We see deadly plants in a lot of media, such as the movie and stageplay Little Shop of

我們在很多媒體上都能看到致命的植物，比如電影和舞臺劇《小店》。

Horrors, featuring the man-eating Audrey II.

恐怖，以吃人的奧黛麗二世為主角。

Jumanji featured a fictional plant that erupted into their living room.

Jumanji》的特色是，有一株虛構的植物在他們的客廳裡爆發。

Videogames such as World of Warcraft and even classics like the Mario games all feature

魔獸世界等視頻遊戲，甚至馬里奧遊戲等經典遊戲都有其特色。

plants as enemies, while the game Plants vs. Zombies features a whole roster of plants

植物作為敵人，而遊戲《植物大戰殭屍》則有一大堆植物的名字

to choose from.

以供選擇。

While these plants seem completely made up, they’re closer to reality than you might

雖然這些植物看起來完全是虛構的 但它們比你想象的更接近現實

think, so let’s dive into what sort of plants exist in real life that are considered carnivorous.

想，那麼我們就來深入瞭解一下，現實生活中存在什麼樣的植物才算是肉食性的。

In 1875, Charles Darwin wrote a book called Insectivorous Plants, which outlines his research

1875年，查爾斯-達爾文寫了一本名為《食蟲植物》的書，書中概述了他的研究情況。

on plants that sustain themselves by getting nutrients from other living things, primarily

在植物上，它們通過從其他生物獲得養分來維持自己的生命，主要是

insects.

蟲類。

He spent a lot of time studying how much energy they spent to get their meals and how they

他花了很多時間來研究他們花了多少精力來獲得他們的飯菜，以及他們如何

adapted to only responding to actual insects.

適應於只對實際的昆蟲作出反應。

For example, the Venus Fly Trap doesn’t always trigger by false stimuli but has several

例如，金星捕蠅器並不總是由虛假刺激觸發，而是有幾個

safeguards to make sure it only responds to actual insects.

保障措施，確保它只對實際的昆蟲作出反應。

So in terms of evolution, most of these plants evolved to absorb nutrients in almost a passive

所以從進化的角度來說，這些植物大多是以被動的方式來吸收養分的。

way.

辦法。

Zero energy expended.

零能量消耗。

The ones that do move or do expend energy need to retrieve more nutrients in return,

會動或會消耗能量的，需要檢索更多的養分作為回報。

to justify the movement.

以證明運動的合理性。

Let’s dive into the specifics, as the carnivorous plants are separated into five types.

我們來具體瞭解一下，因為食肉植物分為五種類型。

The first type is categorized as Pitfall Traps.

第一類是歸類為坑道陷阱。

Also called “Pitcher Plants.”

也叫 "盆栽"。

This is a prime example of expending very little energy.

這就是一個花費極少精力的典型例子。

They’ve evolved to have a large pitcher or cup which is full of digestive enzymes.

它們已經進化到有一個大罐子或杯子，裡面裝滿了消化酶。

The plant has colorful nectar on the lid but when insects land, they find it slippery and

植物的蓋子上有五顏六色的花蜜，但當昆蟲落地時，它們發現它很滑，並

they fall into the cup.

他們落入杯中。

The digestive enzymes then break down whatever has fallen in, into nutrients that the plant

消化酶會把掉進去的東西分解成植物所需的養分。

can use.

可以使用。

While they primarily digest insects, larger pitfall traps can even digest rodents and

雖然它們主要是消化昆蟲，但更大的陷阱甚至可以消化齧齒類動物和。

reptiles.

爬行動物：

There are many different types of pitfall traps, many of them evolving differently and

坑人陷阱有很多種，很多陷阱都有不同的演化，而

independently of each other.

相互獨立。

Some types have suffered from water overflow, usually from rain, so have evolved to have

有的類型遭受過溢水之苦，通常是雨天，所以演化成有

a sort of overflow lip that allows water to escape.

一種讓水流出的溢流脣。

The next type of plants are called Flypaper traps.

下一種植物叫飛紙陷阱。

These are plants that utilize a glue to catch and hold their prey.

這些都是利用一種膠水來捕捉和固定獵物的植物。

With some of these plants, the glue holds while an enzyme breaks down the insect, like

對於其中一些植物，膠水可以保持，而一種酶可以分解昆蟲，如

the Butterwort seen here, but some of the plants actually move and respond, albeit slowly.

這裡的毛茛草，但有些植物實際上會移動並作出反應，儘管緩慢。

This clip of what’s called a sundew has been sped up to show what slowly happens.

這段所謂的麂子的片段已經加快了速度，以顯示慢慢發生的事情。

All it takes is one nodule to grab on, then the rest reach around and catch the prey.

