It's a great pleasure to speak after

非常榮幸能夠接在

Brian Cox from CERN.

歐洲核子研究組織的布賴恩．科克斯之後演講

I think CERN is the home

歐洲核子研究組織是

of the Large Hadron Collider.

大型強子對撞機的基地

What ever happened to the Small Hadron Collider?

那麼，小型強子對撞機怎麼了？

Where is the Small Hadron Collider?

跑到哪裡去了？

Because the Small Hadron Collider once was the big thing.

小型強子對撞機曾經轟動一時

Now, the Small Hadron Collider

現在被收到櫃子裡去了

is in a cupboard, overlooked and neglected.

被大家忽略、遺忘了

You know when the Large Hadron Collider started,

大型強子對撞機方案實行初期

and it didn't work, and people tried to work out why,

並未成功，工作人員開始找原因

it was the Small Hadron Collider team

結果居然是小型強子對撞機小組

who sabotaged it

在暗中搞破壞

because they were so jealous.

因為他們實在太嫉妒了

The whole Hadron Collider family

整個強子研究團隊需要

needs unlocking.

彼此開誠佈公

The lesson of Brian's presentation, in a way --

布賴恩的演講

all those fantastic pictures --

和強子研究的願景

is this really:

告訴我們

that vantage point determines everything that you see.

對事情的觀點決定一切

What Brian was saying was

布賴恩的意思是

science has opened up successively different vantage points

科學不斷發現新的觀點

from which we can see ourselves,

我們藉此認識自己

and that's why it's so valuable.

這也是科學的可貴

So the vantage point you take

所以你對事物的觀點

determines virtually everything that you will see.

決定了自己眼前所見

The question that you will ask

你所提出的問題

will determine much of the answer that you get.

也會決定將得到的答案

And so if you ask this question:

如果你問的是

Where would you look to see the future of education?

教育的未來在哪裡？

The answer that we've traditionally given to that

通常我們得到的回答

is very straightforward, at least in the last 20 years:

是很直接的，至少過去二十年是如此

You go to Finland.

看看芬蘭好了

Finland is the best place in the world to see school systems.

芬蘭有全世界最好的教育制度

The Finns may be a bit boring and depressive and there's a very high suicide rate,

芬蘭人或許不大有趣、陰鬱、自殺率又高

but by golly, they are qualified.

但他們的確都有高學歷

And they have absolutely amazing education systems.

芬蘭的教育制度真是非常了不起

So we all troop off to Finland,

大家前仆後繼前往朝聖

and we wonder at the social democratic miracle of Finland

芬蘭的社會民主主義奇蹟

and its cultural homogeneity and all the rest of it,

文化同質性高，一切都令人驚艷

and then we struggle to imagine how we might

我們努力思索該怎麼把

bring lessons back.

所見所聞帶回來

Well, so, for this last year,

所以去年一年裡

with the help of Cisco who sponsored me,

思科系統公司不知發了什麼瘋

for some balmy reason, to do this,

願意贊助我做這件事

I've been looking somewhere else.

我本來是去其他地方尋找教育的未來

Because actually radical innovation does sometimes

因為根本的創新有時候

come from the very best,

的確是源自於菁英份子

but it often comes from places

但根本的創新常是來自

where you have huge need --

有許多迫切需求的地方

unmet, latent demand --

這些需求沒獲得滿足

and not enough resources for traditional solutions to work --

也無足夠資源供傳統方法解決問題

traditional, high-cost solutions,

傳統方法往往需要高成本

which depend on professionals,

必須倚重專業人士

which is what schools and hospitals are.

學校和醫院就是採用這種模式

So I ended up in places like this.

所以我最後來到這裡

This is a place called Monkey Hill.

這是Monkey Hill

It's one of the hundreds of favelas in Rio.

里約熱內盧眾多貧民區之一

Most of the population growth of the next 50 years

未來五十年大部分的人口成長

will be in cities.

將集中在都市

We'll grow by six cities of 12 million people a year

未來30年內，全球

for the next 30 years.

每年將增加7200萬人

Almost all of that growth will be in the developed world.

絕大部分集中在開發中國家

Almost all of that growth will be

其中又有絕大部分的人口成長

in places like Monkey Hill.

會集中在像Monkey Hill這樣的地方

This is where you'll find the fastest growing

不難發現這裡會是

young populations of the world.

全球青壯人口成長最快的地方

So if you want recipes to work --

因此，若想要找解決方案

for virtually anything -- health, education,

無論是醫療、教育

government politics

還是政治的層面

and education --

特別是教育

you have to go to these places.

就得深入這些貧民區

And if you go to these places, you meet people like this.

你到了這些地方，就會遇到這些人

This is a guy called Juanderson.

這個孩子名叫Juanderson

At the age of 14,

他14歲

in common with many 14-year-olds in the Brazilian education system,

他跟巴西許多十四歲的孩子一樣

he dropped out of school.

最後輟學了

It was boring.

因為學校太無聊了

And Juanderson, instead, went into

於是Juanderson選擇從事

what provided kind of opportunity and hope

可帶來一絲機會和希望的工作

in the place that he lived, which was the drugs trade.

在那裡，指的就是毒品交易

And by the age of 16, with rapid promotion,

隨著生意愈做愈大，他十六歲時

he was running the drugs trade in 10 favelas.

就掌管十個貧民區的毒品交易，

He was turning over 200,000 dollars a week.

