字幕列表 影片播放 列印所有字幕 列印翻譯字幕 列印英文字幕 This episode is brought to you by 24houranswers.com. 本集由24houranswers.com提供 Hey everyone! China is a big country with lots of history and culture. 嘿大家! 中國是一個有著許多歷史和文化的大國。 Obviously, in this video, I won't be able to cover everything. 顯然,在這個視頻中,我不能覆蓋一切。 But, I'll try my best to explain. Okay? Good? 但是,我會盡我所能解釋。 好的? 好? Alright... Let's get started! 好吧...讓我們開始吧! It's time to learn Geography... NOW! 是時候學習地理! Hey everyone, I'm your host, Barby. 大家好,我是主持人Barby China, China, China... or the People's Republic of China. 中國,或是中華人民共和國 Everybody knows something about this place, and everybody has something to say about it. 大家都對中國有些認識,也有些想法 Now let's see what the flag has to say about itself. 現在,來看看代表中國的國旗 The flag is a simple red banner with five yellow stars in the upper hoist or canton corner; 是簡單的紅旗,左上角有五顆紅星 a large star surrounded by four smaller ones in a semi-circular pattern to the right. 四顆小星以半圓排列在右,圍繞著大星 According to the governmental interpretation, 根據官方的解釋 the red background symbolizes the revolution, 紅色背景代表革命 and the five stars were made yellow to radiate against the red. 而向紅色輻射的五顆黃星 The stars represent unity of the Chinese people under the leadership of the Communist Party of China. 這些星星代表,在中國共產黨領導下,團結一致的中國人民 The largest star symbolizes the Communist Party of China, 大星代表中國共產黨 and the four smaller stars that surround the big star symbolize the four social classes: 而圍繞在旁的四顆星星則象徵四種社會階級 the working class, the peasantry, the urban petite bourgeoisie, and the national bourgeoisie. 工人階級、農民階級、城市小資產階級和民族資產階級 Well, that was pretty easy. Unfortunately, that will be the only easy part of this video. 這很簡單,不幸的是,這只是影片中最簡單的部份 Let's get messy in... 讓我們開始吧 Okay Geograpeeps, get your popcorn and notebooks, 好,同學們,爆米花和筆記本準備好 because this is where things are gonna get really complicated, messy and dramatic and confusing. 現在開始,事情變得開始複雜,淩亂又戲劇化 This is why I watch Geography Now! 這就是我看Geography Now的原因! First of all, mainland China is located in and dominates the heart of East Asia. 首先,中國坐落於東亞心臟地帶 At over 22,000 kilometres, it has the world's longest combined land border with 14 other countries. 有著世界上最長的國界,超過22,000公里,與14個國界接壤 The country spans all the way from the Taklamakan Desert to the coast of Fujian. 疆域橫跨東西,從塔克拉馬干沙漠到福建海岸 Depending on your method of measurement, 根據不同算法 China could either be the second, third, or fourth largest country in the world by total area. 中國面積可以是第二,第三或第四名 If you include all the water territories, Canada is the second, 如果算進水域面積的話,加拿大排第二 even though China has slightly more land mass, 雖然中國的陸地面積較大 and if you include Alaska, Hawaii and all the official territories, the US is slightly larger than China, 但是如果美國包含阿拉斯加,夏威夷,等其他領土的話,美國稍大於中國 but if China's disputed and confusing territories are all included, then China is a little bit larger. 如果把其他爭議領土都加進來,中國會大一些 Yeah, I know! 我知道 It's only been a couple of minutes and I'm already making it look like: 影片才開始沒多久,就已經觸及敏感議題,變成這樣 *fighting* *打架* Speaking of territories, let's stick our hands in the first layer of mud! 說到領土,我們從行政區開始看 China has some of the most complex administrative divisions in the world, 中國有著複雜的行政區劃分 and it all has to do with certain types of people and the rise of the 20th century. 這與該地區的族群,與二十世紀的變遷有關 First of all, the country is divided into 22 official provinces, 第一,整個國家被劃分成22個省 but THEN we get to the subdivisions! 現在我們再看其他類型的行政區 China also has five autonomous regions, four municipalities, 中國還有五個自治區,四個直轄市 and two special administrative regions that mostly self-govern themselves. 兩個類似自治區的特別行政區 First, let's talk about the autonomous regions. 現在來談談自治區 They are: 他們分別是 Guangxi, Tibet, Xinjiang, Ningxia and Inner Mongolia. 廣西,西藏,新疆,寧夏,內蒙古 The strange thing is that each of these regions has incredibly distinct and contrasting cultural traits 這些地區的共同點是,他們與其他中國大部分的漢民族 that differ from the rest of Han-dominated Chinese culture. 有著文化上的差異 Because of the minority prevalency in these areas, 因為少數民族在這些地區佔多數 they have kind of like a weird legislative membrane in which they are still under full sovereignty of China, 他們就有一些法律上的保護,但是主權仍在中國 but have extra special rights that don't apply to the rest of the provinces. 