a global scale. The biggest change came in the form of instant communication. As long

今晚這個資訊的超級高速大道，和它其中一條主要幹道，

as you had an internet connection you could talk to anyone on earth, assuming, of course,

一個線上網絡，被稱為“網際網絡”

they were also connected to the internet. And around the millennium-shift you had over

凱特，我想他們能夠與NBC(全國廣播公司)的作者和製作人溝通。。

350 million connected people to choose from. The thing is, the internet was not designed

阿利森，你可以解釋什麼是網際網絡？

with things like anonymity and privacy in mind so everything you do and say online can

在獨立電腦網絡的最初起跑線上的交叉點。。。

and, in many cases, will be tracked, recorded, and traceable back to you. Some people are

隨著互聯網在90年代中期至末期的普及 全世界的生活習慣隨之改變

very concerned about their privacy and in the mid 1990s one such group of people was

其中最大的改變莫過於即時通訊的到來

the United States federal government. A team of computer scientists and mathematicians

只要你連上了互聯網，你就能跟地球上的任何一個人交談

working for a branch of the US Navy known as the Naval Research Laboratory, abbreviated as NRL,

當然，前提是對方也連上互聯網

began development of a new technology known as onion routing. Onion routing would allow for anonymous

到了2000年，你所能在網路上交流的對象已經超過3.5億人了

bi-directional communication where the source and destination cannot be determined by a mid-point.

問題是，互聯網在設計時並非以匿名和隱私作為考量

This is accomplish by creating something known as an overlay network. An overlay network

所以你在互聯網上的所作所為，在多數情況下 都是可以被跟蹤、紀錄或追溯你的位置的

is simply a network that is built on top of another network, in this case the internet.

有的人很在乎自己的隱私 而在1990年代有這樣一群人，叫做美國政府

So instead of using the normal unencrypted internet, also known as the surface web, your

在美國海軍的美國海軍研究實驗室裡，簡稱NRL 有一個由資訊工程學家和數學家組成的團隊

traffic goes trough an overlay network. Now, there are many different types of overlay

開始開發一種名為洋蔥路由的新技術

networks but a network using onion routing technology would be classified as a darknet.

洋蔥路由實現了匿名雙向通信，源頭和目標無法在中間點被得知

A darknet can only be accessed via specific software and/or authorization. In case that

通過這種技術創建的網路被稱為覆蓋網路(Overlay Network)

was hard to follow, all you you need to know is that people working for the US government

覆蓋網路簡單來說就在一般網路的互聯網之上建立另一個網路

created a system which would allow for anonymous communication over the internet.

所以，不使用普通的未加密互聯網，又稱表層網路 你的訊息將會通過覆蓋網路進入

However, the people over at NRL soon realized a major limitation.

如今有許多不同類型的覆蓋網路 不過使用洋蔥路由技術的網路都統稱「地下網路」

ROGER DINGLEDINE: ...the United States government can't simply

地下網路只能透過特定的軟體或授權來訪問

run an anonymity system for everybody and then use it themselves only because then

在這種難以遵循的情況下，你需要知道的是 這套系統是由位美國政府工作的人所創造的

every time a connection came from it people would say "Oh, it's another CIA agent looking at my website!"

使在互聯網上進行匿名通信得以實現

if those are the only people using the network. So you need to have

然而，在NRL的人們很快就意識到一個巨大的限制

other people using the network so that they blend together.

美國政府不會單純的對民眾使用匿名系統，然後只有自己能匿名瀏覽"

So what he's saying is that for the network to be truly anonymous it has to be available

"因為如果這樣的話，每次有人透過洋蔥網路連接他人時，那個人就會說"

to everyone and not just the US government. So the NRL was forced to release their onion

""哦，又有一個CIA特工在看我的網站了。""

routing technology to the public. The technology was eventually released under an open source

"因為他們是唯一可以使用這套系統的人"

license and became TOR. TOR stands for The Onion Router and is the software you need

"所以你需要其他人加入這套系統中，與他們融合在一起"

to download to be able to access this network of onion routers. Today, millions of people

他的意思是，若要做到在網路上真正的匿名 那就必須將技術提供給大家，而非只有美國政府使用

across the globe use TOR for a multitude of purposes. Everything from innocent daily browsing

所以NRL被迫將他們的洋蔥路由技術公開於世

to criminal activities. And while it is the most popular, TOR is but one among numerous

這項技術最終在開源的情況下成為了Tor

darknets. Together they all make up the dark web. Subsequently, the dark web forms a small

Tor主張洋蔥路由是需要下載特定的瀏覽器才能訪問洋蔥路由

part of the deep web. The deep web is everything on the web that can not be indexed by search engines.

