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Voiceover: There are several different types of lung cancer,
旁白肺癌有幾種不同的類型。
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and to determine the type a patient has,
並確定患者的類型。
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cancer cells need to be taken
癌細胞需要採取
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from either fluid around the lungs,
從肺部周圍的任一液體。
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or from a lung tissue sample known as a biopsy
或從肺組織樣本中提取,稱為活檢
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or from a sputum sample.
或從痰液樣本中提取。
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Then this sample is taken back to the lab,
然後將這個樣品帶回實驗室。
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where the cells are looked at under a microscope,
在顯微鏡下觀察細胞。
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and a diagnosis is made based
並據此作出診斷
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on some characteristics of the cell.
在細胞的一些特性上。
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There are two main categories of lung cancer,
肺癌主要有兩大類。
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one being small cell lung cancer,
一個是小細胞肺癌。
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and the other non-small cell lung cancer.
和其他非小細胞肺癌。
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Maybe you can already tell
也許你已經知道了
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that these two main categories have to do
這兩個主要類別必須做
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with the actual size of the cell.
細胞的實際大小。
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For small cell lung cancer, this is a tiny cell,
對於小細胞肺癌來說,這是一個小小的細胞。
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so I like to think of it as a baby cell.
所以我喜歡把它看成是一個嬰兒細胞。
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A baby doesn't have much distance
嬰幼兒沒有太多的距離。
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from its head to i's toes, right?
從它的頭到我的腳趾,對不對?
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Well, a small cell, then, doesn't have much distance
好吧,一個小的細胞,那麼,沒有太多的距離'。
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from one side to the other.
從一邊到另一邊。
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That means its nucleus and cell wall
這意味著它的細胞核和細胞壁。
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are close to each other.
是相近的。
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Also like a baby, this particular type of cell
也像嬰兒一樣,這種特殊類型的細胞。
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is not fully developed.
並未得到充分發展。
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Small cell lung cancer typically occurs in females.
小細胞肺癌一般發生在女性身上。
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Let me draw her here with a pink bow,
讓我用粉紅色的蝴蝶結把她畫過來。
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and give her a cigarette, because this occurs
並給她一支菸,因為這發生
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in females with a long history of smoking.
有長期吸菸史的女性。
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A thing to keep in mind about this type of lung cancer,
關於這種類型的肺癌,需要注意的是。
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is that it divides quickly,
就是它的分裂速度很快。
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and spreads rapidly throughout the body.
並迅速擴散到全身。
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In fact, by the time it's diagnosed,
事實上,到了診斷的時候'。
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it's usually in numerous locations in the body.
它'的通常在身體的許多位置。
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The way I remember this is that
我記得的方式是
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a small cell lung cancer is associated
小細胞肺癌與
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with heavy smoking.
與大量吸菸。
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So let me draw a female with some extra cigarettes.
所以讓我畫一個女的,多抽幾根菸。
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If she's rapidly smoking, she has a greater risk
如果她迅速吸菸,她有更大的風險。
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of developing the rapidly dividing
迅速分裂的國家的發展
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and rapidly spreading type of lung cancer.
且擴散迅速的肺癌類型。
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This accounts for about 15% of all lung cancers.
這約佔所有肺癌的15%。
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But what about the other 85%?
但另外85%的人呢?
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Eighty-five percent of the time,
百分之八十五的時間。
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it's a non-small cell lung cancer diagnosis.
它'的非小細胞肺癌診斷。
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Now, these are big, mature cells,
現在,這些是大的,成熟的細胞。
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and there's lots of mature cells
有很多成熟的細胞。
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in the respiratory tract.
在呼吸道中。
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So this category has subcategories,
所以這個類別有子類別。
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depending on which type of mature cell
取決於哪種類型的成熟細胞
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has become cancerous.
已成為癌症。
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Here, I'm going to draw a big cell,
在這裡,我'要畫一個大牢房。
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lots of distance from the nucleus to the cell wall.
從細胞核到細胞壁的距離很大。
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This mature cell has the function
這個成熟的細胞具有以下功能
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of secreting mucin.