他們就有一些特權,是其他省所沒有的 Then we hit the municipalities! 現在來看看直轄市 These are like the complete opposite of autonomous regions, 他們就像是自治區的相反 because they hold pretty much the highest governmental administrative classification in the country. 因為他們受到政府當局高度控制 And even though they are cities, they hold provincial status. 雖然只是城市,但是與省是同級別 In short, these guys are like the big shots of China! 簡言之,就好像是中國行政區的顯貴 And they are: the capital Beijing, 他們是 the capital Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Chongqing. 北京,天津,上海,重慶 Yeah, try saying that in five times fast. 試著快速念這5個名字 (Tries saying it five times fast, like a tongue twister) 像是繞口令 Furthermore, we have 2 special administrative regions that kinda self-govern themselves, 此外,有兩個特別行政區,有點像自治區 but they all kind of fall under Chinese sovereignty. 但也仍是在中國主權下 They are: Hong Kong and Macau. 他們是,香港,澳門 CGP Grey does an amazing video explaining the whole scenario on this, CGP Grey 有個 出色的影片 ,介紹兩者的情況 but I'll try to summarise it in the quickest way I can. 但我還是試著做了簡單的結論 These places used to be operated by the British and Portuguese, 這兩地區原本分別由英國,葡萄牙掌控 until they were ceded back to China back in 1997 and 1999 respectively, 直到1997,1999才分別歸還中國 and have a weird "one country, two systems" policy, 實施「一國兩制」的政策 even though it should be 3 systems... but hey. 應該說是"三 "制 Each of these areas has their own passports, currency language and even government. 這些地區有各自的護照,貨幣,語言,甚至政府 Then you have the strange 6 economic zones, 另外,還有六個特殊的經濟特區 which, even though they do not have their own autonomy, 雖說沒有自治權 they have flexible government regulation and free market policies 但是有著更寬鬆的法規,與自由市場的政策 that allow them to manage business transactions in a more liberal manner. 能讓這些經濟特區的交易更自由化 These zones are cities along the coast and the entire island region of Hainan, 這些特區都是一些沿海城市,還有整個海南島 otherwise known as the "Hawaii of China". 也被稱做"中國的夏威夷" Ha! Thought that was heavy? 覺得這些太沉重? Now things are gonna get reeally ugly. 現在才開始變嚴重呢 Now, if there's one thing China knows how to do, it's getting people's attention and not in a .. 如果要說中國擅長的事,就是很會吸引人們注意力,但不是... "Hey guys, look at me." 朋友們 看我 ...type of way but more of like a ... 不是那樣,但更像這樣 "Hey guys, look at me!" 朋友們 看我 ...kind of way. 類似這樣 And one way to get attention is by making territory disputes. 其中一種獲得關注的方式就是領土爭議 Let's just get the biggest one off of our chests -Taiwan. 現在我們就大聲說出來---台灣 [Punches] 衝 Hey hey hey!... It's called Chinese Taipei. 嘿 是中華台北! Taiwan... is in a weird jurisdiction limbo with China, 台灣在中國看來有其灌的法律地位 because both sides kind of technically claim sovereignty over the other. 因為雙方都聲稱擁有對方統治權 As in mainland China claims they own Taiwan, 如同中國大陸聲稱擁有台灣 yet Taiwan believes, ultimately, that they are the sole proprietor of the entire mainland as well. 但是台灣認為他們才是代表中國的唯一合法政權 It all had to do with the Chinese civil war and the opposing political parties, yaddi yaddi yadda... 這些都與兩個對立政黨在中國內戰有關 The communist party took over the mainland and the nationalist party took over Taiwan. 共產黨占領大陸,國民黨占有台灣 Now we go inland. 現在往內陸走 As we already mentioned in the Bhutan video, 如同先前在不丹影片所提到 China has two disputed regions with them. 中國與不丹有兩處爭議領土 Then we get to India. 現在看印度 "Yess!" “是!” Sometimes China and India are like two monstrous titans slamming into each other at high velocity. 有時中國和印度像是兩位巨人,互相衝撞 It's very difficult to really approach this topic without somebody getting angry or upset, 在談論這議題時,很難有人保持理性 so I'm just gonna report the plain and simple claims as they stand, 所以在這我就平白地陳述個方意見 and you make the decisions, okay? 然後你們自己做判斷 好嗎 That way, the worst that you can do is say: 這樣的話,最糟你也只能說, "Geography Now, although not directly advocating, 「Geography Now提到我不喜歡的論點」 mentioned claims to one side of an argument that I do not agree with." 但至少沒偏頗任一方 In the east we reach Arunachal Pradesh, 在東邊的阿魯納恰爾邦 which is to this day pretty much a state of India, 現在此地大多屬於印度 however, China still believes it is part of south Tibet. 然而,中國認為這是藏南的一部分 In the Uttarakhand area by Tibet, 還有西藏旁的阿坎德邦 you have the Niti Pass by Chamoli and the Valley of Jadh Ganga. 