to a psychologist.

你們真的是一群有趣的研究對象啊！

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

I've had the opportunity over the last couple of days

這幾天，我很榮幸有這個機會，

of listening in on some of your conversations

聆聽在座一些人的對話，

and watching you interact with each other.

以及觀察你們彼此間的交流。

And I think it's fair to say, already,

我想應該已經可以這麼說，

that there are 47 people in this audience,

觀眾席裡面將近有 47 個人，

at this moment,

此時此刻，

displaying psychological symptoms I would like to discuss today.

展現出來的心理病徵與 我今天要探討的主題有關。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And I thought you might like to know who you are.

我想各位都很想知道， 是哪幾個人，

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

But instead of pointing at you,

但不是要對你指指點點，

which would be gratuitous and intrusive,

這樣沒必要也很唐突，

I thought I would tell you a few facts and stories,

我想我可以告訴你一些事實與故事，

in which you may catch a glimpse of yourself.

而你在其中可能會窺見自己的身影。

I'm in the field of research known as personality psychology,

我研究的領域是人格心理學，

which is part of a larger personality science

它屬於人性科學的範疇，

which spans the full spectrum, from neurons to narratives.

而人性科學的研究領域誇度很大， 從神經元到敘述學。

And what we try to do,

而我們嘗試達成的，

in our own way,

是用我們的方式，

is to make sense of how each of us --

來弄清楚，為什麼我們每一個人——

each of you --

你們每一個人——

is, in certain respects,

在某些方面，

like all other people,

跟多數人相同的地方、

like some other people

跟少數人相同的地方、

and like no other person.

跟其他人完全不同的地方。

Now, already you may be saying of yourself,

你們可能有些人會說，

"I'm not intriguing.

「我一點也不有趣，

I am the 46th most boring person in the Western Hemisphere."

我是西半球排名 第 46 位最無聊的人。」

Or you may say of yourself,

或者你會說，

"I am intriguing,

「我很有趣，

even if I am regarded by most people as a great, thundering twit."

即使很多人認為我是個大白癡。」

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

But it is your self-diagnosed boringness and your inherent "twitiness"

但就是你的自我認知， 無論是無聊或者與生俱來的白癡

that makes me, as a psychologist, really fascinated by you.

讓我這個心理學家， 對你特別著迷。

So let me explain why this is so.

讓我解釋這是怎麼回事。

One of the most influential approaches in personality science

在個性科學中 最具有影響力的分類方法

is known as trait psychology,

就是特質心理學。

and it aligns you along five dimensions which are normally distributed,

它把人分成五種面向， 通常是常態分配，

and that describe universally held aspects of difference between people.

它描述了人與人之間 彼此特質上的差異。

They spell out the acronym OCEAN.

它們有一個縮寫的簡稱叫做「OCEAN」。

So, "O" stands for "open to experience,"

「O」代表「開放的、喜歡經歷」特質

versus those who are more closed.

另一面就是「較保守封閉的」，

"C" stands for "conscientiousness,"

「C」代表「自覺型的」，

in contrast to those with a more lackadaisical approach to life.

相反的就是較為「渾渾噩噩的」。

"E" -- "extroversion," in contrast to more introverted people.

「E」代表「外向型的」， 與「內向型的」人相反。

"A" -- "agreeable individuals,"

「A」代表「和藹可親、隨和的」，

in contrast to those decidedly not agreeable.

對立的就是「不隨和的」

And "N" -- "neurotic individuals,"

最後「N」代表「神經質的、敏感的」，

in contrast to those who are more stable.

相反的就是比較「平和、穩定的」

All of these dimensions have implications for our well-being,

這五個面向， 影響著我們的幸福

for how our life goes.

及我們的人生方向。

And so we know that, for example,

眾所周知，

openness and conscientiousness are very good predictors of life success,

開放及負責任的人 往往意味著成功，

but the open people achieve that success through being audacious

但個性開放的人在通往成功路上 會變得大膽、

and, occasionally, odd.

有時甚至古怪。

The conscientious people achieve it through sticking to deadlines,

自覺型的人會緊守 最後期限，獲得成功，

to persevering, as well as having some passion.

他們堅持不懈且充滿熱情。

Extroversion and agreeableness are both conducive

外向及隨和的個性，兩者都有助於

to working well with people.

與他人融洽地工作。

Extroverts, for example, I find intriguing.

比如，外向的人， 我就覺得很有趣。

With my classes, I sometimes give them a basic fact

在課堂上，我有時候會 告訴他們一些基本事實，

that might be revealing with respect to their personality:

也許可以幫助他們判斷自己的個性。

I tell them that it is virtually impossible for adults

我告訴他們，成年人幾乎不可能

to lick the outside of their own elbow.

可以舔到自己手肘的外側。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Did you know that?

你們知道嗎？

Already, some of you have tried to lick the outside of your own elbow.

你看，你們有些人已經開始 在舔自己的手肘外側了。

But extroverts amongst you

但你們之中外向的人，

are probably those who have not only tried,

可能不僅會嘗試，

but they have successfully licked the elbow

他們還會

of the person sitting next to them.

把隔壁的手肘也舔了。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Those are the extroverts.

這就是外向的人。

Let me deal in a bit more detail with extroversion,

讓我再多談談 外向性格的一些細節，

because it's consequential and it's intriguing,

因為很重要，也很有趣，

and it helps us understand what I call our three natures.

它可以幫助我們了解， 「人類的三種天性」，

First, our biogenic nature -- our neurophysiology.

第一種，我們的生物學天性—— 我們的神經心理學。

Second, our sociogenic or second nature,

第二種，社會學天性，又叫第二天性

which has to do with the cultural and social aspects of our lives.

