Well, I was introduced as

密西根前州長

the former Governor of Michigan,

但其實我是一名科學家

but actually I'm a scientist.

好吧，一名政治科學家，算不上正牌貨

All right, a political scientist, it doesn't really count,

但我的實驗室是民主實驗室

but my laboratory was the laboratory of democracy

即密西根州，一如任何的優秀科學家

that is Michigan, and, like any good scientist,

我正在試驗政策

I was experimenting with policy

內容是如何為多數人

about what would achieve the greatest good

創造最大福祉

for the greatest number.

但其中存在三個問題、三個難題

But there were three problems, three enigmas

是我無法解決的

that I could not solve,

我想跟大家分享這些問題

and I want to share with you those problems,

但最重要的是

but most importantly,

我認為我已想出一個解決方案

I think I figured out a proposal for a solution.

第一個問題

The first problem

不僅是密西根州 也是每個州都面臨的問題

that not just Michigan, but every state, faces is,

如何在全球經濟市場

how do you create good jobs in America

替美國創造好工作？

in a global economy?

因此我想與大家分享 一些來自我實驗室的經驗資料

So let me share with you some empirical data from my lab.

我於2002年當選州長 就任屆滿一年後的2003年

I was elected in 2002 and, at the end of my first year in office in 2003,

我接到一位幕僚的電話，他說

I got a call from one of my staff members, who said,

「州長，我們有個大麻煩」

"Gov, we have a big problem.

「密西根州有個名叫格林維爾的小社區」

We have a little tiny community called Greenville, Michigan,

「人口八千」

population 8,000,

「即將失去最大的雇主」

and they are about to lose their major employer,

「即伊萊克斯公司經營的冰箱工廠」

which is a refrigerator factory that's operated by Electrolux."

我說，「好，多少居民 任職於伊萊克斯公司？」

And I said, "Well, how many people work at Electrolux?"

他說，「八千位 格林維爾居民中的三千人」

And he said, "3,000 of the 8,000 people in Greenville."

所以這城鎮只有一間公司

So it is a one-company town.

伊萊克斯打算遷往墨西哥

And Electrolux was going to go to Mexico.

於是我說：「別擔心，我是新州長」

So I said, "Forget that. I'm the new Governor.

「我們可以解決 這個問題，我們去格林維爾看看」

We can fix this. We're going to go to Greenville

「帶上全體閣員」

with my whole cabinet and we will just

「然後給伊萊克斯一個無法拒絕的提議」

make Electrolux an offer they can't refuse."

因此我帶領全體閣員

So I brought my whole cabinet,

與格林維爾所有顯要人士見面 －

and we met with all of the pooh-bahs of little Greenville --

市長、市政執行長、社區學院院長 －

the mayor, the city manager, the head of the community college --

我們可以說連壓箱寶都掏出來了

and we basically emptied our pockets

將所有籌碼攤在桌上

and put all of our chips on the table,

即所謂的獎勵措施 要說服伊萊克斯留下

incentives, you name it, to convince Electrolux to stay,

我們拿出所有籌碼

and as we made our pile of chips,

推過桌面，送到伊萊克斯主管面前

we slid them across the table to the management of Electrolux.

這些籌碼包括免稅 20 年

And in the pile were things like zero taxes for 20 years,

或我們會協助該公司蓋一座新工廠

or that we'd help to build a new factory for the company,

提供金援 代表工人的UAW（美國汽車工會）說

we'd help to finance it. The UAW, who represented the workers,

他們會提供前所未有的優惠

said they would offer unprecedented concessions,

所有犧牲只為了將工作留在格林維爾

sacrifices to just keep those jobs in Greenville.

於是伊萊克斯主管拿起籌碼

So the management of Electrolux took our pile,

即我們列出的獎勵，他們走出房間

our list of incentives, and they went outside the room

商量了17分鐘

for 17 minutes,

他們回來後，開口說

and they came back in and they said,

「哇，這是有史以來」

"Wow, this is the most generous

「社區為了留住 工作機會所做過最慷慨的提議」

any community has ever been to try to keep jobs here.

「但依然無法彌補差額」

But there's nothing you can do

「事實上，我們在墨西哥的華雷斯」

to compensate for the fact that we can pay $1.57 an hour

「支付的時薪只有 1.57 美元。因此我們會搬遷」

in Juarez, Mexico. So we're leaving."