只需要一個結節抓住，然後其餘的結節伸向四周，抓住獵物。

The third type of carnivorous plants are called snap traps and include what is likely the

第三種肉食性植物被稱為扣陷，包括可能是

most well-known on this list, the Venus Fly Trap.

在這個榜單上，最著名的金星捕蠅器。

Snap traps are usually divided in half, like two flaps that snap together when small trigger

卡扣式陷阱通常分為兩半，就像兩個瓣，當小扳機時，會扣在一起。

hairs are bent on the inside.

頭髮都彎曲在裡面。

So when an unsuspecting fly lands in, it triggers this snapping motion.

所以當一隻不懷好意的蒼蠅落入時，就會引發這個啪啪啪的動作。

To compensate for things like raindrops, the plant must sense multiple triggers in a certain

為了彌補像雨滴這樣的東西，植物必須在一定的時間內感應到多個觸發器。

timespan in order to actually snap shut.

時段，才能真正的扣上。

There are smaller snap traps that live in water nicknamed waterwheels, which are much

有生活在水中的較小的捕快，綽號為水輪，這是多

smaller but snap shut much faster.

更小，但扣合速度更快。

Causing these traps to snap shut for pure fun can be really detrimental, as it expends

導致這些陷阱純粹是為了好玩而啪啪啪地關上，真的很不利，因為它消耗了

energy in exchange for nothing.

能量的交換，無。

So if you ever buy a Venus Fly Trap, please don't show off to your friends by making it

所以，如果你曾經買過金星捕蠅器，請不要向你的朋友炫耀，讓它成為

snap shut for nothing.

啪的一聲，白白的關了。

The fourth type of carnivorous plants are called bladder traps.

第四種肉食性植物叫膀胱陷阱。

These are usually very small and aquatic.

這些通常是很小的水生動物。

These plants have trigger hairs as well, so when something touches it, it expands on the

這些植物也有觸發毛，所以當有東西觸碰它時，它就會膨脹起來。

inside, which allows for a rush of water to enter, which takes with it anything swimming

裡面的人，可以讓水湧入，把任何遊動的東西都帶走。

nearby.

附近。

So when something triggers it, the poor thing is sucked right inside, to be digested.

所以當有東西觸發它的時候，可憐的東西就會被直接吸進去，被消化掉。

These clips are slowed down so you can hopefully see the effect.

這些片段都是放慢了速度，希望可以看到效果。

The last major category of carnivorous plants are called “Lobster Pots” or lobster-pot

最後一大類肉食性植物被稱為 "龍蝦盆 "或龍蝦盆。

traps.

陷阱。

There isn’t much footage, since these are super small and usually focus on aquatic single-celled

鏡頭不多，因為這些都是超小型的，通常集中在水生單細胞上。

organizations.

各組織：

But basically, these plants are built like a trap, usually with inward facing prongs

但基本上，這些植物的構造就像一個陷阱，通常有向內的稜線

that lead creatures, like these protozoa, right into their belly.

導致像這些原生動物一樣的生物，直接進入它們的腹中。

The prongs make it easy to travel in and near impossible to travel back out.

稜線使它很容易進入，幾乎不可能再出去。

Eventually the protozoa get digested.

最終原生動物被消化。

There are ways for plants to be multiple categories, such as the sundew.

植物有多種類別的方法，如蘇鐵。

While it has the glue that makes it a flypaper trap, it also features the movement usually

雖然它有膠水，使其成為飛紙陷阱，但它也具有通常的運動特點

associated with snap traps.

與卡扣陷阱有關。

Now let’s zoom out.

現在讓我們放大。

People have a morbid fascination with these plants, which has caused them to be widely

人們對這些植物有一種病態的迷戀，這使得它們被廣泛地

bought and sold.

買賣。

You can find boxed plants in most garden sections of large shops, including venus fly traps

你可以在大多數大型商店的花園區找到盒裝植物，包括金星捕蠅器。

and sundews, labeled as "octopus plants" to be more appealing.

和sundews，標註為"章魚植物"，以更吸引人。

This is a fun investment, as long as you do your research for how to actually keep them

這是一個有趣的投資，只要你做你的研究，如何真正保持他們。

alive.

活著。

Since it takes them awhile to catch and eat insects, they’re not a solution to any sort

因為它們需要一段時間來捕捉和吃掉昆蟲，所以它們不是解決任何問題的辦法。

of pest issue, so make sure you’re informed and educated before buying one.

的病蟲害問題，所以在購買之前一定要了解和掌握相關知識。

So those are the basics of carnivorous plants.

所以這些都是肉食性植物的基本知識。

Science fiction and fantasy stories may have embellished what they’re capable of, but

科幻小說和奇幻故事可能美化了他們的能力，但...

they’re still fascinating plants to research.

他們仍然是迷人的植物研究。

Hopefully this was interesting and thanks for watching!

希望這是很有趣的，謝謝大家的觀看!