Name: 16. 16.一個人在人的世界裡。自我與他人，第一部分 (16. A Person in the World of People: Self and Other, Part I)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T04:28:20.000Z
Duration: 58 min 15 s
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Professor Paul Bloom: This is going to begin a

two-lecture sequence on social psychology on how we think about

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ourselves, how we think about other people,

how we think about other groups of people.

We've talked a lot about the capacities of the human mind and

some of these capacities involve adapting and dealing with the

material world. So, we have to choose foods,

we have to navigate around the world, we have to recognize

But probably the most interesting aspect of our

evolved minds is our capacity to understand and deal with other

how other people work. The story that was a dominant

news story in 2005 was this. And some of you--this--for

those of you who aren't seeing the screen, is the separation of

Jennifer Aniston and Brad Pitt. I remember where I was when I

And it's an interesting sight. Just remember--stepping back.

As psychologists we have to question the natural.

We have to take things that are commonsense and explore them.

And one thing which just happens is, we're fascinated by

this stuff. We're fascinated by the lives

of celebrities. We're fascinated by the social

lives of other people. And it's an interesting

question to ask why. And this is one of the

questions which I'm going to deal with in the next couple of

lectures but before I get to the theory of social psychology I

want to talk about an individual difference.

So, we devoted a lecture early on--of a couple of weeks ago,

to individual differences across people in intelligence

and personality. I want to talk a little bit

about an individual difference in our social natures and then I

want people to do a test that will explore where you stand on

a continuum. That test is the piece of paper

you have in front of you. Anybody who doesn't have it

please raise your hand and one of the teaching fellows will

bring it to you. You don't know what to do yet

with it so don't worry. The test was developed actually

by Malcolm Gladwell who is a science writer--in his wonderful

book The Tipping Point. And as he introduces the test,

Gladwell recounts another experiment done by Stanley

Milgram, of course famous for his obedience work but he did a

lot of interesting things. And one classic study he did

was he gave a package to 160 people randomly chosen in Omaha,

Nebraska and he asked these people to get the package

somehow – and this was many years ago before the internet,

before e-mail – to get the package to a stockbroker who

Massachusetts. What he found was that most

people were able to do it. Nobody, of course,

knew this man but they knew people who might know people who

would know this man. So, most people succeeded.

Most people were able to get the packages to this man and it

took at maximum six degrees of separation,

which is where the famous phrase comes about that we're

all separated from another person by six degrees of

This was a very--a single experiment done within the

United States, but the idea is appealing,

that people are connected to one another via chains of

particularly interesting was that in about half of the cases

That is, if you plot the relationships between people--We

find everybody you know and who knows you and draw a line,

but if we were to do this you wouldn't find an even mesh of

people are clusters. Some people are what Gladwell

calls "connectors." It's like air traffic.

Air traffic used to be everything flew to places local

Chicago O'Hare for instance or Newark where planes fly through.

Some people are hubs. Some people are the sort of

people who know a lot of people. Some people in this room might

be hubs, and it is not impossible to find out.

The piece of paper you have here is 250 names chosen

They capture a range of ethnicities, different parts of

Here's what I'd like you to do. And I'll give about five

minutes for this. Go through these names and

circle how many people you know. Now, the rules of this are,

to know somebody you have to--they have to know you back.

So, if it's a celebrity--Well, here--one of the names here is

Johnson but Magic Johnson has never heard of me,

so I cannot circle it. On the other hand,

She has heard of me, so I could circle it.

Go through and circle it. Circle all the people you know

who know you. Those are the people you're

person with the same last name, circle it twice.

If you don't have this piece of paper and you want to

participate, please raise your hand and one of the teaching

I'm going to talk a little bit more about this while people go