他們要搬了。他們決定這樣做時

And they did. And when they did, it was like

像是在小小的格林維爾引爆了一枚核彈

a nuclear bomb went off in little Greenville.

事實上，這確實震驚了整個工廠

In fact, they did implode the factory.

圖中這男子是最後一天上班

That's a guy that is walking on his last day of work.

最後一個冰箱通過裝配線的那個月

And on the month that the last refrigerator rolled off the assembly line,

密西根州格林維爾的伊萊克斯雇員

the employees of Electrolux in Greenville, Michigan,

自行舉辦了一場聚會 他們稱之為最後的晚餐

had a gathering for themselves that they called the last supper.

地點在格林維爾一座大型室內展覽館

It was in a big pavilion in Greenville, an indoor pavilion,

我參加了那場聚會 因為身為州長的我沮喪萬分

and I went to it because I was so frustrated as Governor

我無力阻止這些工作外流

that I couldn't stop the outflow of these jobs,

我想與他們共同承擔這份悲傷

and I wanted to grieve with them,

我走進館內時，已有上千人到場

and as I went into the room-- there's thousands of people there.

這是一場盛大的聚會，人們吃著便當

It was a just big thing. People were eating boxed lunches

圍在圓桌旁 一個悲傷的樂團演奏著音樂

on roundtop tables, and there was a sad band playing music,

或者說一個樂團演奏著 悲傷的音樂，或許兩者皆是（笑聲）

or a band playing sad music, probably both. (Laughter)

一名男子來到我面前

And this guy comes up to me,

刺青、綁馬尾、戴棒球帽

and he's got tattoos and his ponytail and his baseball cap on,

他帶著兩個女兒

and he had his two daughters with him,

他說：「州長，這兩個是我女兒」

and he said, "Gov, these are my two daughters."

他說：「我今年48歲」

He said, "I'm 48 years old,

「我在這間工廠工作了30年」

and I have worked at this factory for 30 years.

「我高中畢業後就進了工廠」

I went from high school to factory.

「我父親在這間工廠工作，」他說

My father worked at this factory," he said.

「我祖父在這間工廠工作」

"My grandfather worked at this factory.

「我只知道怎麼製造冰箱」

All I know is how to make refrigerators."

他看著兩個女兒

And he looked at his daughters,

將手放在胸口

and he puts his hand on his chest,

然後說，「所以，州長，請告訴我」

and he says, "So, Gov, tell me,

「還有誰會雇用我？」

who is ever going to hire me?

「還有誰會雇用我？」

Who is ever going to hire me?"

這不僅是這名男子的疑問

And that was asked not just by that guy

也是館內每個人的疑問

but by everyone in the pavilion,

坦白說，也是本世紀第一個十年內

and frankly, by every worker at one of the 50,000 factories

五萬間歇業工廠中每位工人的疑問

that closed in the first decade of this century.

第一個難題：如何在全球經濟市場

Enigma number one: How do you create jobs

替美國創造就業機會？

in America in a global economy?

我很快地說明第二個難題：

Number two, very quickly:

如何解決全球氣候變化問題

How do you solve global climate change

在我國甚至連國家能源政策都沒有

when we don't even have a national energy policy in this country

而國會僵局似乎已成常態時？

and when gridlock in Congress seems to be the norm?

事實上，最近所做的一項民調中

In fact, there was a poll that was done recently

民調機構將國會支持率

and the pollster compared Congress's approval ratings

與一些令人不快的事物比較

to a number of other unpleasant things,

調查發現，事實上，國會支持率

and it was found, in fact, that Congress's approval rating

比蟑螂

is worse than cockroaches,

蝨子、五分錢樂團 根管治療和唐納．川普還糟（笑聲）

lice, Nickelback the band, root canals and Donald Trump. (Laughter)

但別急，好消息是至少勝過

But wait, the good news is it's at least better

製毒實驗室和淋病（笑聲）

than meth labs and gonorrhea. (Laughter)

問題大了，伙伴們

We got a problem, folks.

因此這讓我思考，到底是怎麼回事？

So it got me thinking, what is it?

我眼前的實驗室

What in the laboratory that I see out there,

我眼前的民主實驗室到底怎麼了？

the laboratories of democracy, what has happened?

到底有哪些政策法規

What policy prescriptions have happened

真的能引發變化的政策

that actually cause changes to occur

曾經獲得兩黨支持？

and that have been accepted in a bipartisan way?

