表著社會學是無法想像的廣

In fact, it may be the broadest of what we call the social sciences.

事實上，可以廣到我們稱作社會科學

The social sciences include disciplines like economics and psychology, and while they all have different focuses and perspectives,

社會科學涉及專業，像是經濟、心理學，它們有不同的專業和觀點

they're all trying to understand the social world objectively, through controlled and repeated observation.

它們都在嘗試了解這個世界，通過控制和不停地觀察

So what makes sociology different from any of these other social sciences?

所以是什麼使得社會學與這些社會科學不同呢?

Well, like the others, sociology is looking for patterns – recurring characteristics or events.

就像其他的，社會學是一個模式-循環性特徵或是事件

But it looks for all kinds of patterns in all kinds of places.

但它宏觀所有模式和地方

Sociology looks at all aspects of society, and at all scales, from two people talking, to differences between nations.

社會學探討社會全面性和範圍，從兩人對話到不同的區域間

It's this scope that really sets sociology apart, especially in what’s known as the sociological perspective.

它的範圍在社會範圍，特別是社會學角度

And the sociological perspective means two things:

社會學角度意指兩件事

1, It means seeing the general in the particular, and 2, it means seeing the strange in the familiar.

第一，尋找特定中的常態，第二，在相似中尋找異常

Seeing the general in the particular is a way of saying that sociology tries to understand social behavior by placing it in its wider social context.

尋找特定中的常態是指社會學在廣泛的社會背景中嘗試了解社會行為

To go back to you belting out Broadway tunes in your room, the sociologist who overhears you from the sidewalk might notice not just your choice of what to sing,

回到你在房間內高歌百老匯音樂劇，

but how that individual choice may have been influenced by your class, neighborhood, race, gender, or age.

但個體的選擇會被你的班級、鄰居、種族、性別或是年齡影響

To take another example, a sociologist might not care whether or not you, in particular, decide to get married,

舉其他例子，一個社會學家可能不會在乎是否是你，特別是決定婚姻

but she might be interested in learning more about a declining marriage rate in your society –

但她也許會很有興趣你處於社會的結婚率下降問題

and, say, what's causing it and whether it’s having any societal impacts.

然後說，是什麼造成這件事以及有什麼社會影響

Or maybe she’s more interested in the fact that, in the US, people tend to marry partners of the same class and race as them.

或者她更有興趣於事實，在美國，人們更喜歡與同社會階層和種族的人結婚

In both of these cases – what people sing or whom they marry –

在這兩個例子-人們在唱什麼或是他們與誰結婚

the sociologist is interested in a general pattern, a pattern composed of a massive number of particular individual choices.

社會學家對於普遍模型感到興趣，一個模型是個別參與者選擇性的混雜數

Each individual forms a part of the pattern, and in looking at their individual choices, a sociologist can see elements of the whole pattern, like seeing how a single stone fits into a mosaic.

模型中每一個各別形式和他們的個體選擇，一個社會學家可以看到模型的全部元素，就像在鑲嵌在馬賽克中的單一石頭

Seeing the strange in the familiar is the second part of the sociological perspective, and it’s maybe more difficult to do.

尋找相似中的異狀是社會學觀點的第二部分，但它也許更難運作

To see the strange in the familiar is to approach the everyday world as though you were seeing it for the first time, as if you were from another world.

尋找相似中的異狀就好像日常事，好像你第一次尋找它，好像你從另個世界來

This is hard, but it's also incredibly important, and kinda cool.

它是困難的，但也非常重要和很棒

When we asked, at the very beginning, why you raise your hand to ask a question in your math class but not at your dinner table, that’s a very small example of trying to see the strange in the familiar.

在一開始我們問到，為什麼你要在數學課舉起手，但在飯桌前卻不用，這是一個非常小的舉例，讓我們嘗試去從相似中尋找異處

And this is so hard to do because your own society tends to look normal to you.

這是一個非常困難的事，因為你的社會讓你覺得自己是正常的

You take it for granted.

你被賦予這個能力

As you're socialized into it, you're taught a common-sense understanding of society, and that's not a bad thing!

當你進入社會化，你被授予社會中的常識，但這不是壞事

After all, you need a common sense understanding of society in order to live in it, right?

因為你需要常識幫助你生活，對不對?

You need to know that you shake hands when you meet someone new, and that red means stop, and that you should try to show up on time to things.

你必須知道當你遇見新的人時要握手，紅色代表停止，然後你也要準時出現

But if sociology is going to study society, it needs to be able to look at these things as strange and unfamiliar, in order to really understand how they work, and to uncover patterns of behavior in a culture.