與我們生活的文化和社會面貌有關。

And third, what makes you individually you -- idiosyncratic --

第三種，塑造出獨特你的 ——怪癖——

what I call your "idiogenic" nature.

我稱之為「獨特的天性」。

Let me explain.

讓我解釋一下，

One of the things that characterizes extroverts is they need stimulation.

外向個性的人的一大特徵 就是他們需要刺激。

And that stimulation can be achieved by finding things that are exciting:

這些刺激可以透過 尋找令人興奮的事來找到：

loud noises, parties and social events here at TED --

比如巨大的噪音、派對、 或像 TED 這樣的社交場合——

you see the extroverts forming a magnetic core.

你會看到外向的人，像是個大磁鐵，

They all gather together.

他們會聚在一起。

And I've seen you.

我也有觀察到，

The introverts are more likely to spend time in the quiet spaces

個性內向的人通常比較喜歡

up on the second floor,

躲在二樓安靜的地方，

where they are able to reduce stimulation --

這樣他們可以減少刺激。

and may be misconstrued as being antisocial,

甚至有可能被歸類為 不喜歡社交的人，

but you're not necessarily antisocial.

但你不一定是不喜歡社交。

It may be that you simply realize that you do better

你只是單純地想找個 比較沒有那麼多刺激的地方靜靜，

when you have a chance to lower that level of stimulation.

感覺這樣對你自己比較好而已。

Sometimes it's an internal stimulant, from your body.

有時候，是從你體內 產生出來的刺激物，

Caffeine, for example, works much better with extroverts than it does introverts.

比如，咖啡因，它對外向的人的刺激 比內向的人更有效果。

When extroverts come into the office at nine o'clock in the morning

當外向的人早上九點一到辦公室，

and say, "I really need a cup of coffee,"

說，「我真的需要一杯咖啡」，

they're not kidding --

他們不是在開玩笑——

they really do.

他們是真的需要。

Introverts do not do as well,

內向的人就沒有那麼明顯，

particularly if the tasks they're engaged in --

特別是當他們

and they've had some coffee --

也喝了一些咖啡，

if those tasks are speeded,

參與到快節奏、

and if they're quantitative,

需要高產量的任務時

introverts may give the appearance of not being particularly quantitative.

內向人的表現似乎沒有那麼的好，

But it's a misconstrual.

但這是誤解。

So here are the consequences that are really quite intriguing:

這裡有一份（研究）結果，相當有趣：

we're not always what seem to be,

我們和我們表現出來的樣子不一定相同，

and that takes me to my next point.

這會帶到下一個我要講的重點。

I should say, before getting to this,

在講這個重點前，我必須說說，

something about sexual intercourse,

有關做愛這檔事，

although I may not have time.

雖然時間可能會不夠，

And so, if you would like me to --

所以，各位如果想聽我說——

yes, you would?

想？你們想聽？

OK.

好。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

There are studies done

這項研究是把

on the frequency with which individuals engage in the conjugal act,

男生、女生、內向、外向的人做分類，

as broken down by male, female; introvert, extrovert.

調查每個人的做愛頻率；

So I ask you:

我問各位：

How many times per minute --

你每分鐘可以做幾次——

oh, I'm sorry, that was a rat study --

喔，對不起，那是有關老鼠的研究——

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

How many times per month

內向的男人每個月平均

do introverted men engage in the act?

可以做幾次愛？

3.0.

3.0 次

Extroverted men?

外向的男人呢？

More or less?

更多，還是更少？

Yes, more.

沒錯，更多。

5.5 -- almost twice as much.

5.5 次——接近兩倍。

Introverted women: 3.1.

內向的女人：3.1 次。

Extroverted women?

外向的女人呢？

Frankly, speaking as an introverted male,

坦白說，對我這個內向的男人來說，

which I will explain later --

我晚點會解釋

they are heroic.

她們超猛的，

7.5.

7.5 次。

They not only handle all the male extroverts,

她們不只上了所有外向的男人，

they pick up a few introverts as well.

連一些內向的男人都被她們搞了。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

(Applause)

（掌聲）

We communicate differently, extroverts and introverts.

內向的人跟外向的人 溝通的方式也不同。

Extroverts, when they interact,

外向的人在互動時，

want to have lots of social encounter punctuated by closeness.

比較喜歡近距離的社交方式，

They'd like to stand close for comfortable communication.

為了有一個舒服的溝通方式， 他們會站的比較靠近。

They like to have a lot of eye contact,

他們喜歡眼神的交會，

or mutual gaze.

或互相盯著對方看。

We found in some research

在一些研究裡我們發現，

that they use more diminutive terms when they meet somebody.

他們在跟人互動時， 也很喜歡用小名。

So when an extrovert meets a Charles,

比如，當一個外向的人 遇到了「查理斯」，

it rapidly becomes "Charlie," and then "Chuck,"

沒多久，就會叫對方「查理」， 然後「小查」，

and then "Chuckles Baby."

最後變成「阿查寶貝」

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Whereas for introverts,

而內向的人，

it remains "Charles," until he's given a pass to be more intimate

在跟對方不熟的時候，

by the person he's talking to.

就只會叫對方「查理斯」。

We speak differently.

我們說話的方式也不同。

Extroverts prefer black-and-white, concrete, simple language.

外向的人，喜歡黑白分明、 簡單明瞭的語言。

Introverts prefer -- and I must again tell you

內向的人喜歡—— 我要再說一遍，

that I am as extreme an introvert as you could possibly imagine --

我是一個極端內向的人， 所以你可以想像——

we speak differently.

我們說話的方式不同，

We prefer contextually complex,

我們喜歡複雜的詞彙、

contingent,

無俚頭、

weasel-word sentences --

有朦朧美的詞彙——

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

More or less.

或多或少啦！