如今，世界各地已有數百萬人因為各種用途使用Tor

It's nothing like the dark web as most of us use the deep web all the time.

從正常的日常瀏覽網頁，到犯罪活動都有

If you visit this link, you will find an unlisted YouTube video on my channel. This can be classified

然後雖然Tor是最流行的，但Tor也只是無數地下網路中的一個罷了

as deep web content. I know it's a bit anticlimactic but, yeah, this video exist on the deep web

他們一同組成了暗網

simply because no search engine can find it. Other examples of deep web content includes

不過暗網只是深層網路的一小部分罷了

online banking, Netflix, web mail, dynamic pages, databases, and everything that's password-

深層網路就是無法被搜尋引擎索引到的網頁

or paywall-protected. As you can imagine, the deep web has a lot more content than the surface web.

深層網路並不像暗網那樣神秘 實際上我們大多數時間都在使用深層網路

How much more? Well, we don't know because by its very nature it's near-impossible to determine.

如果你點擊這個連結，你會看到一個在我Youtube頻道的非公開影片

A paper from 2001 estimated that the deep web is 500 times the size of

這個網頁內容就可以被歸類為深層網絡的內容

the surface web but, then again, that estimation is over a decade old. All we can say for certain

我知道這樣有點虎頭蛇尾

is that deep web content accounts for the vast majority of the content on the world wide web.

但，沒錯，這部影片就是定義在深層網路中 因為沒有搜尋引擎找得到它

So, to summarize. The surface web is content that can be indexed by search engines.

其他深層網頁的例子包括網路銀行、Netflix、網頁信箱、 動態網頁、資料庫以及一切受密碼或付費所保護的內容

The deep web is content that can not be indexed by search engines. And the dark web is a fraction of the

你可以想像得到，深層網路的內容比起表層網路要來得更多

deep web consisting of numerous darknets which require specific software and/or authorization to access

那到底多多少?

Okay, we know what's on the surface web and we know what's on the deep web.

因為它的性質決定了我們幾乎不可能確定其真實內容

But what do we find on the dark web? More specifically, the darknet known as TOR.

2001年的一份論文推算，深層網路是表層網路規模的500倍

As mentioned, you can use TOR for almost anything. Browsing the web, checking your email, posting

但還是那句話，這份論文是十幾年前的東西了

on forums, instant messaging, watching YouTube videos, you name it. But the dark web aspect

我們所能肯定的是，深層網路的內容 佔了全球資訊網(www)的絕大多數內容

comes in the form of hidden services. A hidden service is essentially a website that can

所以，總結一下

only be accessed via TOR and the address for a hidden service will always end in .onion.

表層網路是可以被搜尋引擎索引的內容

So if I attempt to access this hidden service using Google Chrome, nothing happens. It will

深層網路是不能被搜索引擎索引的內容

only connect using specialized software such as the TOR browser. This is the dark web.

暗網則是由大量地下網站所組成，需要特定軟體或授權訪問 同時也是深層網路的一小部分

Well, one site on the dark web. This specific site is known as The Hidden Wiki and attempts

好了，我們知道什麼是表層網路，也知道什麼是深層網路了

to list as many publicly known hidden services as possible. Facebook operates a hidden service.

但我們要如何在暗網中找東西? 更具體一點，在Tor這個暗網中

The search engine DuckDuckGo is another. But this is about as far as I will go because

正如前面所說，你可以用Tor來瀏覽幾乎所有的東西

there is definitely a darker side to the dark web. Anonymity attracts a vast variety of

看網頁、看郵件、滑論壇、用即時通訊軟體、看Youtube 你能講出來的它都能做到

people and can be used for both licit and illicit purposes.

但暗網也帶來了隱藏服務的形式

In October of 2013, the FBI took down the online drug marketplace known as Silk Road.

隱藏服務只能通過Tor來閱覽 並且訪問隱藏服務的網址都是以.onion來結尾

The website had been in operation since the beginning of 2011 with a total revenue estimated

所以，如果我們試圖用google Chrome來瀏覽這個隱藏服務，不會有任何反應

at $1.2 billion. News about the Silk Road website brought the dark web out of the dark

它只能用專用的軟體來連接，例如Tor瀏覽器

and right into public eye. This graph shows daily traffic over the TOR network before

這就是暗網，恩...暗網的一個網站

Silk Road was mentioned in mainstream media. This is after. Only a few months after Silk

這個網站叫做隱藏版Wiki

Road had been taken down ex-administrators of the site launched Silk Road 2.0.