但如果用社會學去解讀社會，它必須有能力看見異處，為了更了解它們如何運作，並揭示文化中的行為模式

Common sense has to just get us through the world; but sociology has to know what's true.

嘗試讓我們進入這個世界，但社會學必須去了解真理

And this is important, because a society’s common sense doesn’t consist only of harmless conventions, like shaking hands.

這是重要的，因為社會常識不只包含無害的約定成俗，像是握手

Just 200 years ago in the US, it was common sense that only white men were capable of participating in society.

美國在200年前，只有白人男性能參與社會活動

It was common sense that slavery was right, and that women shouldn't be allowed to vote.

在他們的常識中，奴隸制是正常的，女人也不應該擁有投票權

These things were common sense then in the same way that their opposites are taken for granted now.

這些是常識，在現代它們當時的對立也是理所當然的

And the sociological perspective – seeing the general in the particular and strange in the familiar –

在社會學觀點 - 尋找常態中特別的和在相似中找異處

helps us to understand problems like this, because it helps us see some of the key concepts in the study of society.

幫助我們去了解更多問題，因為它幫助我們去閱讀社會中重要的概念

Among these concepts: social location, marginalization, and power and inequality.

在這些概念中：社會地位、邊緣化、權利和不平等

If you imagine a map of society, laying out all the different social groups and their relationships to each other, then your social location is your spot on that map.

想像一個社會地圖，放置不同的社會群體和它們彼此的關係，你的社會地會就是你站在這個地圖的位置

Your social location is a way of classifying yourself, by race, social class, gender, sexual orientation, religion, etc.

你的社會地位是一個對自己分類的方式，藉著種族、社會階級、性別、性取向、宗教等等

Understanding social location is important because, just like the sociologist looks for the general in the particular,

了解社會地位是重要的，因為就像是社會學家從特別中尋找共同處

a person’s life and choices will be influenced by their social location.

一個人的生活和選擇會被他們的社會地位所影響

This is true in a bunch of ways: Most obvious is that your social location can limit your choices.

在一堆方法中尋找真理：最明顯的是你的社會地位會限制你的選擇性

Some groups have legal rights and privileges that others don’t.

某些群體有合法的權利和特權

For instance, until a few years ago, gays and lesbians could not legally marry in the US, so their social location limited their choices.

例如，幾年前，同性戀無法在美國合法結婚，所以他們的社會地位限制住他們的選擇

But social location also impacts what you learn, and what you’re taught about society.

但社會地位也會影響你的學習，以及你從社會中學習到什麼

Whether or not you you go to college, for instance, can be heavily influenced by whether the social class you grew up in tends to see college as a real or valuable possibility.

是否是你要去上大學，舉例來說你處於的社會是否有帶給你"上大學是好的或是有價值性"的重要影響

And social location also affects what others have learned, and are taught, about you.

社會地位也會影響其他人學習和被教導關於你的事情

Take, for instance, the consistent finding that resumés with names that sound African-American tend to get called for interviews much less often than those with white-sounding names,

舉例來說，一如往常履歷上的名字如果聽起來像白人名字會比非裔美國人更容易取得面試機會

even though the resumés are otherwise identical.

即使這些履歷未必相同

In all these ways, social location can contribute to the marginalization of a social group.

在這些方面，社會地位也有助於一個社會全體的邊緣化

If a social group is marginalized, it means that it occupies a position outside the centers of power.

一個社會全體的邊緣化，意旨它佔據了權力中心之外的部分

Marginalized groups are often racial, ethnic, sexual, or religious minorities, and marginalized groups tend to have a clearer view of how power operates.

邊緣化族群通常是種族的、性別的或是少數宗教，他們通常更懂得權力操作

Heterosexual people, for example, often don’t recognize what a social power it is to have their relationships socially sanctioned,

好比，異性戀無法理解社會力量如何讓他們擁有社會關係的合法性

and to be able to display affection in public, in ways that LGBT people often can’t.

以及能在公眾表達情感，但對於LGBT來說卻無法

If marginalization is a matter of being outside the centers of power, that draws our attention to another fact:

如果邊緣化是權力之外的事情，那能使我們注意到其他事實

the fact that there are many different kinds of power, and many different kinds of inequality.

事實是有許多不同種類的權力，和許多不同的不公平

There are, of course, the obvious kinds, like economic power and income inequality, or political power and politically-enforced inequalities, like segregation or slavery.