一週的交易額高達20萬美元。

He employed 200 people.

手下有兩百個人

He was going to be dead by the age of 25.

本來他25歲就會死了

And luckily, he met this guy,

但幸好遇見了這個人

who is Rodrigo Baggio,

他是羅德里戈‧巴吉歐

the owner of the first laptop to ever appear in Brazil.

巴西第一個擁有筆電的人

1994, Rodrigo started something

羅德里戈在1994成立了

called CDI,

資訊科技民主化委員會(CDI)

which took computers

他們把一些

donated by corporations,

企業捐贈的電腦

put them into community centers in favelas

送給貧民區的社區中心

and created places like this.

設立許多像這樣的地方

What turned Juanderson around

使Juanderson人生轉變的

was technology for learning

是輔助學習的科技

that made learning fun and accessible.

使學習變得有趣，不再遙不可及

Or you can go to places like this.

或你也可以到這裡

This is Kibera, which is the largest slum in East Africa.

這是基貝拉，東非最大的貧民區

Millions of people living here,

有數百萬人住在這裡

stretched over many kilometers.

範圍綿延好幾公里

And there I met these two,

我遇見兩位女孩

Azra on the left, Maureen on the right.

左邊是阿玆拉，右邊是莫琳

They just finished their Kenyan certificate

他們剛拿到肯亞

of secondary education.

中學教育證書

That name should tell you that the Kenyan education system

從「中學教育」一詞，不難了解肯亞的教育體系

borrows almost everything

幾乎全部都是

from Britain, circa 1950,

移植自英國，1950年起便是如此

but has managed to make it even worse.

這反而使肯亞的教育每下愈況

So there are schools in slums like this.

於是貧民區出現了這樣的學校

They're places like this.

像這樣的地方

That's where Maureen went to school.

這是莫琳念的學校

They're private schools. There are no state schools in slums.

全是私立學校，貧民區裡沒有公立學校

And the education they got was pitiful.

她們所受的教育真是處境堪憐

It was in places like this. This a school set up by some nuns

就是在這些地方...畫面上這個學校是修女創辦

in another slum called Nakuru.

位在另一個叫納庫魯的貧民區

Half the children in this classroom have no parents

這教室裡半數的學生父母雙亡

because they've died through AIDS.

都死於愛滋病

The other half have one parent

另一半的學生則來自單親家庭

because the other parent has died through AIDS.

因為他們的父親或母親同樣死於愛滋病

So the challenges of education

所以教育所面臨的困難

in this kind of place

特別在這種地方

are not to learn the kings and queens of Kenya or Britain.

並非教學生認識肯亞或英國的歷任王室

They are to stay alive, to earn a living,

而是要學習如何活下來，如何討生活

to not become HIV positive.

如何不染上愛滋病

The one technology that spans rich and poor

可以跨越貧富差距的科技

in places like this

在這樣的地方只找得到一樣

is not anything to do with industrial technology.

不是工業科技

It's not to do with electricity or water.

也不是電力或自來水

It's the mobile phone.

而是行動電話

If you want to design from scratch

假設你想從頭開始規劃

virtually any service in Africa,

非洲的服務設施

you would start now with the mobile phone.

行動電話會是第一選擇

Or you could go to places like this.

或如果你到這樣的地方

This is a place called the Madangiri Settlement Colony,

這是印度的Madangiri聚落

which is a very developed slum

是個規模相當大的貧民區

about 25 minutes outside New Delhi,

距離新德里約25分鐘的路程

where I met these characters

我在那裏遇到這些人

who showed me around for the day.

他們帶我四處看看

The remarkable thing about these girls,

這些女孩真了不起

and the sign of the kind of social revolution

我好像見證了社會改革

sweeping through the developing world

正席捲著發展中國家

is that these girls are not married.

這些女孩都還沒結婚

Ten years ago, they certainly would have been married.

再早個十年，她們早就嫁做人婦了

Now they're not married, and they want to go on

現在她們都還單身

to study further, to have a career.

想要繼續讀書，有一份工作

They've been brought up by mothers who are illiterate,

扶養她們長大的母親都不識字，

who have never ever done homework.

也不曾做過家庭作業

All across the developing world there are millions of parents --

現在有許多發展中國家，數以百萬

tens, hundreds of millions --

千萬、甚至上億的父母

who for the first time

有生以來第一次

are with children doing homework and exams.

和自己的孩子一起做功課，一起準備考試

And the reason they carry on studying

他們重返校園讀書的原因

is not because they went to a school like this.

不是因為他們念了這樣的學校

This is a private school.

這是一所私立學校

This is a fee-pay school. This is a good school.

是要付學費的，這所學校很好

This is the best you can get

可以算是頂尖的學校

in Hyderabad in Indian education.

在印度的海德拉巴找不到更好的了

The reason they went on studying was this.

這些父母之所以繼續念書

This is a computer installed in the entrance to their slum

是因為貧民區的入口處裝了台電腦

by a revolutionary social entrepreneur

是一位社會改革企業家所捐的

called Sugata Mitra

他是蘇格塔‧米特拉

who has conducted the most radical experiments,

他採取了顛覆傳統的作法

showing that children, in the right conditions,

告訴我們，孩子只要有適當條件

can learn on their own with the help of computers.

加上電腦的輔助，就可以獨立學習

Those girls have never touched Google.

那些女孩從沒用過Google

They know nothing about Wikipedia.

也沒聽過維基百科