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  • So I think we'll get started again.

  • A quick announcement because one of the questions

  • provoked a good connection.

  • Rebecca is where?

  • Rebecca in the bottom here has pointed out

  • that there is a symposium here in Granoff Saturday, March

  • 5 called Designing the Next Steps.

  • And it's a day of workshops, community classes, discussion,

  • design, lecture, demonstrations, and art installations.

  • Here's the part where it has particular relevance.

  • The ASaP Symposium explores holistic, artistic

  • interventions for diverse populations.

  • This year's focus is on the power

  • of design and implementation of arts programming

  • in the medical field.

  • So Rebecca has more information on this specific program.

  • You can go and seek her out.

  • But a nice corollary to this day, especially the connection

  • to the medical field a week from tomorrow.

  • Maxine Greene was an important inspiration

  • for many of us, philosopher of education and aesthetics,

  • spent the majority of her career at Teachers College, Columbia

  • and also importantly, at the Lincoln Center Institute

  • for the Arts in Education and wrote several books,

  • including one that I quoted from,

  • Releasing the Imagination.

  • In the back of your program, you see a list

  • of three other conferences, symposiums

  • that Community MusicWorks has been involved in presenting

  • over the last 15 or 16 years.

  • Each of them really focused on Maxine's work

  • in a different way.

  • She was a speaker at two of them and was a real inspiration

  • for Community MusicWorks and many other initiatives.

  • Maxine passed away in 2014 at the age of 96.

  • And there's a group really working

  • to keep her work and legacy in the minds of people

  • in the-- practitioners in the field.

  • And Heidi Upton is the president of this Maxine Greene

  • Center for Aesthetic Education and Social Imagination.

  • So we are bringing this topic forward,

  • the legacy of Maxine Greene.

  • Though Karen and Paul aren't necessarily connected

  • to Maxine's work, it felt like the conversation

  • that we framed is very much one that Maxine would appreciate.

  • So very briefly again, bios are in the book.

  • But Heidi Upton is, as I said, the president of the Maxine

  • Greene Center and is an associate professor at St.

  • John's University in New York.

  • She'll describe more of this Discover New York class

  • that she teaches.

  • But important to the theme of the today,

  • Heidi is also an accomplished concert pianist

  • so is wearing two hats here today.

  • Karen Zone is the president of Longy School of Music,

  • which is now the Longy School of Music of Bard College and also

  • a concert pianist.

  • So there's a theme on that side of the panel here.

  • Karen was an associate provost at Berklee College of Music

  • and was at the MacPhail Center before that, really important

  • work that Karen is involved with and that she'll

  • talk about connected with the Sistema world

  • starting a MAT program to teach musicians

  • to be educators in this kind of new space

  • of Sistema-related work.

  • And we are honored that Paul Guyer

  • is with us from the Brown faculty, Johnathon Nelson

  • Professor in philosophy and humanities

  • who has recently, I think, published

  • the History of Aesthetics and will kind of provide

  • that frame for us at the end of this panel

  • into what sort of philosophical context

  • is some of this applied work.

  • So with that, let me welcome Heidi Upton.

  • [APPLAUSE]

  • I need a password.

  • [INAUDIBLE]

  • [LAUGHTER]

  • OK, so much better.

  • Hi, everyone.

  • I first want to say how honored I am to be here and how excited

  • and how inspired I am so far listening to people who are not

  • just talking the talk but walking the walk

  • and really doing something.

  • This presentation that I'm about to give is a report, in a way,

  • on the partnership between-- or partnerships,

  • I should say-- between students in my course called

  • Discover New York and people who are homeless in New York City.

  • And I came to this undertaking from a position

  • at Lincoln Center Institute, which

  • is now called Lincoln Center Education, where

  • I was a teaching artist, a full-time teaching

  • artist for several years and where

  • I got to know Maxine Greene and learned

  • about aesthetic education, which is an approach to education.

  • And it is a methodology, which I'm

  • going to discuss a little bit as we move forward.

  • So the question I think that I would like to pose to you

  • and for you to think about and for me to address, first

  • of all, is this word aesthetic and the notion

  • of aesthetic experience, what that means

  • and how I think about it in my work.

  • So we're going to start with this.

  • Because this is something that I ask my students

  • at the beginning of every semester

  • is to notice the room that we're in.

  • And it's generally a room that's about that shape.

  • It's not like this room, which has a different shape.

  • But it's usually a lot right angles.

  • And it usually-- and it remarkably, looks

  • like this room, my classroom.

  • And I really have them look for a very long time

  • at the ceiling, which is filled with geometry.

  • And we begin the semester by just describing things.

  • And this is when my students think that this is really

  • a nut's course.

  • And maybe they should drop this one and take it from another.

  • Because Discover New York is something that all freshman

  • have to take at St. John's.

  • But each professor who teaches it

  • does it through their own lens of expertise.

  • And my expertise is aesthetic education.

  • So they're stuck with that.

  • So we describe the room.

  • And as I've been sitting here listening to everybody speak,

  • I've been looking at this space and thinking about situating

  • myself in its aesthetic space.

  • I think it was a line in a Beatles song.

  • You might correct me.

  • Is it, "The love you take is equal to the love you make?"

  • Do you know that line from the Revolver album?

  • Do I have it right or backwards?

  • I'm not sure.

  • But it's that philosophy.

  • It's that deep thinking.

  • It's that to the extent that one enters, that one gives oneself

  • to anything, that is to the extent that one receives.