還有傑莫利,甲扎崗噶河谷 In Pradesh, you have the Reo Purgyil mountains and the Spiti River valley, 在北方邦有列俄帕爾格阿勒峰,Spiti河谷 and finally we reach Jammu and Kashmir, 最後談到查謨-克什米爾 a.k.a. the most messed up no man's land in the entire planet. 幾乎是地球上狀況最複雜的無人區 Here, China lays claim to the Shaksgam Valley, 中國聲稱有 the Fukche valley, the mouth of the river by Chumar, 沙克思干谷地(楚馬河河口處) and the largest chunk of highlands - the Aksai Chin region, 還有阿克賽欽高地 which Chinese national highway 2-19 passes through. 中國國道219經過此區地 In addition, further up north, pretty much all of Tajikistan's southeast border with China is disputed. 往北,在塔吉克東南也有領土爭議 *sigh* 嘆! and then we reach the Spratly Islands. 現在轉向南沙群島 *singing* Spratly Islands, Islands, *唱歌*南沙群島,群島, *singing* who you will own you now? 南沙群島 ,誰擁有你? I don't know! *almost crying* 我不知道 In the South China Sea, things get really messy. 在南中國海,情勢也很複雜 Imagine, if you will, a bunch of people walking towards each other, 想像有一群人 each one on their phones looking at pictures of Bob Saget, 低頭看著手機上的鮑勃·薩格,一面走向對方 and then suddenly they all bump into each other, and notice a pile of money on the ground right at their feet. 突然大家撞在一起,此時赫然發現腳邊有一疊鈔票 They drop their phones and immediately lunge for the pile, 丟下手機,馬上去搶錢 disagreeing on whose money is whose, and how much belongs to which person. 根本不管錢是誰的,每人應得多少 That's the Spratly Islands! 這就是南沙群島 Essentially, these islands are claimed by 5 separate countries in area, 基本上,有五個國家聲稱有群島主權 6, if you consider Taiwan sovereign, 六個,算進台灣的話 and the whole deal is just an enormous mess of convoluted claim squabbling. 反正整件事就是大亂鬥 This is what the Philippines' claims. 這是菲律賓聲稱的範圍 This is Vietnam's, Brunei's, Malaysia's, 這是越南,汶萊,馬來西亞 and then China just kinda does this. 這是中國 Basically the Spratlys are an international battle royale, 其實南沙群島就像是各國間的大逃殺 and when one side doesn't really pay attention to one island that they claim, 一不注意,島就被其他國占走 another side sweeps in and builds a military station. 並在上建立軍事基地 It gets ugly sometimes. 非常險惡 Oh, yeah, and there's a cluster of rocks called the Diaoyu or the Senkaku islands 喔對了,還有釣魚島或稱尖閣諸島 that both China and Japan both think is theirs. 中國日本各自認為擁有 Alright! That's it! 是了! Kind of. I mean, we didn't really talk about the whole North Korea thing, 我們都沒啥提到北韓 and how the entire country operates under one time zone, 在同一時區下,國家事怎麼運作的 but we'll just have to save that for a social media comment war. 但這些我們留在社群媒體上論戰就好 In the meantime, we gotta get this gravy train rolling. 現在,繼續講些容易的事吧 China is a big big country, so naturally you're gonna get deep geographic divisions all over, 中國地大,自然地會包含很多不同地貌 but in general, if you look at China from space, 但是大致上看起來,你會發現,東邊明顯較綠 you'll notice that the east is significantly greener than that of the arid, rocky north and west. 西北邊地勢較高 Situated right on the eastern third of the Eurasian landmass, 佔了歐亞大陸三分之一面積 China's inner and coastal domain is kind of shielded by this arid, sparsely populated highlands 中國內陸與海岸都被周圍的高山環繞 in the south-west, west and north, encapsulating the fertile lowlands inside. 西南,西邊,北邊的高山包圍著內部肥沃平原 I like to call this "the Chinese shield". 我稱之"中國屏障" "Nobody's gonna touch my plants!" "沒人能碰到我的植物" This is partially why it took Europeans so long to develop solid ties and interactions with the east. 這就是為何歐洲人需要花這麼久,才能與東方建立互動 I mean, sure, the Silk Road had existed for centuries prior, 當然,絲路在幾世紀前有出現了 but crossing all the mountains and deserts and rocky pass[es] was less favorable to sea exploration for them. 比起大老遠穿越高山,沙漠,人們較偏好海路 And by the way, no, 順道一提 Marco Polo did not bring the concept of pasta to Italy by bringing back Chinese noodles from his travels. 馬可波羅才沒有從中國之行帶回義大利麵 Pasta had already existed in the Mediterranean for centuries prior to the excursion. 在他到中國之前,義大利麵早就出現在地中海了 THE LESS YOU KNEW ⋆ 學得越多,發現知道得越少 China has a vast domain of biodiversity and climate; 中國在生物與氣候方面也存在多樣性 the west and north will be radically different from the coast and south. 西北與東南沿海有很大的不同 So let's start with the inland and coast. 現在還看看內陸與海岸 On the east side of China and the coasts, you have the heavily populated alluvial plains that are generally flat, 在中國東邊與沿岸,是人口稠密的沖積平原 with numerous spots for shipping and harbours and beaches with the cool looking ones, 很多漁港,港口,還有很酷的海灘 like Panjin Red Beach that blossoms every autumn. 