很明顯的，像是經濟權力和薪水不平等，或是政治力量和政治執行的不公平，像是隔離或是奴隸

But then there are the less obvious kinds, like social or cultural power and inequality.

但也有不明顯的種類，像是社會或是文化權力，以及不平等

For instance, people who speak with non-standard accents or dialects are often judged harshly for them and can be seen as less intelligent or less mature.

舉例來說，使用不標準口音或是方言者，常被斷定低智商或是不成熟

Sociology can help us identify and understand all of these things, and maybe even try and fix them.

社會學可以幫助我們辨別和了解這些事情，甚至嘗試修復它們

And that’s the point: Sociology is about understanding society, and society's where we all live, so we'd like it to work as well as possible.

有個要點：社會學是幫助了解社會，以及我們所生存的地方，所以我們盡可能讓它運作起來

Good sociology can help us to create good public policy.

好的社會學可以幫助我們創立好的公共政策

And if we think back to Comte, his desire was to do just this, to understand and maybe fix his society's problems.

我們回想孔德，他只渴望做到這樣，去了解和修復他的社會問題

The late 18th and 19th centuries were a time of massive economic, social, and political upheaval in Europe.

18世紀末和19世紀在歐洲是個複雜經濟、社會和政治動盪的時代

This was when industrialization really took off, with factories sprouting up like weeds, connected by larger and larger rail networks.

當工業化起飛，許多工廠像種子發芽一樣冒出來，由更大的鐵路互相連接起來

At the same time, the population of Europe exploded, growing faster than at any time in previous history.

在同時，歐洲的人口也快速發展，比任何時期都快速

This was especially true in cities, where industrial production was centralized.

在工業化發展中心的城市更是如此

And all of these massive economic and social changes came with political shocks, too:

所有複雜的經濟和社會改變也帶來政治上的衝擊

This period saw the advent of mass democracy, the fall of kings, and the rise of the nation-state.

這個時期帶來民主的來臨，國王廢除，以及新州立的興起

This, combined with the rise of science as a discipline, was the context in which sociology arose.

在社會學發展的發展下，隨之結合的是科技這個重要學科

The first sociologists looked around at their quickly changing societies and were driven to try and scientifically understand them.

第一群社會學家看到他們社會快速的轉變，想嘗試和科學化的了解它們

We said earlier that society wasn't just big things like revolutions, industrialization, demographics.

我們之前說過，社會不僅僅只是大革命，工業化、人口統計

But it is also these things.

它也有關這些事情

It's both the big and the small, because they’re related.

它是大的，也是小的，因為它們是相關聯的

Sociology is about understanding the whole thing, at every level, and how those levels interact.

社會學是關於整個事情，每一個層級，以及層級間的相互關係

It's about understanding why you don’t have to raise your hand at the dinner table, and why so-called common sense can lead to massive policy mistakes.

它關於為何你不需要在餐桌前舉手，以及為什麼常識會導致複雜的政策錯誤

Welcome to the science of sociology.

歡迎來到社會學的科學

Today we talked about what sociology is and what it does.

今天我們談論到社會學和它是什麼

We discussed what it means to be the study of society and why that's broader than you might think.

我們談論到它在社會中的研究，以及為什麼比你想的還要廣

We introduced the sociological perspective and discussed how sociology differentiates itself from the other social sciences.

我們介紹社會學觀點和討論社會學在其他社會科學中有它不同的地方

And finally we discussed what sociology can do, and how that concern with social problems was at the center of sociology's beginnings.

最後我們談到的是社會學可以做什麼，以及社會學一開始的中心點為解決社會問題

Next time, we'll introduce different theories of society, the basic paradigms of sociology.

下一次，我們將介紹不同的社會理論，和社會學基本的範例

Crash Course Sociology is filmed in the Dr. Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Studio in Missoula, MT, and it's made with the help of all these nice people.

Crash Course 社會學由美國蒙大拿州的Dr. Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course 工作室製作，並由大家協力而成

Our animation team is Thought Cafe, and Crash Course is made with Adobe Creative Cloud

我們動畫團隊是Thought Cafe和Crash Course利用Adobe Creative Cloud軟體製作

If you'd like to keep Crash Course free for everyone, forever, you can support the series at Patreon, a crowdfunding platform that allows you to support the content you love.

如果你支持我們永遠免費製作給每個人學習，你可以透過Patreon來支持我們

Speaking of Patreon, we'd like to thank all of our patrons in general, and we'd like to specifically thank our Headmaster of Learning David Cichowski.

我們要感謝所有的支持者和David Cichowski

Thank you for your support.

感謝你的支持