  • And I think that's the way.

  • And Maxine used to say it with personal relationships.

  • And it's also just situating oneself in aesthetic space.

  • So I'm noticing a lot parallel lines

  • in here all over the place.

  • And I might say that there is a conversation

  • between parallel lines and horizontal and vertical.

  • So there are lot of horizontals and a lot of verticals.

  • And in my discussions with my students

  • about the room in which we sit, it moves from description

  • to analysis.

  • And then, maybe like, who decided

  • that there should be right angles

  • or that it should be this color or whatever

  • questions arise as we proceed in our inquiry

  • into aesthetic space.

  • So it's the qualities of things that I am thinking about

  • and that I want my students to think

  • about when we are thinking about aesthetic experience.

  • First, noticing the qualities of things.

  • And here is, for example, a thing, which is a shape.

  • And it's red.

  • And we could start to describe it.

  • And we could say that it's not uniform in color

  • and that there's some texture involved and everything.

  • But if you have ever read Maxine Greene's writings

  • or if you ever knew her, you know

  • that she is always referring to the work of others,

  • whether it be the work of philosophers, such as Dewey

  • and Sartre or the work of other artists.

  • And I captured this quotation from one person

  • that she references very often who

  • is Merleau-Ponty who was an existential phenomenologist.

  • Don't think that I really know what that means.

  • But that's what he was.

  • And that's what Maxine was.

  • And he is talking here about how there are so

  • many contingencies when you look at something, when you're

  • there, when you're putting yourself

  • in relationship to anything.

  • And that's very much what I want my students

  • to begin to think about that in the room, each of us

  • has something to say.

  • Each of us brings our cloud of experience.

  • And each of us has a unique perspective

  • on what is happening.

  • So Maxine is always talking about--

  • and I think that Sebastian mentioned this in his talk--

  • the idea of givens versus contingencies,

  • that in education-- whatever that is-- we are given, given.

  • You know, this is a fact.

  • Learn this.

  • But that perhaps we should approach these givens

  • as contingencies.

  • And so we never really know what we're looking at.

  • When we're looking a patch of red,

  • it might the eye of a bird.

  • And that bird might be escaping from a box.

  • Anyway, so Maxine Greene, what she said so often is,

  • I am what I am not yet, that we are always becoming.

  • And her description of situating oneself in aesthetic space

  • is up there in red.

  • And she, herself, asks the reader

  • to notice wherever we are, we can shift our understanding.

  • We can shift our consciousness into a moment of awareness

  • of aesthetic space.

  • Notice the sheen on the apple on the fruit stand.

  • And so it is this that inspires me

  • to inspire my students to be more in the moment,

  • to be mindful, to notice, to wake up.

  • So I know about aesthetic education

  • from be a teaching artist at Lincoln Center Institute.

  • And aesthetic education creates pathways

  • into transactions with works of art

  • using particular concepts embedded in that work of art

  • and teaching artists craft workshops

  • based on their inspiration of what

  • they find in a particular work of art,

  • which is the text understudy.

  • So there are four cornerstones in aesthetic education

  • and developing workshops.

  • And that is asking questions, making stuff-- art-making,

  • making things that are having to do with whatever

  • is in that work of art that's going to be met-- bringing

  • in contextual information, the world

  • out of which the work of art emerges, and a reflection.

  • What is it that we have done here?

  • What are we thinking about here?

  • So I brought that into my job at St. John's University

  • when I began there in 2003.

  • And I got to do whatever I wanted in Discover New York.

  • And it took me a while.

  • I first taught it in another way.

  • You can evolve the course as you wish.

  • And it was one day when I got off the subway

  • at Fifth Avenue and 53rd Street actually

  • on my way to do an aesthetic education workshop at the Met

  • when I noticed on this cold January Saturday

  • morning that every bench and every little nook

  • and cranny along the way to the uptown bus on Madison Avenue

  • had a lump of person covered in clothing.

  • And it hit me like a thunderclap that what

  • I needed to do with my Discover New York course

  • was focus on homelessness in New York.

  • And I had to learn about it.

  • And then, I had to bring that to my students.

  • And so my little version of the course is DNYhome.

  • So much has been spoken about Dewey.

  • And there's Art as Experience again.

  • And he-- yes, it was inspiring to me

  • that he said that art has been kind of taken away from us.

  • That it isn't this, which is our birthright-- which

  • Eric Booth mentions in his book The Everyday Work of Art--

  • is taken into the palaces, which is what you mentioned,

  • Sebastian.

  • It's not part of our culture.

  • It's off there somewhere.

  • You have to go to it to experience a work of art.

  • And so many people say, I don't know anything about art.

  • So I can't have any-- I don't have an opinion about it.

  • This is a quotation of Dewey. "A wall is

  • built around these works of art that renders them opaque."

  • So when I was thinking about, well,

  • how am I going to teach this course, which

  • is an academic course-- which is not a skills-based arts

  • course or anything.

  • I want my students to have a deep aesthetic experience

  • of the situation that is called homelessness in New York City.

  • I, to my surprise, found that political scientists also

  • feel that there is some sort of a wall built

  • around this notion of citizenship

  • and civic participation.

  • Meta Mendel-Reyes says this, that we are not brought up,

  • we are not educated to become members

  • of a participatory democracy.

  • And it was very resonant to me.

  • It's connected to what Dewey were saying about the arts.

  • And here is someone else, Carol Pateman.

  • You know, the answer to creating people who are participants

  • is to have them participate.