像是紅沙灘,每年都人滿為患 Head a little bit north, up to the provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang, and half of Inner Mongolia 往北走是,吉林,黑龍江,與部分內蒙古 along the borders of Russia and North Korea, and you hit the coldest spot in all of China. 旁邊是俄羅與北韓領土,這裡是中國最冷的地方 In fact, every year the city of Harbin, named the "ice city", 事實上,被稱做"冰城"的哈爾濱 has a huge ice sculpting festival that draws in millions of tourists in the winter months. 每年冬季都有大型的冰雕節,吸引數以萬計的遊客 Fun fact: this general area of China was commonly referred to as "Manchuria" in the past, 有趣事實,這邊以前被稱做"滿州" named after the Manchu people, which is where the Fu Manchu moustache gets its name from, 因為這裡住著滿州人,電影人物"傅滿州"取名於此 which is where I get back to the video. 這就是我做這影片 Head a little east, and you reach the rest of the Inner Mongolian autonomous region, 再往東走,會到達另一部分的內蒙古自治區 which is dominated by the Mongolian plateau, which is a highland consisting of dry steppes, hills, 地形主體是蒙古高原,一連串陡峭的山所組成 and yes, the Gobi desert, which, fun side note: is where all those beautiful caravan raiding and 還有戈壁沙漠 "gimme back my comb or I will kill you" chasing scenes from Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon were filmed. "還我梳子,要不殺死你",電影臥虎藏龍中的追逐場景就是在此拍攝 Head a little west, and things get a little more intense. 往西邊走,地勢變得險峻 Congratulations, you've reached the largest subdivision in China - the Xinjiang Uyghur autonomous region. 恭喜,你到了中國最大的行政區,新疆維吾爾自治區 This is basically the wild west of China. 這就像中國的西部荒野 At over 1 and a half million square kilometers, only about 5% of the area is fit for human habitation. 超過150萬平方公里,但是指有5%適合人居 This area is strange, rocky, rugged, mountainous, and loaded with oil, 這地區充斥高山,岩石,地形崎嶇,且蘊含石油 making it China's largest gas producing region. 是中國最大的天然氣生產區 Then you head a little south, and you reach the strange Taklamakan desert or the "cold desert". 往南走,到達塔克拉瑪干沙漠,或稱為"冷沙漠" This huge basin of shifting sand dunes is almost completely surrounded by the snow-capped mountains 在這盆地中,有許多移動沙丘,盆地周圍是被白雪覆蓋的高山 trapping in the frigid winds, however, it still lies in the rain shadow zone, 這些高山阻擋北方寒風,使得盆地仍處於雨影區 so it rarely receives any precipitation. 所以還是偶而下雨 However, the funny thing is: if you look closely, you can see the ice melt from the Tian Shan 有趣的是,看仔細點的話,融化雪水從北側的天山,與南側的崑崙山 and Kunlun Mountains in the north and south feeding into the valleys below by the desert, 流進沙漠中的谷地 until they create a dry riverbed that looks like a strange Angeline Jolie forehead vein in the desert. 在露出河床前,好像安婕麗娜裘莉的動脈 Head south, and then we reach the most notable autonomous region - the Tibetan plateau. 再往南,到達最有名的自治區,西藏高原 As the highest region on earth, with an average elevation of nearly 5,000 meters / 16,000 feet, 平均海拔5000公尺,是世界上最高的區域 this area is situated on the Himalayan Mountains, the tallest mountain range on the planet, 這區域就在世界最高喜馬拉雅山脈附近 and the tallest mountain in the world - Mount Everest - straddles the border with Nepal. 也緊鄰珠穆朗瑪峰,橫跨中國與尼泊爾 The funny thing is, the Tibetan plateau, and to some extent, the Qinghai province, 西藏高原與部分青海省因為地勢太高了 is so high that the snow melt runoff doesn't really have much to go in the arid north, 所以融化雪水無法順利流到較乾旱的北邊 so it just kind of flows into the empty crevices, 所以只能流入內陸低窪區域 creating China's largest network of freshwater lakes speckled throughout the entire area, 形成了中國分布最大的淡水湖群 including the largest lake in China - Qinghai Lake. 其中包含了中國最大的湖泊,青海湖 Many speculate that these are actually the sources of many of the major rivers in China, 這些湖泊之中,也有許多被認為是中國主要河流的發源地 including the Yellow and Yangtze [rivers]. 包括黃河,揚子江 Then we get to the southeast, by the provinces of Yunnan, Guangxi and Guandong 往西南,是雲南,廣西,廣東 as the warmest regions in the country. 是整個國家最溫暖的區域 These areas are home to some of the most picturesque rock forest and eroded mountain landscapes 有名的石林山水,鐘乳石洞就在此區域 with the terraced rice paddies that have literally usurped the entire surface area of hills and mountains. 還有數量龐大的梯田,幾乎覆蓋所有的丘陵,山地 This is also the only place where you can find the creepy Snub-nosed monkey. 