的分泌粘液素。
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So let me write that here.
所以讓我在這裡寫。
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Mucin is responsible for keeping the lungs moist.
粘蛋白負責保持肺部溼潤。
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If this cell becomes cancerous,
如果這個細胞發生癌變。
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it's called an adenocarcinoma.
它叫做腺癌。
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Adeno meaning coming from a gland,
腺體的意思是來自腺體。
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and glands produce mucin.
和腺體產生粘液素。
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This occurs 40% of the time in all
這種情況發生在所有40%的時間裡。
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non-small cell lung cancers.
非小細胞肺癌;
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This is going to affect women, so again here's my bow.
這將影響女性,所以再次在這裡'我的弓。
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But I'm not going to include a cigarette this time,
但我'這次不打算包括香菸。
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because it actually affects both
因為它實際上會影響到兩個
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smokers and nonsmokers.
吸菸者和不吸菸者;
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For this next subcategory, I need to draw two cells.
接下來這個子類,我需要畫兩個單元格。
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They're still large, but they're
他們仍然是大的,但他們'。
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a little flatter this time,
這次有點平淡了。
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and they're kind of stapled together
他們是那種釘在一起的
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by these proteins that make up a desmasome.
由這些蛋白質組成的去瘤體。
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It helps the cells create a barrier
它可以幫助細胞建立一個屏障
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between the airways and the rest of the body.
氣道和身體其他部位之間。
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Keratin is also in the cells.
角蛋白也在細胞中。
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This is a lot like the keratin you find in our hair
這很像你在我們頭髮上找到的角蛋白。
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and serves a protective function.
並起到保護作用。
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If these cells become cancerous,
如果這些細胞發生癌變。
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it's called a squamous cell carcinoma.
它'的叫鱗狀細胞癌。
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This occurs about 30% of the time,
這種情況大約有30%的時間發生。
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and in males this time, so let me give him a blue hat.
而且這次是在男性,所以讓我給他一頂藍色的帽子。
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Males who have a history of smoking.
有吸菸史的男性。
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Of all the non-small cell lung cancers,
在所有非小細胞肺癌中。
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this one has the greatest link to smoking.
這個和吸菸的關係最大。
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Okay, let's move this canvas up
好了,讓我們把畫布往上移一下
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and talk about another sub-type.
並談及另一種子類型。
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Here's a nice large, round cell,
這裡有一個漂亮的大號圓形牢房。
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and actually, it doesn't have much more
而實際上,它並沒有更多的'。
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defining characteristics than that,
比的定義特徵。
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so it's simply called a large cell carcinoma,
所以它'的簡稱為大細胞癌。
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and it occurs in male smokers.
並且發生在男性菸民身上。
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Oh, I almost forgot.
哦,我差點忘了。
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Large cell carcinomas occur in 10%
10%的人發生大細胞癌
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of all non-small cell lung cancers.
佔所有非小細胞肺癌的。
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Finally, there's this flask-shaped cell
最後,還有這個瓶狀的細胞。
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that has added space here, some nerves,
這已經增加了這裡的空間,一些神經。
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and when it receives signals from these nerves,
以及當它收到這些神經的信號時。
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it releases hormones.
它釋放激素。
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If one of these cells becomes cancerous,
如果其中一個細胞發生癌變。
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The cancer is called a carcinoid.
這種癌症被稱為類癌。
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This happens about 5% of the time.
這種情況大約有5%的時間發生。
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Interestingly, males and females
有趣的是,男性和女性
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have an equal risk of developing
有相同的發病風險
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carcinoid cancers, and there's really
類癌,而且真的有'的。
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no direct link to smoking.
與吸菸沒有直接聯繫。
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Now I hope you can see that there's
現在我希望你能看到,有'的
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many different types of lung cancers,
許多不同類型的肺癌。
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and it's important to know what type
而重要的是要知道什麼類型的。
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a patient has, because it affects things
因為它影響到的東西
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like treatment options and prognosis.
如治療方案和預後。