  • So I decided to try to get my students to participate

  • as much as possible in activities having

  • to do with homelessness.

  • So I brought in, as much as I could,

  • the honored works of art that I knew so much about

  • into the course, weaving them in.

  • And I have just sort of woven together

  • the course that's DNYhome.

  • And so I'm going to kind of show you some projects that

  • have gone underway.

  • Now, the first activity that I want to share with you

  • it really comes out of Maxine's thinking

  • that in order to really get into anything,

  • you have to situate yourself in relationship to it

  • just as I situated myself in relationship to this room

  • and start thinking about parallel lines,

  • particularly here when you have to see yourself as somebody

  • who's having a relationship with--

  • and you are one of many having that experience

  • with that thing, in this case, homelessness

  • but with any kind of work of art.

  • So this is from Variations on a Blue Guitar,

  • which is one of her texts.

  • OK.

  • So an activity that I do to get my students thinking

  • about homelessness instead of just passing

  • by the person on the street is to-- I hand

  • out little sandwich bags like this.

  • And I ask them-- they don't know what I'm doing.

  • I ask them to please write down, what if they

  • had to leave home quickly?

  • They didn't know if they would come back.

  • What would they take with them?

  • Every little item had to be on a separate piece of paper,

  • toothbrush, comb, everything separate.

  • And then, they would have to put each one of those little items

  • in the bag and then on the outside of the bag

  • draw the conveyance that they would need in order

  • to bring all that stuff with them

  • wherever they needed to go.

  • And this is a very AE, Aesthetic Education,

  • methodology kind of thing to do to bring

  • the personal relevance into the regard of the work of art.

  • And I happened to use a work of art

  • in this activity, which is by Thomas Hoepker.

  • And it's a photograph entitled Bag Lady in Chelsea.

  • But I don't tell my students that.

  • But after that activity, they are

  • more ready to look at those bags and to think

  • about this person and the choices

  • that the photographer made.

  • They can think about the textures, the colors, and all

  • of the aesthetic qualities.

  • And then, what other things?

  • What are the questions they have?

  • And inevitably, the question comes up, well,

  • where is her face?

  • And then, we begin to think about the anonymity

  • of homelessness in New York.

  • OK.

  • Now, I don't have time to go through every little thing

  • that I do in this course.

  • But I do have a couple of frames here

  • that kind of give you an overview of the things

  • that I think are important.

  • Beginning with personal relevance

  • and then having students use books, contextual information

  • books that give them information.

  • One of them is a narrative by Elliot Liebow-- I never

  • know how to pronounce his name-- called Tell Them Who

  • I Am and another one by Ralph Nunez, Shelter Is Not a Home,

  • Or Is It?

  • And so a combination of this contextual material

  • in preparation for them going out to fulfill what

  • is a required component in the course, which is called

  • academic service learning.

  • I have created relationships with three service centers

  • in New York.

  • And in my experience, so important to develop

  • a relationship with whoever is there

  • coordinating volunteer activities.

  • St. John's has a tremendous Academic Service Learning

  • Department, much support.

  • So that is connecting to the social sphere,

  • to see it, to be part of it.

  • It's scaring me because the timekeeper

  • is entering the space.

  • [LAUGHTER]

  • OK.

  • No, plenty of time.

  • OK.

  • And so there are a lot of activities

  • that connect to the personal relevance piece,

  • activities that connect to the contextual relevance,

  • and then the social relevance.

  • And one of them is the paper bag activity,

  • which you see up there.

  • But then, there are many others.

  • Symbol and metaphor activity, which

  • is students having two offer images and phrases

  • that-- the idea, it's important for them

  • to understand that metaphor is a tool in art-making.

  • And that image can mean something more than what it is.

  • And so they-- we have a thing on that.

  • And there are big art-making activities,

  • photo essays where they photograph things themselves,

  • metaphorically, symbolically and create a photo essay that

  • speaks to their experience of homelessness in New York.

  • What I'm reporting to you on now is our interaction

  • with homelessness itself.

  • And then, we'll have some-- I'll just

  • have a few little examples of student reflections.

  • So this is Mainchance Drop-In Center.

  • It was one of the early projects that I

  • did with-- I partnered with a photography professor, Intro

  • to Photo course.

  • And these were our goals of the semester.

  • I'm kind of going quickly, so read fast.

  • Mainchance Drop-In Center is adults.

  • And it's in Manhattan.

  • And anybody can come off the street

  • and sit in the room of chairs is what I call it.

  • It's a very intimidating space.

  • Anyway, our students, both my DNY students and her students,

  • photographed just thinking about patterns in the world.

  • And they did their own photographs of patterns.

  • And we discussed that in sort of like a warm up activity.

  • And then, her students-- Belenna Lauto

  • was her name-- her students went into Mainchance.

  • And we had a grant, a little mini grant

  • from St. John's, and bought digital cameras.

  • And the students and what they call clients

  • photographed patterns in the space of the drop-in center.

  • And this is an example of those photographs.

  • My students then came in.

  • And we were going to take the photographs that were developed

  • and prepared and find six-word stories-- a la Ernest

  • Hemingway's little six-word stories

  • idea-- to distill meaning from the photographs.

  • And so this was a model.

  • So we all did this together.

  • These were not necessarily the photographs of the-- these

  • were not necessarily the homeless clients who

  • took the photographs.

  • Some of them were.

  • Some of them weren't.

  • It's a very transient population.

