and to determine the type a patient has,

並確定患者的類型。

cancer cells need to be taken

癌細胞需要採取

from either fluid around the lungs,

從肺部周圍的任一液體。

or from a lung tissue sample known as a biopsy

或從肺組織樣本中提取，稱為活檢

or from a sputum sample.

或從痰液樣本中提取。

Then this sample is taken back to the lab,

然後將這個樣品帶回實驗室。

where the cells are looked at under a microscope,

在顯微鏡下觀察細胞。

and a diagnosis is made based

並據此作出診斷

on some characteristics of the cell.

在細胞的一些特性上。

There are two main categories of lung cancer,

肺癌主要有兩大類。

one being small cell lung cancer,

一個是小細胞肺癌。

and the other non-small cell lung cancer.

和其他非小細胞肺癌。

Maybe you can already tell

也許你已經知道了

that these two main categories have to do

這兩個主要類別必須做

with the actual size of the cell.

細胞的實際大小。

For small cell lung cancer, this is a tiny cell,

對於小細胞肺癌來說，這是一個小小的細胞。

so I like to think of it as a baby cell.

所以我喜歡把它看成是一個嬰兒細胞。

A baby doesn't have much distance

嬰幼兒沒有太多的距離。

from its head to i's toes, right?

從它的頭到我的腳趾，對不對？

Well, a small cell, then, doesn't have much distance

好吧，一個小的細胞，那麼，沒有太多的距離'。

from one side to the other.

從一邊到另一邊。

That means its nucleus and cell wall

這意味著它的細胞核和細胞壁。

are close to each other.

是相近的。

Also like a baby, this particular type of cell

也像嬰兒一樣，這種特殊類型的細胞。

is not fully developed.

並未得到充分發展。

Small cell lung cancer typically occurs in females.

小細胞肺癌一般發生在女性身上。

Let me draw her here with a pink bow,

讓我用粉紅色的蝴蝶結把她畫過來。

and give her a cigarette, because this occurs

並給她一支菸，因為這發生

in females with a long history of smoking.

有長期吸菸史的女性。

A thing to keep in mind about this type of lung cancer,

關於這種類型的肺癌，需要注意的是。

is that it divides quickly,

就是它的分裂速度很快。

and spreads rapidly throughout the body.

並迅速擴散到全身。

In fact, by the time it's diagnosed,

事實上，到了診斷的時候'。

it's usually in numerous locations in the body.

它'的通常在身體的許多位置。

The way I remember this is that

我記得的方式是

a small cell lung cancer is associated

小細胞肺癌與

with heavy smoking.

與大量吸菸。

So let me draw a female with some extra cigarettes.

所以讓我畫一個女的，多抽幾根菸。

If she's rapidly smoking, she has a greater risk

如果她迅速吸菸，她有更大的風險。

of developing the rapidly dividing

迅速分裂的國家的發展

and rapidly spreading type of lung cancer.

且擴散迅速的肺癌類型。

This accounts for about 15% of all lung cancers.

這約佔所有肺癌的15%。

But what about the other 85%?

但另外85%的人呢？

Eighty-five percent of the time,

百分之八十五的時間。

it's a non-small cell lung cancer diagnosis.

它'的非小細胞肺癌診斷。

Now, these are big, mature cells,

現在，這些是大的，成熟的細胞。

and there's lots of mature cells

有很多成熟的細胞。

in the respiratory tract.

在呼吸道中。

So this category has subcategories,

所以這個類別有子類別。

depending on which type of mature cell

取決於哪種類型的成熟細胞

has become cancerous.

已成為癌症。

Here, I'm going to draw a big cell,

在這裡，我'要畫一個大牢房。

lots of distance from the nucleus to the cell wall.

從細胞核到細胞壁的距離很大。

This mature cell has the function

這個成熟的細胞具有以下功能

of secreting mucin.

的分泌粘液素。

So let me write that here.

所以讓我在這裡寫。

Mucin is responsible for keeping the lungs moist.

粘蛋白負責保持肺部溼潤。

If this cell becomes cancerous,

如果這個細胞發生癌變。

it's called an adenocarcinoma.

它叫做腺癌。

Adeno meaning coming from a gland,

腺體的意思是來自腺體。

and glands produce mucin.

和腺體產生粘液素。

This occurs 40% of the time in all

這種情況發生在所有40%的時間裡。

non-small cell lung cancers.

非小細胞肺癌；

This is going to affect women, so again here's my bow.

這將影響女性，所以再次在這裡'我的弓。

But I'm not going to include a cigarette this time,

但我'這次不打算包括香菸。

because it actually affects both

因為它實際上會影響到兩個

smokers and nonsmokers.

吸菸者和不吸菸者；

For this next subcategory, I need to draw two cells.

接下來這個子類，我需要畫兩個單元格。

They're still large, but they're

他們仍然是大的，但他們'。

a little flatter this time,

這次有點平淡了。

and they're kind of stapled together

他們是那種釘在一起的

by these proteins that make up a desmasome.

由這些蛋白質組成的去瘤體。

It helps the cells create a barrier

它可以幫助細胞建立一個屏障

between the airways and the rest of the body.

氣道和身體其他部位之間。

Keratin is also in the cells.

角蛋白也在細胞中。

This is a lot like the keratin you find in our hair

這很像你在我們頭髮上找到的角蛋白。

and serves a protective function.

並起到保護作用。

If these cells become cancerous,

如果這些細胞發生癌變。

it's called a squamous cell carcinoma.

它'的叫鱗狀細胞癌。

This occurs about 30% of the time,

這種情況大約有30%的時間發生。

and in males this time, so let me give him a blue hat.

而且這次是在男性，所以讓我給他一頂藍色的帽子。

Males who have a history of smoking.

有吸菸史的男性。

Of all the non-small cell lung cancers,

在所有非小細胞肺癌中。

this one has the greatest link to smoking.

這個和吸菸的關係最大。

Okay, let's move this canvas up

好了，讓我們把畫布往上移一下

and talk about another sub-type.

並談及另一種子類型。

Here's a nice large, round cell,

這裡有一個漂亮的大號圓形牢房。

and actually, it doesn't have much more

而實際上，它並沒有更多的'。

defining characteristics than that,

比的定義特徵。

so it's simply called a large cell carcinoma,

所以它'的簡稱為大細胞癌。

and it occurs in male smokers.

並且發生在男性菸民身上。

Oh, I almost forgot.

哦，我差點忘了。

Large cell carcinomas occur in 10%

10%的人發生大細胞癌

of all non-small cell lung cancers.

佔所有非小細胞肺癌的。

Finally, there's this flask-shaped cell

最後，還有這個瓶狀的細胞。

that has added space here, some nerves,

這已經增加了這裡的空間，一些神經。

and when it receives signals from these nerves,

以及當它收到這些神經的信號時。

it releases hormones.

它釋放激素。

If one of these cells becomes cancerous,

如果其中一個細胞發生癌變。

The cancer is called a carcinoid.

這種癌症被稱為類癌。

This happens about 5% of the time.

這種情況大約有5%的時間發生。

Interestingly, males and females

有趣的是，男性和女性

have an equal risk of developing

有相同的發病風險

carcinoid cancers, and there's really

類癌，而且真的有'的。

no direct link to smoking.

與吸菸沒有直接聯繫。

Now I hope you can see that there's

現在我希望你能看到，有'的

many different types of lung cancers,

許多不同類型的肺癌。

and it's important to know what type

而重要的是要知道什麼類型的。

a patient has, because it affects things

因為它影響到的東西

like treatment options and prognosis.

如治療方案和預後。