它試圖盡可能的列出為大家所知的隱藏服務

However, in late 2014, the FBI arrested the admins and the second marketplace was taken down as well.

Facebook營運的隱藏服務、搜尋引擎DuckDuckGo也是

A few hours after that, Silk Road 3.0 was launched and the seemingly endless

但這些與我的想像相去甚遠，暗網中肯定有更加黑暗的東西

spiral continues. And keep in mind that Silk Road was just one website among many.

匿名性質吸引了各式各樣的人們，這個性質可以用於合法 也可以用於非法的目的上

You can find numerous others just like it, selling every illegal drug you can imagine and more.

2013年10月，FBI逮捕了名為絲綢之路的線上毒品市場

The FBI also claimed that the owner of the Silk Road website had attempted to have six people

該網站自2011年年初營運後，已經帶來了大約12億美元的收入

killed by using deep web murder-for-hire services. While the assassinations themselves are unlikely

關於絲綢之路的消息也隨之從暗網中出來，進入公眾視野

to have occurred, these websites can definitely be found on the dark web. The problem is a

該圖顯示了媒體在提到絲綢之路前Tor的日常流量

lack of evidence. Anyone can set up a darknet website claiming anything for any reason.

然後這個，是之後的

Especially if there's money involved. One such website was recently hacked and several

在絲綢之路被撤下的僅僅幾個月後 網站的前管理員就推出了絲綢之路2.0

emails by the admins would suggest the website is indeed a scam set up to make money.

不過到了2014年底，FBI也逮捕了這名管理員，並撤下第二市場

One message reads: "We receive orders to kill people from all over the world, however our

結果，幾個小時後，絲綢之路3.0再次推出

site is fake and we don’t have any hitmen. We forward the orders to police departments

看樣子這個輪迴還在繼續

where the targets are located." And in yet another email they bluntly state:

切記，絲綢之路不過只是眾多網站之一

"...this website is to scam criminals of their money."

你同樣可以找到許多跟它一樣販售各種非法藥物的網站 甚至比你所想的更多

Then again, this supposed hack could've been faked as well so there's no way to be absolutely certain.

FBI還聲稱，絲綢之路網站的所有者曾試圖利用深層網路的 雇傭殺手服務暗殺六個人

Unfortunately, the dark web has some much more depraved and gruesome extremes.

雖然暗殺本身不太可能發生，但這些網站絕對可以在暗網中找到

Many websites contain various forms of sexualized torture and killing of animals and child pornography

但問題是都缺乏證據

sites are a huge problem on the dark web. A site known as Lolita City which has now been

任何人都可以在地下網路中架站聲稱任何東西或任何理由

taken down contained over 100 GB of photos and videos and had around 15,000 members.

特別是如果有資金介入的情況

Another website known as Playpen was taken down by the FBI in 2015 which may have been

前陣子就有這樣一個網站被駭客入侵，公布了幾個管理員的電子郵件 並指出這個網站其實是個為錢所設的假網站

the largest child pornography site on the entire dark web with over 200,000 members.

其中一條寫道："我們收到來自世界各地要殺死的目標"

There's somewhat of an urban legend known as red rooms. A red room is a livestream of

"然而我們的網站是假的，我們沒有任何殺手"

a person being tortured and/or murdered for the entertainment of others. Supposedly, the

"我們會將資料轉發給他們當地的警察部門"

viewers may event interact by typing down instructions. Again there's no evidence of

在另一方信件中，他們直言："這個網站是用來騙那些罪犯的錢用的"

this ever taking place but the myth persists. Not too long ago, a .onion link appeared on

不過話說回來，這個所謂的駭客可能也是偽造的 所以也沒辦法絕對肯定消息的真實性

various forums which take you to a page claiming that a red room-style livestream

不幸的是，暗網中確實有些墮落且可怕的極端

would shortly begin. The victims where supposedly captured ISIS terrorists and the soon-to-be-killers

暗網中有許多包含了各種形式色情、虐殺動物以及兒童色情的網站

promised hours of torture. Though the first hour would be family friendly. You know, for

這些都是暗網中所潛藏的巨大問題

all the kids staying up late to watch a person being brutally murdered live on the dark web.