  • But this was our brainstorming of that.

  • And these were the initial six-word stories

  • that we found as a part of looking

  • at that boat, upturned boat on the pebbles.

  • And so then, my students, partnering--

  • there's no hierarchy.

  • It's not like I'm the one who knows.

  • You're the one who doesn't know.

  • But equal to the task were given the photographs.

  • And they could choose which one they wanted to.

  • And they develop six word stories

  • about-- so the photograph was taken by the Intro

  • to Photo and homeless clients.

  • And then, we, my students and other homeless clients

  • devised six-word stories based on that.

  • And so there's a whole bunch of these.

  • And actually, I have a blurb book

  • here if you ever want to look at it of all of the photographs.

  • And these photographs and their six-word stories

  • were framed and put on the walls of the meeting

  • room in the space.

  • You can see them on the walls there.

  • We had a culminating activity.

  • I played a little concert at the beginning

  • of this culminating work with my friend, Flutist Wendy Stern.

  • And those gesturing people are the homeless clients describing

  • their creative process.

  • I guess my goal in all of these projects

  • is to have my students understand something

  • about homelessness by just being with people

  • and understanding the complexity like it is.

  • I have to-- I have five minutes.

  • So I'm now racing through.

  • Go ahead.

  • Wild Hair @ Mainchance, the same site.

  • But this was the theater project where

  • a colleague of mine at Lincoln Center Institute

  • is also an actor.

  • And she has this piece called Wild Hair.

  • And it reimagines Ophelia who escapes from Elsinore

  • and actualized her life elsewhere in the world.

  • And it's a funny piece, but it's also very profound.

  • We entered the space.

  • We had clients who were telling us about Hamlet.

  • You know, they were very, very knowledgeable people.

  • This is a very difficult bunch of slides.

  • But my students and these clients created scripts.

  • They imagined where Ophelia might go.

  • They created props.

  • They played out the skits for each other

  • before attending Gene Taylor's Wild Hair piece.

  • This is [? Mora Cook ?] who was a wonderful volunteer

  • coordinator.

  • And my students-- and I'm rushing

  • through-- these are my students and homeless people as part

  • of the audience experiencing the work of art together.

  • We did the same thing at Briarwood Family Residence,

  • which is children, homeless families.

  • But we worked with children there.

  • And these are photographs of the children

  • who imagined the young girl and the prince and the evil castle

  • and how the young girl got out of the evil castle.

  • This is the Blue Moon Tribe, my students

  • partnering with the children at Briarwood to imagine.

  • We got instruments from Gary Kvistad

  • from Woodstock Percussion.

  • And there are the instruments.

  • They devised this story of the Blue Moon Tribe.

  • They led it.

  • They created a storyboard with how the instruments would--

  • the sounds of the instruments would

  • tell the story of the Blue Moon Tribe.

  • They made a storyboard here.

  • And they performed it for their parents and significant others.

  • Now, here we are.

  • This is my students' reflection.

  • I want my students to reflect on the semester by creative means.

  • Word clouds, I'm a great fan.

  • So examples of word clouds-- I'm sorry I'm

  • having to go so quickly.

  • But they are beautiful.

  • Aren't they?

  • They're so inspirational to me.

  • And a student described why she chose the form of word cloud

  • because her feelings were all a jumble.

  • And it was the best way for her to express herself

  • and what she learned from the semester.

  • Now, I have some student outcomes.

  • And I'm just going to finish with that.

  • This is one.

  • I have two students.

  • So one student, she learned to look closer.

  • She thought that's what Discover New York taught her.

  • She goes on to connect.

  • And this is so important to me that they

  • make connections between the written information,

  • the facts that they get from the text,

  • and the embodiment of those facts in homeless people.

  • And so I felt like my job was done.

  • I was very proud that she had that.

  • And the notion that this carries beyond the realm of the course,

  • that she's taking that into the rest of her life

  • is very much what I want to happen.

  • I want transferable skills.

  • And the idea of looking deeply and asking questions

  • is something-- and symbolism and metaphors, that's something

  • that you can do wherever you are,

  • whatever you're involved with.

  • I'm moving on to the second student.

  • So she had a shift in paradigm.

  • She understands that situating herself in aesthetic space

  • gives her a deeper experience of life.

  • And she's envisioning new possibilities for herself

  • that she didn't realize.

  • And she's understanding that opening

  • her eyes to homelessness is a powerful thing.

  • And there's more to the world than she previously thought.

  • That to me is a big deal, especially in a freshmen

  • transition course.

  • And I think that I'm a fan of aesthetic education

  • methodology because I think it creates these pathways.

  • And it gives agency to students.

  • So this is what I want for my students,

  • that they imagine themselves as doing more than they perhaps

  • had thought they would.

  • And they believe in possibilities

  • they hadn't yet thought of.

  • And this really connects to what-- now this here is,

  • I didn't realize it at the time, but there she

  • is holding Art as Experience.

  • And this is Maxine in her apartment,

  • Fifth Avenue-- what she says about social imagination.

  • And then, if you want to know anything

  • about the Maxine Greene Center, there is our URL.

  • Please come to the website.

  • Please engage in conversations.

  • It's online conversations.

  • It's using Disqus.

  • And we really love to hear your voices on our site.

  • So thank you very much.

  • [APPLAUSE]

  • So as we segue to Karen, I think there's

  • a piece as we were kind of warming up for this panel.

  • The skill to notice that Heidi has talked so much

  • about, the skill to notice that you might start in the arts.