因此，如果我問大家，例如

So if I asked you, for example,

歐巴馬政府有哪些政策

what was the Obama Administration policy

曾導致整個國家產生巨大變化

that caused massive changes across the country,

你們會說什麼？

what would you say?

你們或許會說歐巴馬健保法案 除了那些非自願的改變

You might say Obamacare, except for those were not voluntary changes.

就我們所知，只有半數州贊成

As we know, only half the states have opted in.

你們或許會說 經濟復甦法案，但那不需要改變政策

We might say the Recovery Act, but those didn't require policy changes.

造成大規模變化的政策

The thing that caused massive policy changes to occur

是「邁向巔峰」（Race to the Top）教育政策

was Race to the Top for education.

為什麼？政府提供45億美元資金

Why? The government put a $4.5 billion pot

讓全國州長爭取

and said to the governors across the country, compete for it.

48名州長參與競爭

Forty-eight governors competed,

說服48個州議會

convincing 48 state legislatures to essentially

從根本提升高中生素質

raise standards for high schoolers

使他們全都參與大學預備課程

so that they all take a college prep curriculum.

48州紛紛響應，從基層 制定國家能源（訂正：教育）政策

Forty-eight states opted in, creating a national [education] policy from the bottom up.

因此我想，好，為何我們不如法炮製

So I thought, well, why can't we do something like that

制訂潔淨能源的「邁向巔峰」政策？

and create a clean energy jobs race to the top?

因為話說回來，如果觀察整體局勢

Because after all, if you look at the context,

過去 8 年中，1.6 兆美元的潔淨能源投資

1.6 trillion dollars has been invested in the past eight years

來自全球私營機構

from the private sector globally,

每一塊美元都代表一份工作

and every dollar represents a job,

這些工作流向何方？

and where are those jobs going?

好，流向擁有政策的地方，例如中國

Well, they're going to places that have policy, like China.

事實上，我曾經 去中國，觀察他們的做法

In fact, I was in China to see what they were doing,

他們為我們的代表團舉行盛大表演

and they were putting on a dog-and-pony show for the group that I was with,

某場演出時，我站在房間後方

and I was standing in the back of the room during one of the demonstrations

站在一名中國官員身旁

and standing next to one of the Chinese officials,

我們觀賞演出時，他說

and we were watching, and he says,

「所以，州長，妳認為美國 何時能制定出國家能源政策？」

"So, Gov, when do you think the U.S. is going to get national energy policy?"

我說，「天啊 － 國會、僵局，誰知道？」

And I said, "Oh my God -- Congress, gridlock, who knows?"

他的反應是 － 像這樣，然後說

And this is what he did, he goes, he says,

「慢慢來」

"Take your time."

因為他們視我們的消極為他們的機會

Because they see our passivity as their opportunity.

因此，如果我們決定

So what if we decided to create

替全國州長發起一項競爭

a challenge to the governors of the country,

參與這場競爭的代價

and the price to entry into this competition

相當於兩黨於國會批准

used the same amount that the bipartisan group approved in Congress

「邁向巔峰」教育政策的金額，45億美元

for the Race to the Top for education, 4.5 billion,

聽起來似乎是筆鉅款，但事實上少於

which sounds like a lot, but actually it's less than

聯邦政府開銷的千分之一

one tenth of one percent of federal spending.

不過是聯邦預算的零頭

It's a rounding error on the federal side.

但參與這場競爭的代價

But price to entry into that competition would be,

可說符合總統的目標

you could just, say, use the President's goal.

他希望國會於2030年達成

He wants Congress to adopt a clean energy standard

採用 80 % 潔淨能源的目標

of 80 percent by 2030,

換句話說，到了2030年

in other words, that you'd have to get 80 percent

你使用的能源必須有 80 % 來自潔淨能源

of your energy from clean sources by the year 2030.

為何不要求全國各州共襄盛舉？

Why not ask all of the states to do that instead?

想像一下可能發生的情況

And imagine what might happen,

因為每個地區都能提供某些資源

because every region has something to offer.

不妨以愛荷華州和俄亥俄州為例 －－

You might take states like Iowa and Ohio --

順帶一提，這是兩大政治關鍵州 －－

two very important political states, by the way --

兩位州長會說

those two governors, and they would say,

我們將領頭生產

we're going to lead the nation in producing

風力渦輪機和風力

the wind turbines and the wind energy.