同時也是恐怖的金絲猴的活動區域 When you head inland, you reach the rural areas, 往內陸走,到達農村區域 and you can encounter the vast network of rivers and creeks that 會看到交錯的河流 irrigate the endless endless crop fields, with the occasional pine and bamboo forest. 灌溉著無數的稻田,偶而還有松木林與竹林 Here's where we have to address a little bit of reality. 這裡解釋一下 Yes, China is loaded with beautiful scenery unmatched anywhere else in the world. 中國有許多人煙罕至的風景 I mean, the setting for 'Avatar' was inspired by the Zhangjiajie National Park, "阿凡達"的故事背景,就是參考張家界風景區而設計的 however, just like any other major state, they do have their land controversies. 然而,如同國家,有很多土地問題 China has been trying really hard to crack down on its poaching, 中國一直以來,都嚴厲取締非法狩獵 and especially against the endangered species, 特別是那些瀕臨絕種的動物 like the black-necked crane, the golden monkey, and of course, 像是黑頸鶴,金尾長猴 the iconic mascot of the nation - the giant panda bear. 當然還有中國的吉祥物,熊貓 On top of that, China has quite a pollution problem; 除此之外,中國有嚴重的空汙問題 the Chinese Ministry of Health has stated that 中國衛生部表示 industrial pollution has made cancer China's leading cause of death. 工業廢氣,使得肺癌明列首要死因 This is both attributed to the air and land pollution. 這些事土地汙染與空氣汙染所造成的 They've tried their best to combat the issue with instituting strict regulations, and fines and bans, 他們很盡力想改善問題,志定政策,立法,罰款 but with the population as big as China, 但是中國汙染問題太嚴重 it's proven incredibly difficult to manage contamination maintenance. 污染防治真的很難處理 Now let's talk about the most controversial aspect of China, the... 現在來聊些爭議性的話題 Alright, here we go, I'm probably not gonna feel this nervous until we get to the Israel video, 好,開始吧,反正在講到以色列之前,我不會緊張的 or the country "that must not be named"! 或是"不能以此為名的國家" Let's talk about the people of China. 讓我們談談中國人民 With a population around 1.4 billion people, 有著14億人口 China is the world's most populous country with around 19% of the entire world's population. 中國是世界上人口最多的國家,占世界總數19% About one out of every five people on the planet is Chinese. 每五個就有一個是中國人 Let me just emphasize exactly how big that is. 我再強調一下這到底有多多 In China, they have traffic jams that can last not only hours, but days...on 50-lane highways. 在中國,塞車不是兩三小時,是塞整天的!而且還是在有五十車道的高速公路 In China, even if you are one in a million, there are still 1,400 people exactly just like you. 在中國,如果你是百萬人其中的一個,表示還有1400跟你一樣 But my mom thinks I'm cool! 但我媽還是覺得我最棒 Okay, that's great! ok,很好 Seriously though, China is packed. 認真說,中國很擁擠 However, with the colossal population comes an endlessly broad spectrum 然而,正是因為如此龐大人口 of culture, traditions, people groups, customs and lifestyles. 中國人在文化,習俗,語言,服裝上有廣泛的差異 China officially recognizes about 56 different ethnic people groups that inhabit the entire country. 中國官方認定有56個民族,居住在這個國家 At about 90%, the largest majority of the population identifies as Han Chinese, 有大約九成是漢人 and the remainder of the population typically falls within one of the many ethnic groups and the subdivision groups; 剩下的比例,則由其他少數民族所占 the largest ones being the Zhuang, the Hui, the Manchu and the Uyghur. 最大的幾個是,壯族,滿族,回族,維吾爾族 Funny little side note: 有趣的題外話, there are actually about twice as many Mongols living in China than there are actually in Mongolia itself. 在中國的蒙古族人數,是在蒙古國的兩倍 The interesting thing is that they actually write in the traditional vertical Mongol script 而且,他們仍使用直式的蒙古文字 that as all but been abandoned from regular Mongolia since the introduction of the Cyrillic alphabet in the 40's. 1940,在蒙古國,已經被俄文字母所取代 You can even find the traditional characters on street signs and stores in the region. 你可以在這區域看到傳統文字 When it comes to the population, you need to know about the imaginary Heihe-Tengchong line. 當講到人口,必須知道一條虛擬的線,黑河騰衝線 This is a line drawn diagonally from the northern city of Heihe all the way to Tengchong in the south, 這條線連接北邊的黑河,與南邊的騰衝 and about 94% of the entire country's population lives east of this line. 這個國家94%的人口,都分佈在此線右邊 The official language of China is Mandarin or Putonghua, however, like mentioned before, 中國官方語言是普通話,但是如先前所提 regional languages exist and they're even allowed to publish and utilize their own scripts in public. 各地區有各自的語言,允許在公共場所使用,也能發行書 You can find the largest linguistic contrast in the autonomous regions. 