  • How do you notice the room?

  • How do you notice what you see?

  • How do you notice what you see in this work of art?

  • But then, how does that translate

  • to how do you notice what's around you in the world?

  • How do you notice these important civic issues

  • and problems and begin then to take that leap

  • toward social imagination?

  • Thinking about how these freshman at St. John's are

  • starting to see New York differently

  • through this experience, I feel like a really interesting

  • parallel to how MAT students are starting

  • to interact with communities in LA

  • through this new MAT program.

  • And how do you teach people to begin to be good teachers?

  • Sort of fundamental questions that Karen and her colleagues

  • ask.

  • So over to you.

  • Great.

  • Thank you, Sebastian.

  • And it's great to see everyone.

  • I feel very honored and privileged to be here.

  • And I have to say, you know, I'm the president of a music

  • conservatory, so I spend a lot of time raising money.

  • And that equates to defending music education.

  • So I am not going to defend music education in this room.

  • I don't think I need to do it.

  • Is that a fair assumption?

  • [LAUGHTER]

  • Anyway, Sebastian had asked me to speak a little bit

  • about this program that we've started, the work that we're

  • doing in California.

  • Longy, of course as you may or may not know,

  • is actually located in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

  • But by way of a little context, I

  • was just looking at your Coursera offering.

  • Sebastian and I saw this question

  • that you were asking, which is, do musicians

  • have an obligation and an opportunity

  • to serve the needs of the world with their musicianship?

  • And that's the sort of question of why

  • that Michael Gaffey was talking about, getting underneath that.

  • And why would that be?

  • And so I just wanted to give you a little bit of context

  • about Longy, which I hope will help

  • explain why we decided to get involved with El Sistema.

  • About 2006, something was percolating

  • at this little school in Cambridge

  • with 250 students, a very small but elite school where

  • you would come to get a classical training

  • as a musician.

  • And they were struggling.

  • They were struggling financially,

  • but they were also struggling philosophically, I think.

  • Why should we be here anymore?

  • We're the smallest conservatory.

  • That's not a reason to be.

  • How can we think about this differently?

  • And they ended up actually changing

  • the mission of the school.

  • And the mission of the Longy School

  • is preparing musicians to make a difference in the world.

  • And that is actually what drew me to the position at Longy.

  • Because I had kind of given up on this elite,

  • this sort of elite pursuit of classical education

  • in a conservatory.

  • I just though it was too narrow.

  • And it wasn't that interesting to me anymore personally.

  • But with this change in the mission,

  • I thought, wow, you know, musicians as agents of change.

  • What can musicians do for the world?

  • What do musicians need to do for the world?

  • And I see it both as the right thing to do.

  • The world needs it.

  • It's also extremely practical.

  • It's extremely practical for musicians

  • not just to think about those needs that have already

  • been defined in the world that a classically trained musician

  • gets to fill but rather to turn it around and say,

  • where is their need?

  • And how could I actually be helpful?

  • Or where would I like to be?

  • And how might I help make change in that community?

  • So for me, the change in that mission was very exciting.

  • And in fact, Longy was saying yes

  • already to this idea that there is so much opportunity and also

  • obligation in the world for a musician.

  • This is what, of course, led us to look at El Sistema.

  • And shortly after I started there

  • in 2007-- today is my ninth anniversary, I realized.

  • I looked at my calendar.

  • I started nine years ago today.

  • So we start looking at El Sistema.

  • And I just did a lot of research.

  • I didn't really know, was there a role

  • for Longy in this burgeoning nascent movement that

  • was coming from Venezuela and was really starting

  • to move through this country and other countries in the world?

  • And I don't know.

  • Is everyone somewhat familiar with El Sistema?

  • Should I give just a brief--

  • No.

  • This is a music program.

  • It is really a social program using music, really,

  • as the community.

  • It was started in Venezuela in the early '70s

  • with 11 children in a garage.

  • And at this moment, there are over 600,000 children

  • who are participating in programs

  • that are orchestral, choral-based, jazz

  • programs, pop, every kind of music, folk music.

  • And it's really focused on children who come from the most

  • challenged situations.

  • So most of the students in El Sistema come from poverty.

  • They would never have a chance to participate

  • in a music program if they would have to pay for it.

  • So El Sistema programs are normally

  • either free or nearly free.

  • Most of the teaching is done in groups.

  • This is in part economical, but also there's

  • the sense of learning from each other.

  • And another aspect to the learning

  • is that the children are taught to be teachers.

  • So mentoring is baked into the pedagogy, if you will,

  • of a Sistema program.

  • So if you go into a Sistema room where a rehearsal is going on,

  • it might look very traditional to you.

  • You would think, well, there's a conductor.

  • And there's an orchestra.

  • But actually, there are all of these teachers

  • within the ensemble.

  • Once you've learned something as an El Sistema student,

  • you're expected to teach it to someone

  • who has not yet learned that.

  • And of course, you know what happens when you teach

  • something to someone else.

  • It helps also to deepen your own understanding of that skill.

  • So we started looking at this idea of El Sistema inspired

  • programs.

  • Did we have a role?

  • What I did was I interviewed about 40 people

  • who were either running El Sistema sites in the United

  • States or teaching in El Sistema sites.

  • And I did a very non-scientific needs assessment,

  • which was just to say, what do you need?

  • And of course, the first thing that they needed was money.

  • But of course, I could not help them with that.

