Name: 【TED】四個能讓最底層的十億人生活更好的方法 (Paul Collier: 4 ways to improve the lives of the "bottom bil)
Uploaded: 2017-06-02T21:59:59.000Z
Duration: 18 min 56 s

那麽，我們還能繼續覺得樂觀嗎？

is that a billion people have been stuck living

in economies that have been stagnant for 40 years,

陷於40年如一日停滯不前的經濟裏

and hence diverging from the rest of mankind.

所以和其他人們的生活完全隔離。

And so, the real question to pose is not, "Can we be optimistic?"

真正的問題不是“我們還能覺得樂觀嗎？”

It's, "How can we give credible hope to that billion people?"

而是，“我們如何才能給這10億人確切的希望？”

That, to my mind, is the fundamental challenge now of development.

在我心裏，這才是現在發展最基本的挑戰。

a combination of the two forces that changed the world for good,

結合兩股力量，而能永久地改變這世界

which is the alliance of compassion and enlightened self-interest.

也就是，結合對他人的慈悲和有正識的自我利益這兩股力量。

Compassion, because a billion people are living in societies

Enlightened self-interest, because if that economic divergence

有正識的自我利益，要去看清楚

要是這樣的經濟差異再繼續個40年

combined with social integration globally,

跟全球社會的整合結合起來的話

it will build a nightmare for our children.

We need compassion to get ourselves started,

我們需要藉由慈悲心使我們起而行

and enlightened self-interest to get ourselves serious.

想到這牽涉自我利益，才會使我們認真地看待這件事。

That's the alliance that changes the world.

這兩股力量的結合才能改變這世界。

So, what does it mean to get serious about providing hope for the bottom billion?

所以，認真地提供希望給這10億人是什麽意思？

"What did we do last time the rich world got serious

“上一次世界上的有錢國家認真地

about developing another region of the world?"

思考世界其他區域的發展問題，是什麽時候？”

That gives us, it turns out, quite a good clue,

except you have to go back quite a long time.

可惜的是，你必須回溯到很久以前。

上一次世界上的有錢國家認真地

about developing another region was in the late 1940s.

思考世界其他區域的發展問題，是1940年代末的時候了。

and the region that needed to be developed was my world, Europe.

這個需要發展的區域是我住的地方，歐洲。

It wasn't just compassion for Europe, though there was that.

這不只是對歐洲的憐憫慈悲，雖然也有一部分是如此

那主要是因爲，大家知道那是必須做的事

because, in the late 1940s, country after country in Central Europe

was falling into the Soviet bloc, and so you knew you'd no choice.

一個接一個地陷入蘇聯的鐵幕後，所以當時你們沒有選擇。

Europe had to be dragged into economic development.

So, what did you do, last time you got serious?

所以上一次認真時，你們做了什麽？

Well, yes, you had a big aid program. Thank you very much.

你們發展了一個大的援助計劃。十分感謝

That was Marshall aid: we need to do it again. Aid is part of the solution.

那就是馬歇爾援助計劃。我們必須再來一次。援助是解決方案的一部分。

但是除此以外，你們還做了什麽？

Well, you tore up your trade policy, and totally reversed it.

你們改寫了貿易政策，作了180度的大轉變。

Before the war, America had been highly protectionist.

在大戰前，美國是十分盛行保護主義的

After the war, you opened your markets to Europe,

而戰後，你們對歐洲開放了市場

you dragged Europe into the then-global economy, which was your economy,

你們將歐洲帶入當時的國際市場，也就是你們的經濟

and you institutionalized that trade liberalization

並建立機構來監督當時的貿易自由

through founding the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.

成立了關稅暨貿易總協定(GATT)。

所以是跟保護主義完全不同的貿易政策。

Yes, you totally reversed your security policy.

是的，你們完全改變了安全政策

Before the war, your security policy had been isolationist.

在戰前，在安全政策上你們奉行獨立主義

After the war, you tear that up, you put 100,000 troops in Europe

在戰後完全改變，你們派遣了10萬部隊到歐洲

So, total reversal of security policy. Anything else?

所以在安全政策也有180度的轉變。還有呢？

Yes, you tear up the "Eleventh Commandment" --

還有，你們放下了“第十一戒”

Before the war, you treated national sovereignty as so sacrosanct

在戰前，你們把國家主權當作是至高無上的

that you weren't even willing to join the League of Nations.

美國甚至不願意加入國際聯盟。

After the war, you found the United Nations,

到了戰後，美國變成聯合國的發起國

you found the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,

還成立了“經濟合作與發展組織”

you found the IMF, you encouraged Europe to create the European Community --

“國際貨幣基金組織”，鼓勵歐洲成立“歐洲經濟共同體”

all systems for mutual government support.

這些各國政府相互支援的系統。

That is still the waterfront of effective policies:

有效的政策項目基本上還是這幾樣：

Of course, the details of policy are going to be different,

當然，實際政策的内涵是會不同的

It's not rebuilding Europe, it's reversing the divergence

現在不是歐洲的重建，而是使得經濟差異

for the bottom billion, so that they actually catch up.

能夠縮小，使貧窮的人能夠趕上。

We need to be at least as serious as we were then.

Now, today I'm going to take just one of those four.

現在，我要用這四個其中一個來舉例

I'm going to take the one that sounds the weakest,

我要用聼起來最脆弱的來做例子

the one that's just motherhood and apple pie --

這個讓大家都感受到溫馨慈愛的一項

governments, mutual systems of support for governments --

那就是：政府，互相扶持政府的系統

in how we could do something to strengthen governance,

看我們能做什麽來加強政府的管理

and I'm going to show you that that is enormously important now.

我也要讓大家看看，現在這是十分重要的。

is a genuine basis for optimism about the bottom billion,

一個真正能帶給底層的10億人的樂觀希望的

The commodity booms are pumping unprecedented amounts of money

對天然資源潮需求正在把前所未見的大量的金錢

into many, though not all, of the countries of the bottom billion.

灌進 (雖然不是所有的國家) 大部分的底層的窮人。

Partly, they're pumping money in because commodity prices are high,

原因一方面是因爲天然資源的價格高

but it's not just that. There's also a range of new discoveries.

但不只是如此，還有其他一系列新的發現。

Uganda has just discovered oil, in about the most disastrous location on Earth;

烏干達剛在大概是全球最淒慘的地方發現了石油；

Guinea has got a huge new exploitation of iron ore coming out of the ground.

幾内亞剛開挖了幾個大的鐵礦。

Between them, these new revenue flows dwarf aid.

跟這些新產生的盈餘比起來援助金額顯得微不足道。

Angola alone is getting 50 billion dollars a year in oil revenue.

安哥拉光靠石油每年可賺進500億美元

The entire aid flows to the 60 countries of the bottom billion last year were 34 billion.

而去年援助60國底層10億人的總金額才340億。

So, the flow of resources from the commodity booms

to the bottom billion are without precedent.

正給底層的10億人帶來前所未有的收入。

The question is, how is it going to help their development?

問題是，這如何能幫助他們的發展呢？

It's a huge opportunity for transformational development.

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【TED】四個能讓最底層的十億人生活更好的方法 (Paul Collier: 4 ways to improve the lives of the "bottom bil)

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