Name: 【TED-Ed】猩猩有多聰明？- 陸高 (【TED-Ed】How smart are orangutans? - Lu Gao)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T06:41:17.000Z
Duration: 4 min 33 s

Fu Manchu was one of the most notorious escape artists

傅滿洲是1960年代的歐瑪哈動物園裡

The keepers who locked  his enclosure every night

每晚負責將傅滿洲鎖在籠內的管理員相當困惑

were baffled to find him outside the next day

因為他們總在隔天發現傅滿洲逃到籠外

Only after installing cameras  did they realize

with a metal wire that he kept hidden under his cheek pouch.

他藏在臉頰袋裡的金屬絲來開鎖

The keepers shouldn't have been surprised at Fu Manchu's cunningness.

事實上，管理員也不用對傅滿洲的狡猾如此感到驚訝

they belong to our Hominidae family tree,

他們都隸屬於我們人科的家族樹

But it's not just their striking red hair

that makes orangutans unique  among our cousins.

orangutans have adapted to a life high in the rain forest canopies.

猩猩已習慣在雨林高處的樹棚生活

Many of the skills they learn are transmitted through the special bond

而他們學習的許多技巧，多半透過

the most extended in the animal kingdom next to humans.

這項能力僅次於人類，是在動物王國中延續最久的

Orangutan mothers usually give birth to one baby at a time,

waiting up to eight years before having another.

and distinguish the hundreds of plants and fruits that make up their diet.

並在數百種植物和水果中，辨認哪些能成為他們的食物

Female orangutans even stay with their mothers into their teen years

雌猩猩在青春期時，甚至會待在母親身邊

As they grow up, orangutans also develop a complex set of cooperative social skills

猩猩長大後甚至能發展一套複雜的社交技巧

by interacting with their peers and siblings.

在與同儕、兄弟姐妹的互動中，學會如何合作

young orangutans involuntarily mimic the facial expressions

年輕的猩猩會不自覺地模仿玩伴的臉部表情

with behaviors that closely parallel human smiling and laughter.

此行為和人類的笑容和笑聲非常相似

Once they finally venture out  on their own,

orangutans continue to develop their resourcefulness,

putting the skills they've learned  into practice.

Adults build a new nest each night by carefully weaving twigs together,

成年的猩猩會在每晚築新巢，細心地將樹枝編在一起

topping them with soft leaves, pillows, and blankets.

並用柔軟的樹葉、枕頭和被單覆蓋住

This process requires dexterity, coordination, and an eye for design.

這個過程講求靈巧度、協調性和設計天份

Orangutans also use a variety of tools to make their lives in the jungle easier.

猩猩們也會利用多樣的工具讓他們在叢林中更方便生活

They turn branches into fly swatters and back scratchers,

他們會將樹枝做成蒼蠅拍和長柄扒

and even use leaves as bandages to dress their wounds.

甚至還會用樹葉做成繃帶來包紮傷口

But orangutan intelligence goes far beyond jungle survival.

但猩猩的智商並不僅止於叢林求生

Research in controlled environments has shown that orangutans are self-aware,

一個受控環境下的研究顯示，猩猩是有自我意識的

being one of the few species to recognize their own reflections.

且是少數能辨識自己倒影的動物

They also display remarkable foresight, planning, and cognition.

牠們同時展現出非凡的遠見、計畫和知覺能力

In one experiment, researchers taught an orangutan to use a straw

在一項實驗裡，研究者教了一隻猩猩如何用吸管

to extract his favorite fruit soup from a box.

That orangutan was later given the choice between the straw

那隻猩猩隨後必須選擇要拿吸管

or a grape that could be  eaten right away,

and he chose the straw just in case he was given another box of soup.

而這隻猩猩選擇了吸管，以防之後會再拿到另一盒湯

In another experiment, orangutans figured out how to reach peanuts

在另一個實驗中，猩猩懂得將水吐進

at the bottom of long tubes by spitting water into them.

While orangutans are able to pass cognitive tests with flying colors,

雖然猩猩能出色地通過認知測驗

there are certain problems that they need our help to solve.

有些問題還是需要人類幫忙解決

Indonesia has the world's highest rate of deforestation,

印尼的森林採伐佔世界比例最高

and millions of acres of rain forest  are burned annually

to support the logging  and palm oil industries.

Deforestation exposes the 30,000 orangutans remaining in the wild

They kill mothers so that baby orangutans can be sold as exotic pets.

盜獵者會殺掉母猩猩，以便將年幼的猩猩以異國寵物的名義賣出

But fortunately, the story often doesn't end here.

幸運的是，故事通常不會這麼結束

Orphans can be confiscated and given a second chance.

孤兒可以被領養，獲得第二個機會

At special forest schools, they recover from emotional trauma

在特殊的雨林學校，他們從感情創傷中復原

and continue to develop  essential life skills.

Against all odds, these orphans  demonstrate incredible resilience

這些孤兒排除萬難，在學習方面展現

In Malay, the word orangutan translates literally to "the person of the forest,"

猩猩一詞在馬來語中的字面翻譯，為「林中之人」

這也提醒我們和猩猩有共同血統

And despite orangutans being some of the smartest animals on Earth,

而儘管猩猩是地球上聰明的動物之一

outsmarting their extinction requires the creativity, empathy, and foresight

要讓猩猩存活下來，需要仰賴人類與猩猩共有的特質