  • And the second thing that they needed

  • was, they said, we actually need musicians who are--

  • and here's where we'll flip between these two words.

  • Michael, thanks for bringing them up.

  • They said, trained to be able to teach in these circumstances.

  • And what they were finding was a very high burnout rate.

  • You know, Sistema has gotten a lot

  • of attention from Gustavo Dudamel

  • has come to this country.

  • He's the music director of the LA Phil.

  • It looks like signing up for the Peace Corps.

  • You know, so at a certain point in your life

  • you think, wow, I'm a musician.

  • I graduated from conservatory.

  • What am I going to do next?

  • Why don't I go teach in a El Sistema site?

  • And it turns out that, of course,

  • it's maybe not as sexy as it seems.

  • Once you get into the work, the work is really hard.

  • And the need for understanding of the circumstances

  • of the children as well as skills

  • to be able to actually teach effectively

  • in that circumstance is great.

  • And so a lot of the musicians who were drawn to El Sistema

  • didn't last very long and walked away

  • deciding that they were not very good teachers.

  • And I thought, OK.

  • That, maybe that's what we should do.

  • And we had been thinking about whether-- I

  • think all music conservatories think about what's

  • happening with music education in the public schools,

  • what's working, what's not working.

  • What can we actually do to help that?

  • And we were at the time merging with Bard College.

  • So I was talking with Leon Botstein, the president

  • of Bard, about this idea that I had that maybe we

  • could shape a new kind of music education degree that

  • would train musicians to teach in a kind of El Sistema

  • style of teaching.

  • And so one of the things he said to me, he said,

  • that's a great idea, Karen.

  • Go to California.

  • Go get Dudamel.

  • And I thought, how do I do that?

  • Do I need Dudamel?

  • How do I get to Dudamel?

  • But before we did that, we had this opportunity through Bard.

  • Bard had started a charter school

  • in the Central Valley of California.

  • This is not Hollywood.

  • This is Delano, California.

  • This was a school of about 500 students, grades 6 through 12.

  • Most of the children were children of field workers

  • because this is really the breadbasket of America

  • where there are these huge conglomerate farms.

  • Or they were actually the children

  • of the inmates from the local prison

  • because the other big business in town was the prison.

  • And so it was a very high need area.

  • So we went to the school to see if they would indeed

  • be interested in a music program, which they did not

  • have.

  • And I won't tell you the whole story.

  • But it took about a year to build an El Sistema inspired

  • program there.

  • I learned a lot.

  • And what I learned is that building a program like that

  • is really working very deeply with the community.

  • And it was an incredibly meaningful and impactful

  • experience for me as I was thinking about this El Sistema

  • degree program.

  • Just to tell you briefly, what we ended up doing was

  • we started a mariachi program.

  • Because this really was the music of the community.

  • And this was the music not just of the parents,

  • but actually the children were also extremely

  • interested in their culture.

  • We eventually also built a bridge from mariachi

  • to symphonic and choral music.

  • And so that doesn't mean that was better or worse.

  • But it was fabulous to be able to open that door actually

  • to those children who might not otherwise

  • have had the opportunity, the entry

  • point into symphonic music.

  • And so it was really incredible.

  • And I learned a lot from that.

  • So going back to Dudamel.

  • There we were already in California.

  • And I thought, well, it actually makes sense.

  • The optics of that make sense.

  • But what I was even more interested in than Dudamel,

  • even though he's an incredible person,

  • was this El Sistema inspired program

  • that he had started in Los Angeles, which

  • is called the Youth Orchestra Los Angeles, otherwise known

  • by its acronym, which is YOLA.

  • And I was really interested in YOLA

  • because this could be actually our learning

  • laboratory for a teacher education

  • and training program in Los Angeles.

  • So we went to the LA Phil.

  • We pitched the crazy idea that a conservatory on the East Coast

  • partner with a symphony orchestra on the West Coast

  • in a degree program.

  • And they went for it.

  • So this is an innovative orchestra.

  • I think it is the only degree program that

  • is attached to a symphony orchestra in the world

  • as far as I know.

  • So let me tell you a little bit about how

  • the program has taken shape and the how as Sebastian put it.

  • You know, how are we going to do this?

  • How are we going to prepare these musicians,

  • wonderful musicians, to be able to go into communities

  • and be successful and make change and good things

  • happen for children?

  • Here's what we really came up with.

  • We thought that education programs were often

  • pretty isolated.

  • The schools of education often have an approach

  • where the teacher education, there's

  • a lot of theory happening for a long period of time.

  • And then, right at the end comes the practice.

  • Maybe even in your last semester in the program,

  • you finally actually go into the classroom.

  • And you start teaching.

  • So that really seemed backwards to us.

  • So we've shaped this program more like a hospital residency,

  • which is in some ways where the word training I think

  • comes in and is actually an apt word.

  • So our master's degree program is at the Youth Orchestra LA.

  • We don't have a separate site.

  • We are right there in the same building on the same floor

  • where youth orchestra rehearses.

  • And what we're trying to do with this program

  • is really bring together theory and practice

  • and bring it together much more closely.

  • So the way an average day looks for a student in the MAT

  • program is they come to their graduate level course.

  • I'll talk a little bit about a few of those courses later.

  • But they're learning about learning theory,

  • about identity, about pedagogy.

  • And then, they walk across the hall.

  • And they try out what they've been learning.

  • I have five minutes.

  • Yeah.

  • OK.

  • [LAUGHTER]

  • So they try out what they've been learning.

