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  • Imagine you're watching a runaway trolley barreling down the tracks straight towards five workers who can't escape.

    想像你看到一輛失控的電車,正沿著軌道衝向五個來不及逃離的工人。

  • You happen to be standing next to a switch that will divert the trolley onto a second track.

    你碰巧站在轉轍器旁邊,它可讓電車轉換到第二條軌道。

  • Here's the problem.

    這裡便產生了一個問題。

  • That track has a worker on it, too, but just one.

    那條軌道上同樣也有工人,但卻只有一個工人在那。

  • What do you do?

    這時你會怎麼做?

  • Do you sacrifice one person to save five?

    你會犧牲一人來拯救其他五人嗎?

  • This is the "trolley problem", a version of an ethical dilemma that philosopher Philippa Foot devised in 1967.

    這就是所謂的電車難題,是一個由哲學家 Philippa Foot 在 1967 年所設計的其中一版的道德困境。

  • It's popular because it forces us to think about how to choose when there are no good choices.

    它非常知名,因為它迫使我們思考如何在沒有好的選項時做出選擇。

  • Do we pick the action with the best outcome or stick to a moral code that prohibits causing someone's death?

    我們會做出導致最佳結果的行動嗎,或者我們會堅持道德準則、禁止造成有人死亡?

  • In one survey, about 90% of respondents said that it's okay to flip the switch, letting one worker die to save five.

    在一項調查中發現,約有 90% 的受訪者認為翻轉轉轍器、讓一名工人死亡、以換取另外五名工人的存活是可被接受的,

  • And other studies, including a virtual reality simulation of the dilemma, have found similar results.

    此外其他研究,包含一個模擬道德兩難的虛擬實境,同樣也得到了類似的結果。

  • These judgments are consistent with the philosophical principle of utilitarianism, which argues that the morally correct decision is the one that maximizes [the] well-being for the greatest number of people.

    這些判斷和效益主義的哲學原理一致,它表明了道德上的正確決定就是最大化最多人的幸福 。

  • The five lives outweigh one, even if achieving that outcome requires condemning someone to death.

    所以五人的生命比一人更有價值,即使為了達到這個結果會導致有人死亡。

  • But people don't always take the utilitarian view, which we can see by changing the trolley problem a bit.

    不過人們不是永遠都以效益主義的觀點來思考,這點我們可從變化後的電車難題中看出。

  • This time, you're standing on a bridge over the track as the runaway trolley approaches.

    這次,你站在軌道上方的一座天橋,這台失控的電車即將經過這座天橋。

  • Now, there's no second track, but there is a very large man on the bridge next to you.

    現在沒有第二條軌道,但有一個身形非常龐大的男人恰好站在你身旁。

  • If you push him over, his body will stop the trolley, saving the five workers, but he'll die.

    如果你推他一把,他的身體將使電車停止,並拯救了那五名工人, 但這個男人便會死去。

  • To utilitarians, the decision is exactly the same: lose one life to save five.

    對於效益主義者來說,這個決定和先前的完全相同,它們同樣都是犧牲一人、拯救五人。

  • But in this case, only about 10% of people say that it's okay to throw the man onto the tracks.

    但在這個情況裡,大約只有 10% 的人認為把人丟到軌道上是可接受的。

  • Our instincts tell us that deliberately causing someone's death is different than allowing them to die as collateral damage.

    直覺告訴了我們,故意造就某些人死亡與間接造成他們死亡是兩回事。

  • It just feels wrong for reasons that are hard to explain.

    基於某些難以解釋的原因,這令人感到不對勁。

  • This intersection between ethics and psychology is what's so interesting about the trolley problem.

    而倫理學與心理學的交集正是電車難題如此有趣之處。

  • The dilemma in its many variations reveal that what we think is right or wrong depends on factors other than a logical weighing of the pros and cons.

    在眾多版本裡的困境,顯示了我們思考對與錯的依據除了邏輯上權衡它的利弊之外,還在於各種因素的考量。

  • For example, men are more likely than women to say it's okay to push the man over the bridge.

    舉例來說,男人比女人更可能認為把人推落天橋是可接受的。

  • So are people who watch a comedy clip before doing the thought experiment.

    同樣地,如果進行思想實驗前受試者觀看了喜劇短片,那他們也更容易做出類似的判斷。

  • And in one virtual reality study, people were more willing to sacrifice men than women.

    在一個虛擬實境的研究中,人們更願意犧牲男人,而非女人 。

  • Researchers have studied the brain activity of people thinking through the classic and bridge versions.

    研究人員已經在探討人類思考經典版本與天橋版本時的大腦活動。

  • Both scenarios activate areas of the brain involved in conscious decision-making and emotional responses.

    這兩種情景都會刺激大腦中關於有意識的決策與情緒反應的區域。

  • But in the bridge version, the emotional response is much stronger.

    但在天橋版本中,情緒反應會更加的強烈。

  • So is activity in an area of the brain associated with processing internal conflict.

    還有大腦中與處理內在衝突有關的區域,活動同樣也較劇烈。

  • Why the difference?

    為何它們有所不同?

  • One explanation is that pushing someone to their death feels more personal, activating an emotional aversion to killing another person.

    其中一項解釋說明:把人推落致死讓人感覺是自己親自動手,

  • But we feel conflicted because we know it's still the logical choice.

    這激發了一種對殺死他人的厭惡情感,但我們會感受到衝突是因我們知道,這還是一個邏輯上的選擇。

  • Trolleyology has been criticized by some philosophers and psychologists.

    某些哲學家和心理學家批評了電車難題。

  • They argue that it doesn't reveal anything because its premise is so unrealistic that study participants don't take it seriously.

    他們認為這並沒有揭露了任何事情,因為它的假設是多麼地不切實際以致於研究參與者沒有認真看待它 。

  • But new technology is making this kind of ethical analysis more important than ever.

    但是新的科技技術讓這類型的道德分析變得更加重要。

  • For example, driverless cars may have to handle choices like causing a small accident to prevent a larger one.

    舉例來說,無人駕駛汽車可能必須去處理一些選擇,像是造成一個較小的事故、以防止更大事故的發生。

  • Meanwhile, governments are researching autonomous military drones that could wind up making decisions of whether they'll risk civilian casualties to attack a high-value target.

    與此同時,政府正在研究軍用無人機,它最終可能要做出某些決策,像是它是否會冒著民眾傷亡的風險、以達到攻擊高價值目標物的目的。

  • If we want these actions to be ethical, we have to decide, in advance, how to value human life and judge the greater good.

    如果我們希望這些行動變得道德,我們必須事先決定如何評估人類生命的價值,並評斷出更大的利益。

  • So, researchers who study autonomous systems are collaborating with philosophers to address the complex problem of programming ethics into machines,

    所以那些研究自動化系統的研究人員與哲學家共同合作, 來處理把倫理道德編程到機器上的複雜問題,

  • which goes to show that even hypothetical dilemmas can wind up on a collision course with the real world.

    這顯示了即使是假定的兩難局面,也可以應用在真實世界的衝突過程裡。

Imagine you're watching a runaway trolley barreling down the tracks straight towards five workers who can't escape.

想像你看到一輛失控的電車,正沿著軌道衝向五個來不及逃離的工人。

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