在自治區,會發現很大的語言差異 The Zhuang language is spoken in the Guangxi autonomous region, 廣西自治區講壯語 and is actually closer to the Thai and Lao languages with some mutual understanding, 壯語接近泰語,寮語,且能互相瞭解 the only problem is that it's written in the Latin alphabet. 差別只是,他們用拉丁字母拼寫 Just like we mentioned in the Bhutan video, the Tibetan language is closer to the Bhutanese Dzongkha language, 像在不丹影片所提到,藏語很接近不丹的宗卡語 and is written with the Tibetan syllabary which is actually closer to the scripts found in India and Nepal. 而且是用音節文字書寫,這在印度,尼泊爾也很常見 The Uyghurs of the north write in an Arabic based writing system, 維吾爾族則是用阿拉伯書寫系統 and it's crazy because these people are actually the least Chinese-looking people in all of China, 這很瘋狂,因為他們看起來就像中國人 as they are Turkic in their heritage, yet they still have Chinese citizenship, 但是有突厥文化,同時也是中國公民 and most are able to at least pull a conversation in Mandarin as a second language. 他們通常把普通話當第二語言 Then, of course, we get to one of the most widely known dialects - Cantonese - spoken mostly in the south 當然,還要介紹一個廣為人知的方言,廣東話 spoken mostly in the south in the Guangdong province, as well as Hong Kong and Macao; 廣東省南部與香港,澳門都使用廣東話 propagated worldwide through the help of famous Hong Kong cinema and television. 由於香港影劇的原因,使廣東話傳遍世界各地 One thing you need to understand is that many of these dialects are completely unintelligible to Mandarin. 有一件是你必須知道,很多方言跟普通話是無法互通的 For example, in Mandarin you might say: 例如,普通話這樣講 (speaking in Mandarin) 普通話 but in Cantonese you would say: 但是廣東話這樣講 (speaking in Cantonese) 廣東話 in Mandarin: 普通話這樣講 (speaking in Mandarin) 普通話 but in Cantonese: 但是廣東話這樣講 (speaking in Cantonese) 廣東話 See? They don't sound anything alike. 聽起來完全不像 "Well, they don't sound no nothin' to me either way, so it don't matter to me." 對我沒差,反正都聽不懂 *sigh*...Here, go go play with this ball. 去旁邊玩球吧 The weird thing is they all still use the same Chinese character writing system, 有趣的是,不同方言使用同一漢字書寫系統 so even if you don't understand each other, you can still communicate with writing. 所以就算無法溝通,仍是可以筆談題外話, Fun little side note: the same thing even sometimes applies for Japan, 日文也是, as they use the Kanji writing system, which is made up of Chinese characters all over. 日本也是使用漢字書寫系統,是從中國漢字改造而來 Culture-wise, there is too much to cover and I won't be able to address everything, 文化方面,範圍太多太廣,我就不一一細講了 but basically the Chinese have an incredibly long history of vibrant, exuberanting customs, 但是基本上,中國歷史博大精深建築, traditions, rituals, dynasties, discoveries, inventions, wars, alliances, 傳統,習俗,王朝,發現與發明,戰史, art, building, food, apparel, policies and beliefs. 藝術,建築,食物,服裝,政策和信仰, And the list goes on and on. 還有很多.. To even attempt to scratch the surface, 就算只是蜻蜓點水介紹 we would have to make over a hundred episodes. 也要做個上百集 One thing that kind of is universal, though, is that the Chinese have a very hard-working diligent type of 但是有一件事情是共通的,中國人非常勤奮 social construct that looms over the entire population. 這份刻骨耐勞的精神,存在於整個社會結構 Students can typically spend about 12 hours a day on school work and studying 學生們通常一天花12小時念書 in order to pass college entrance exams, which is a huge deal! 為了能通過高考,這非常重要! Oh, and they absolutely love practicing English, in fact, 還有,他們非常喜歡學習英文 there are actually more people in China that speak English as a second language than there are in the UK. 以英文為第二語言的中國人比英國還多 Some children that show signs of being gifted in certain academic, athletic and artistic progress 也有些小孩,在課業,體育,藝術上展現天賦 are even selected by the state to undergo training at specific academies that cater towards 這些小孩,國家甚至會特別栽培他們 targeting on honing those skills. 使他們在各領域更加精進 Speaking of which, the country operates under a one-party socialist state. 說到國家,中國是一黨專制的社會主義國家 "But I thought China was communist!" 但我以為中國是共產主義 Ehh, not really, I mean, yes, the ruling party is called the "Communist Party", 嗯..不全是,雖說執政黨是"共產黨" and they do endorse some of the democratic centralist principles that Lenin proposed, 他們也認同列寧的民主集中制 and they do advocate some semi-communist ideologies, 也提倡一些類共產主意思想 but in all reasonable definitions, China is not a full-on "communist" country. 但是根據完整的定義,中國並不全然是個"共產"主義國家 After the 70's, policies were relaxed, and China opened up a more free market economy. 