  • And then, they come back to their cohort

  • of graduate students, and they say, how'd you think that went?

  • How did it go?

  • Did it go as you expected?

  • What went well?

  • What didn't go so well?

  • What might you change next time?

  • And so you get the idea of the behavior

  • of this degree program, which is you're learning about research.

  • You're learning about how children learn.

  • And then, you're being asked to shape lessons and go

  • across the hall and actually try them out.

  • It's a very intensive program.

  • Another piece of the program that I think is quite unique

  • is actually our students from Longy

  • in this program live in the neighborhood,

  • the same neighborhood, of the children that they're teaching.

  • So it's an immersion program.

  • They're dealing with the same challenging issues.

  • This is the Rampart neighborhood of LA near MacArthur Park.

  • I think 97% of the children in the program come

  • from below the poverty line.

  • There are a number of gangs, very well-known gangs

  • in that neighborhood.

  • So the Longy students are dealing

  • with the issues of crime, drugs, lack of healthy food,

  • just lack of security.

  • This is a part of a way that we are helping them understand

  • what that child that they're trying to teach

  • has gone through that day from their own experience.

  • The students take courses in the clinical practice

  • of teaching, which I spoke a little bit about.

  • They take an identity course where

  • they're learning about research in the power issues that

  • take place in school and in the classroom, whether it's

  • race or gender.

  • They're learning about the stereotype

  • threats that take place when children are being tested.

  • And our hope is that through the course of this year,

  • they're really becoming those agents of change that

  • can be thinking about these issues of inequity

  • as they're teaching and hopefully making strides

  • in the right direction in the ways that they're teaching

  • and their own theories that they're developing.

  • I guess, just in closing, I would

  • say that we are in our fifth year of the program.

  • So it's still a relatively young program.

  • We're very proud to say that every one

  • of the graduates of the program is 100% full-time employed

  • in the field.

  • Woo!

  • So this is pretty unusual.

  • So we're even considering whether we might actually

  • open a second site for this degree program

  • on the East Coast.

  • And we know that we're small.

  • We hope we can serve as an example.

  • We certainly have looked at the examples around us,

  • many of which are in this room here.

  • And we've learned a lot.

  • And I would just also add because I heard Dennie

  • speak earlier, Dennie Wolf.

  • We're also partnering with WolfBrown research.

  • And thanks to the funding from the Buck Family Foundation

  • and the Mellon Foundation, we're finishing a first year,

  • really second year of research on El Sistema in this country.

  • And how is it working?

  • What's working?

  • What needs to be improved?

  • What's happening for the children who are participating?

  • So we think it's important not just to get on the bandwagon

  • but to make sure actually the bandwagon is

  • headed in the right direction.

  • One thing I would say is that it's very easy

  • to get focused on the social side, which

  • is extremely important, and to potentially

  • neglect the musical side.

  • And the way that this really lifts students up

  • is that the music instruction is incredibly wonderful and good

  • and that the kids get better.

  • Because as they see themselves getting better as musicians,

  • this is what sort of undergirds their feeling

  • about self-esteem, their ability to actually be successful,

  • whether it's in life or academically.

  • And so we really want to make sure

  • that we're looking at the quality of the music teaching

  • and also the quality of the community that it's building.

  • Thank you.

  • That's good.

  • [APPLAUSE]

  • [INAUDIBLE]

  • Good luck.

  • So several issues come up.

  • Identity is an important one.

  • Right?

  • How do students in this MAT program

  • begin to think about their own identity, the identity

  • of their students, the challenge that their students are facing

  • but also the place?

  • Right?

  • And we're going to come back this afternoon to talking

  • about the significance of place in some of these initiatives.

  • Does the place influence the practice?

  • Does the opposite happen?

  • Does the practice end up influencing the place?

  • So that'll be the topic of our third panel today.

  • There's also this distinction, which

  • I think may be clear by now.

  • But I just want to take a moment to draw this out, which

  • is aesthetic education versus skill-based arts education.

  • Aesthetics noticing, Heidi was talking about,

  • and the kind of skill-building that

  • goes into awareness, being able to notice,

  • being able to apprehend, I think Dewey says, a work of art

  • versus the skills of learning to play the violin

  • or the trumpet, which is that kind

  • of artistic progressive skill-building toward making.

  • Is that painting?

  • Is that music?

  • Is that sculpture?

  • Is it filmmaking?

  • Is it photography?

  • And those are really different practices, totally related.

  • But we were talking a little bit earlier.

  • In some ways, the highest ambitions

  • we have for young people training

  • to become young artists start in this very skill-based training

  • kind of format, especially in music

  • where the technical hurdles are so high that you don't really

  • have the opportunity, except as a sort of clever educator,

  • to think really about expression when it's really

  • a athletic thing you're trying to do.

  • You know, this is how you use these muscles

  • to do the instrument.

  • And to make a good sound might take a whole year and then

  • from there to have some comprehension of the art form.

  • It takes a long time before you think, you are an artist.

  • And this is an act of expression.

  • Yeah.

  • And so in some ways, in order to keep a young person engaged

  • and feeling like they're participating in art

  • and not just sport or physical activity,

  • you need to pair them.

  • You need that aesthetic appreciation, the ability

  • to say, well, this is the mountain

  • you're climbing while you're taking step one and step two.

  • That's how I'm going to segue here.

  • Paul whispered to me, good luck making a segue.

  • [LAUGHTER]

  • But this whole practice of aesthetic education

  • fits into a larger frame.