或以太陽能州、陽光地帶為例

You might say the solar states, the sun belt,

他們將成為替國家生產太陽能的州

we're going to be the states that produce solar energy for the country,

也許Jerry Brown（加州州長）會說，「好，我會在加州」

and maybe Jerry Brown says, "Well, I'm going to create

「建立產業集群」

an industry cluster in California

「生產太陽能板」

to be able to produce the solar panels

「這樣我們就不需向中國採購」

so that we're not buying them from China

「而向美國採購」

but we're buying them from the U.S."

事實上，全國各地都能如法炮製

In fact, every region of the country could do this.

如你們所知 全國各地都有生產太陽能和風力的機會

You see, you've got solar and wind opportunity all across the nation.

事實上，如果以上方的北部各州為例

In fact, if you look just at the upper and northern states

西側區域可生產地熱

in the West, they could do geothermal,

或考慮德州的情況

or you could look at Texas and say,

他們可領頭建設智慧電網

we could lead the nation in the solutions to smart grid.

中部及東部各州擁有樹林

In the middle eastern states which have access to forests

和閒置農地，他們或許會說

and to agricultural waste, they might say,

我們將領頭生產生質燃料

we're going to lead the nation in biofuels.

東北各州會說，我們將領頭解決

In the upper northeast, we're going to lead the nation

能源效率問題

in energy efficiency solutions.

東部沿岸各州會說，我們將領頭建設

Along the eastern seaboard, we're going to lead the nation

海上風力發電廠

in offshore wind.

或考慮密西根州的情況，我們可領頭生產

You might look at Michigan and say, we're going to lead the nation

電動車供電裝置，例如鋰電池

in producing the guts for the electric vehicle, like the lithium ion battery.

每個地區都能提供某些資源

Every region has something to offer,

如果發起一項競爭

and if you created a competition,

有利於各州，亦有利於聯邦

it respects the states and it respects federalism.

它將獲得支持，甚至可能 獲得德州和南卡羅萊納州的支持

It's opt-in. You might even get Texas and South Carolina,

這兩州並未支持「邁向巔峰」教育政策

who didn't opt into the education Race to the Top,

這項競爭甚至可能 獲得他們的支持，為什麼？

you might even get them to opt in. Why?

因為共和黨和民主黨州長

Because Republican and Democratic governors

都喜歡剪綵

love to cut ribbons.

我們希望引入就業機會，剛剛只是說說罷了

We want to bring jobs. I'm just saying.

這將促進各州的創新

And it fosters innovation at the state level

在這些民主實驗室

in these laboratories of democracy.

現在，任何關注當前政治局勢的人

Now, any of you who are watching anything about politics lately

或許會說 「嗯，很棒的主意，但可行嗎？」

might say, "Okay, great idea, but really?

「讓國會將45億美元納入預算審查？」

Congress putting four and a half billion dollars on the table?

「他們一毛也不會同意」

They can't agree to anything."

因此你可以等待國會審查

So you could wait and go through Congress,

但必定會十分不耐煩

although you should be very impatient.

或者，你可以採取 不同做法，我們可以繞過國會

Or, you renegades, we could go around Congress.

繞過國會

Go around Congress.

假設我們替州長發起 由私營機構提供的競爭？

What if we created a private sector challenge to the governors?

如果某些擁有高淨值資產的公司和個人

What if several of the high-net worth companies

此時剛好在TED現場，決定

and individuals who are here at TED decided

攜手合作，只要其中幾位

that they would create, band together, just a couple of them,

建立提供給州長的全國性競爭

and create a national competition to the governors

發起「邁向巔峰」競爭

to have a race to the top

觀察這些州長的反應？

and see how the governors respond?

如果這一切全都從TED現場開始？

What if it all started here at TED?

如果在座各位

What if you were here

想出如何打破僵局

when we figured out how to crack the code

替美國創造高薪工作－（掌聲）

to create good paying jobs in America -- (Applause) --

提出國家能源政策

and get national energy policy

從基層建立國家能源政策？

and we created a national energy strategy from the bottom up?

因為，親愛的TED會員們

Because, dear TEDsters,

如果你們像我一樣沒耐心

if you are impatient like I am,

你們知道我們的經濟競爭對手

you know that our economic competitors,

其他對手國已加入這場競爭

our other nations, are in the game

分食我們的工作機會

and are eating us for lunch.

我們可以選擇是否加入這場競爭

And we can get in the game or not.

我們可以選擇旁觀或加入戰局

We can be at the table or we can be on the table.

我不知道你們的想法

And I don't know about you,