一個現在已被撤除，名為蘿莉塔市的網站

After much morbid anticipation, the livestream went live and viewers where greeted by a plate of bacon.

其包含了超過100GB的照片和影片，並有大約15000名會員

Mainstream media would have you believe that the surface web is just a thin layer on top

另一個網站Playpen在2015年被FBI撤下 它可能是整個暗網中最大的兒童色情網站，擁有超過20萬的會員

of an enormous criminal underground but it couldn't be further from the truth.

有幾分傳奇色彩的都市傳說Red Rooms

And it's no wonder as they frequently confuse the dark web with the much, much larger deep web.

Red Rooms是一個直播折磨或殺害他人為樂的網站

A recent study from early 2016 found that, out of 2,723 active .onion websites on the TOR

據稱，觀眾甚至可以通過鍵入指令來進行交互

network 1,547 contained illicit content. So that's over half. This includes pornographic material,

不過並沒有它不斷發生的證據，但神話依然存在

drugs, money laundering, cyberterrorism, contract killers, trading of firearms and weapons, etc.

不久之前，有一個.onion的連結開始出現在各大論壇 並聲稱Red Rooms將在不久後直播

But only 3-6% of all TOR users actually use these hidden services.

據說被害者是ISIS恐怖分子和即將成為殺手的宣誓者們 他們將被虐待長達數個小時

So only 3-6% use the dark web. The vast majority exclusively use TOR to protect their privacy and to

儘管開始後的第一個小時是非常和諧的

browse the surface web anonymously and have never visited a .onion website.

你知道，所有孩子都在熬夜等著看聖戰士被殘殺的直播

So while there's no question that the dark web contain some of the most horrific content on the entire web,

(伊斯蘭教是不吃豬肉的，他們強灌生培根以示破戒) 在經過許說病態的期待後，直播開始，映入觀眾眼簾的卻是一盤培根

it's nowhere near as extensive as some make it out to be.

主流媒體讓你相信，表層網路只是薄薄一層，在其之下的是巨大的犯罪區域

Okay here's a question then...

但這顯然是不正確的說法

How do you prevent criminals from using these services while still alowing lawful citizens to protect their privacy?

這也難怪，因為他們經常把暗網和龐大無比的深層網路搞混

The answer is simple, you don't.

一份2016年初的研究發現，在Tor網中的2723個.onion網站裡 有1547個是包含違法內容的

You can't restrict something that is, by it's very nature, meant to be unrestrictive.

這是超過一半的比例

That's the problem with anonymity. Anyone can do or say anything so we have no choice but to take

這些內容包含淫穢、毒品、洗錢、網路恐怖主義、雇傭殺手、交易槍枝武器等

the good with the bad. Even if law enforcement agencies had the ability to shut the entire network

但實際上只有3~6%的Tor用戶在使用這些隱藏服務

down completely, they wouldn't. Because the US government need TOR as much as anybody else.

也就是只有3~6%的人在使用暗網

Remember, they created this technology.

絕大多數人只是使用Tor來保護自己的隱私和匿名瀏覽網頁 從來沒有訪問過這些.onion網站

And they did not create this technology just so they could release it to the public for free.

因此，毫無疑問的，暗網中包含一些整個網路上最恐怖的內容 但它遠不及實際付諸行動的人

It was only released to the public as public usage is an essential part of what

好了，問題來了

makes TOR anonymous. It takes us right back to this:

要如何防範罪犯利用這些服務，同時還能讓合法公民保護自己的隱私?

ROGER DINGLEDINE: ...the United States government can't simply

答案很簡單，不可能

run an anonymity system for everybody and then use it themselves only because then every

你不能限制這個東西，因為它的本質就是不受限制的

time a connection came from it people would say "Oh, it's another CIA agent..."

這就是匿名的問題

Who do you think funds the TOR project? In 2007, 100% of the TOR project's funding came

任何人都可以想說甚麼就說甚麼，我們別無選擇，只能自己判斷

from the US government. In 2008, 86%. In 2009, 90%. In 2010, 94%. In 2011, 78%. In 2012, 81%. In 2013, 94%.

即便執法機構有能力將整個網路都完全關閉，但他們絕對不會這麼做

A government agent working undercover is as much in need of

因為美國政府對這項服務的需求並不比其他人要少

online anonymity as a terrorist, pedophile, or whistleblower.

別忘了，這項技術是他們創造的

It's everyone or no one. That's the unfortunate truth.

而他們創造這個技術並不只是要讓大家免費擁有這項權力