70年代後,政策開始解禁,中國漸漸往自由經濟靠攏 Nonetheless, there are still restrictions on press, access to the internet, 但是仍有出版,網路的管制 although VPNs and proxy servers are not uncommon to avoid that problem, (即便VPN與代理伺服器能輕易解決此問題) freedom of assembly and even freedom of religion. 集會自由,宗教自由也受到限制 Speaking of which, China has an interesting faith-based background. 說到宗教,中國有有趣的宗教背景 Although most people in the country are generally irreligious, 雖然大部份中國人都沒有信教 or adhere to traditional faiths and ideologies like Confucianism and Taoism, 或是有一些傳統信仰,還有一些孔子與道教理念 there are still a surprisingly solid community of people that have faith backgrounds. 令人驚訝的是,有一部分人有的宗教信仰 Islam can be mostly found in the west in the Xianjiang and Ningxia areas. 像是寧夏與新疆大多信奉伊斯蘭教 Buddhism is more prevalent in the south, where you can find massive Buddha statues, 佛教在中國南方更流行,在那可以看到一些大型佛像 like the ones carved in the cliff of Leshan. 像是刻在山壁的樂山大佛 But then you get this weird anomaly and realise, 但是你會發現一件反常的事 "There's a huge influx of Christians that suddenly just came out of nowhere." 短時間內,中國突然有大量基督徒出現,不知從哪蹦出來的 China has the world's fastest growing Christian population, 中國是世界上基督徒成長最快速的國家 and demographers speculate that somewhere around 150 to 200 million people identify as Christians in China. 統計學家估計中國基督徒數量在1.5億到2億之間 It is soon projected that in less than 15 years, China will be the world's largest Christian nation. 預估在15年內,中國將成為世上最多基督徒的國家 Sociologists attribute this sudden rapid growth simply to conversion, 社會學家認為,這種突來的轉變是因為先前一胎化政策 since the previously instated one-child policy discredits the possibility of big families. 使大家庭的概念瓦解 Speaking of which, that whole one-child policy thing was revoked in 2015 and now they have a 2-child policy. 說到這,中國一胎化政策,已在2015年廢除,現在是二孩政策 In a nutshell, when it comes to people, China is a colossal behemoth to be reckoned with; 簡言之,只要與人口數有關的,中國就是名列前茅 you can't deny that China sticks out like a sore thumb on the world stage. 不可否認,中國漸漸在世界舞台上嶄露頭角 Now let's see what role they play on that stage. 現在讓我們看看他在世界扮演什麼角色 Okay, so here's the deal, we all know that China is huge. 這樣說好了,我們知道中國很大 In terms of nominal GDP, China has the second largest economy in the world after the U.S., 中國名義GDP名列世界第二,僅次於美國 they are the world's largest exporter, trade nation, oil importer, and henceforth, 中國是世界上最大的出口國,貿易國,石油進口國 it's not hard to really conclude that China has a lot of connections. 可以說,中國與世界有許多連結 China has diplomatic relations with almost every single country in the world, 中國與世界上大多數國家都有外交關係 minus a few that either never really had the time meet up, 減掉幾個沒時間碰面的 or the few that recognise Taiwan sovereignty over the People's Republic, 或是有些承認台灣(中國民國),而非中華人民共和國的國家 which doesn't really sit well with them. 所以就跟中國合不來 Nonetheless, trying to analyze China's diplomatic relations is like one big messed up chess game 然而,若嘗試分析中國的外交關係,這挺複雜的 that makes no sense. 就跟無法理解的棋局一樣 One thing that we can start with is the B.R.I.C.S nations. 我們可以先從金磚四國(B.R.I.C.S)開始說起 B.R.I.C.S being the acronym for the assocation of the five national emerging economies: B.R.I.C.S是五個新興國家的簡稱 Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. 巴西,俄羅斯,印度,中國,南非這五國 These five countries have developed an alliance based on bilateral relations and mutual benefit agreements. 想建立一個聯盟,基於雙邊關係,與互惠協議 One misconception that a lot of people have is that China and India do not get along. 大家有個誤解,中國與印度處不好 Yes, in the 60's there was a Sino-Indian War, and yes, the border disputes are all kind of still in effect, 是的,在60年代有中印戰爭,現在也仍是有邊界領土爭議 but nonetheless, China and India have been operating in diplomatic measures for decades, 但是,中印外交關係持續了幾十年 They are heavily dependent on each other's trade and business, 他們在貿易,商業上彼此相依 and after a few high-level visits from the former president Jiang Zemin in the 90's, 還有在90年代,幾次來自江澤民高級別的訪問 tensions have eased off quite a bit. 兩國緊張關係緩解不少 The only problem is that both countries are the biggest investors in Africa, 有個問題是,兩國都是非洲最大的投資國 so that kinda puts a little bit of competition in the bucket. 所以他們在這有競爭關係 When it comes to Africa, China was kind of like "Eeh, Africa is like a really big place 說到非洲,中國認為這是東西可用的地方 with a lot of stuff we could use, with a lot of diplomatic confusion, 但是有很多外交混亂 so, uhh, maybe we should step in as the new guys and cut a deal with these Africans." 所以,我們應該進入,與非洲人達成協議 To this day, China has really been keeping their eyes on Sub-Saharan Africa, 近年來,中國很關注撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲區域 specifically in places like South Africa, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Angola. 尤其是,南非,辛巴威,波扎那與安哥拉 South Africa and Angola being the largest African trading partners with China. 南非與安哥拉是中國在非洲最大的貿易夥伴 The problem though is that China is kind of far, and doesn't really have a coast on the Indian Ocean 但是有個問題是,對於來自非洲的貨物, for shipment from Africa, so that's where Pakistan comes in. 中國在印度洋沒有出海口 Pakistan has actually been one of the closest friends and allies of China 所以這時,巴基斯坦就來了 since the beginning of the Economic Reform period. 從改革開放以來,巴基斯坦都是中國非常親密的夥伴 Not only do they offer China access to the Indian Ocean from the ports of Gwadar, 巴基斯坦不僅讓中國使用瓜達爾港,使得中國有了進出印度洋的門戶, they frequently collaborate on energy, technology and even military agreements, 他們也時常在能源,科技,軍事上有合作協議 which kind of makes sense in case if tensions ever rose with India ever again. 這很合理,因為萬一再與印度起衝突的話,中國就能幫忙 Funny enough, Israel is also a close ally of China as well; 很有趣,在二戰時,以色列也是中國的好盟友 during WWII, Shanghai took in many Jewish refugees, 上海容納了很多猶太難民 and Israel was the first country in the Middle East 同時,以色列也是第一個承認中華人民共和國 to recognise the PRC as the legitimate government of China. 為合法代表中國的中東國家 Which is weird, because China also has ties to Iran and many other nations in the Middle East 這其實很怪,因為中國與其他中東國家關係也不錯,像是伊朗 that could care less for Israel, 這可能會讓以色列不太開心 in fact, trade between China and the Middle East goes way back millennia all the way to the Silk Road, 事實上,中國與中東的互動可以追溯到千年前的絲路 so it's nothing new for them. 所以現在他們也不陌生 Russia is probably the closest European ally, 俄羅斯大概是中國最好的歐洲盟友了 even though the Sino-Soviet split in the 60's kinda caused a little bit of dissension, 雖然在60年代,中蘇交惡 but nonetheless, the two have learned to kind of shrug it off and join forces again. 但是,兩國開始盡釋前嫌開始合作 Russia, to this day, is also the largest oil exporter to China, 至今日,俄羅斯是中國最大的石油輸出國 and there's even a small community of Russians living in China, mostly in Harbin in the north. 也有一小部分俄羅斯人生活在中國,大都在北方的哈爾濱 Which is weird, again, because China's relations with the U.S. are pretty crucial too. 這很微妙,因為中美關係也很重要 The U.S. is China's largest trade partner and plays a pivotal role in China's revenue input. 美國是中國最大的貿易夥伴,在中國總收入扮演重要角色 They are friends with both North and South Korea, however with all the nuke action going on, 他們也都跟南北韓很好,但是因為北韓有核計畫 China has been less and less supportive of North Korea, 中國漸漸不那麼支持北韓了 and has even threated to impose sanctions against them. 甚至還威脅要經濟制裁北韓 And that's not even half of it, if you want the whole story, go talk to a Chinese person, 可能不只如此,想知道全部的話,去問問中國人吧 becasue we are out of time. 因為我們時間快用完了 In conclusion, since the beginning of its conception, China has always been able to show the world 結論是,從影片一開始的概念,中國有能力改變世界對於他們的看法, that it knows how to make you know about it and now that you know about it 現在你也知道了 you have no idea how much still need to know. 你不清楚還有多少你必須知道 Stay tuned and come be a with Colombia...no...that didn't? 別轉台,繼續看哥倫比亞 Hey geograpeeps, so Geography now just got its first sponsor - 24houranswers.com, 嗨,geograpeeps, Geography now現在有了第一個贊助者,24houranswers.com this is probably the best homework help and tutroing website ever, 這是一個教你作業的網站 if you're in college or if you're a grad student or whatever, 如果你是大學生或是研究生之類的 these people are smart, they're great, most of the instructors have at least their Master's degree 網站上的人很聰明,他們大多至少都是碩士 and I also have a protocol that you guys can use, I'll put everything in the link in the description below 還有一些方案可以用,詳情我就放在底下的連結 but check them out - 24houranswers.com, they're helping out Geography now, so feel free to check them out 去24houranswers.com看看吧,他們幫助Geography now and help them out as well - 24houranswers.com 現在我們也幫他宣傳
B1 中級 中文 美國腔 中國 普通話 廣東話 國家 行政區 中國人 現在就去地理中國 (Geography Now! China) 994 82 gotony5614.me97 發佈於 2021 年 01 月 14 日 更多分享 分享 收藏 回報 影片單字