  • You know, how do you notice?

  • How do you, like Dewey says, restore these continuities

  • between the everyday world, the crime, the gangs,

  • the very difficult circumstances and then this rarefied activity

  • of art-making?

  • How do you restore that continuity?

  • What is that experience of understanding, appreciating,

  • looking at the artist experience?

  • I'll let you know as soon as I find out.

  • [LAUGHTER]

  • I feel a little bit like an ugly duckling

  • who has mistakenly found his way among a flock of swans.

  • I'm not involved in either aesthetic education

  • or skill-based arts education.

  • If I'm going to display any art here,

  • any art form, it's going to have to be improv.

  • I'm definitely not a musician.

  • Although I listen to a lot of music,

  • I was the kind of person-- well, I

  • was the person to whom the chorus teacher in fourth grade

  • said, mouth the words.

  • You're ruining the whole thing.

  • [LAUGHTER]

  • I mean, I can never carry a tune.

  • What I am is a historian of philosophy.

  • And aesthetics is one of the subjects

  • in the history of philosophy I've

  • written a fair amount about.

  • And I teach mostly pretty privileged college students

  • and PhD students in philosophy.

  • And I have to add, for better or worse,

  • that there are these kind of membranes and often relatively

  • impermeable membranes between academic disciplines.

  • And the name of Maxine Greene is not

  • one that has crossed the membrane

  • between the world of education and the world

  • of academic philosophy.

  • So we obviously have, from what I've learned about her,

  • some text in common, some background

  • in common, in particular, John Dewey.

  • But I'm not prepared to speak directly about her.

  • Michael Steinberg asked me if I would

  • talk something about Dewey to add some background to this.

  • But actually, it sounds to me like you have all already

  • heard a fair amount about Dewey today.

  • And what I would like to do is say

  • a couple of words about some ideas and some figures

  • in the history of aesthetics prior to Dewey

  • and then talk a little bit about benefits

  • of aesthetic experience as described

  • by an American philosopher, mid 20th century whom I regard

  • as the most important successor to Dewey

  • in at least American academic philosophy.

  • So first, Heidi began by asking about what is aesthetic?

  • What does the term mean?

  • And what is meant by aesthetic experience?

  • And then, she gave us an example of how she begins her course

  • with having students focus their perceptual attention on aspects

  • of the very room in which they are situated in,

  • taking off from there.

  • And she ended her remarks talking

  • about the focus of the course on homelessness

  • and what sorts of lessons students take away about,

  • maybe to some extent, about what the life of homelessness

  • looks like, what you might see when you focus

  • your perception on it but also, and perhaps much more

  • importantly, what they take away by way of concepts,

  • the concept of homelessness and the significance

  • and what that kind of life means and so on and so forth.

  • And it seems to me that that reflects a-- I don't

  • want to say a twofoldness.

  • I'm trying to use a relatively value-neutral term.

  • I don't want to say a contradiction.

  • I don't want to say a bifurcation.

  • Just two aspects of what has been meant by the term

  • aesthetic over its history.

  • Maybe a word or two about the history of the term

  • might be of a little bit of assistance.

  • You might think that this is a sort of eternal term

  • that's been around sort of as long

  • as there has been language or something like that.

  • That's not true at all.

  • The word was coined in the 18th century.

  • Philosophers had been talking about and arguing

  • about the cognitive value of various kinds of art,

  • the emotional impact of art.

  • They'd been talking about that since the time of Plato

  • and Aristotle.

  • So philosophers always talked about certain issues

  • about the arts.

  • But the term itself was not introduced

  • until the 18th century.

  • It was introduced actually in 1735

  • in a master's thesis written in Latin by a 21-year-old German

  • called Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten in [? Hallah. ?]

  • And he coined it.

  • I mean, he coined the Latin term out of the Greek term [GREEK]

  • meaning having to do with the senses.

  • And in particular what he proposed

  • was going to be a general theory of the contribution

  • of the senses to human cognition, which you might

  • if you were coming from the British tradition

  • from the kind of empiricism that is basically

  • bred into the bones of most of us

  • was a sort of kind of obvious thing

  • that knowledge begins with the senses.

  • But coming from the rationalist tradition

  • that he was coming from, he needed

  • to actually make a case that the senses had

  • a fundamental contribution to make towards knowledge.

  • In any case, in its initial meaning,

  • the term really has to do with the senses and all the kind

  • of things that Heidi was talking about right at the beginning

  • of her presentation of learning how to really attend

  • to what is coming to you through your senses

  • would naturally go along with that kind of meaning.

  • Over the course of the century, however-- and actually

  • in Baumgarten's own practice rather than his definitions--

  • the meaning of the term got broadened.

  • I should mention last time I checked,

  • I think the Oxford English Dictionary

  • said the term was first found in English in 1819.

  • So it didn't make it into English until the 19th century.

  • But other Germans picked it up over the course

  • of the second half of the 18th century.

  • And the idea of aesthetic experience

  • and aesthetic judgment, aesthetic ideas, aesthetic--

  • begins to be a number of things that

  • can be modified by this adjective--

  • begins to be more widespread.

  • And actually, I mean, the book that really canonized the term

  • aesthetic judgment, the book that really canonized

  • aesthetics as a field of philosophy

  • was called the-- was a book by Immanuel Kant,

  • his third critique, the Critique of the Power of Judgment

  • published in 1790, which is divided

  • into two parts, the Critique of the Aesthetic Power of Judgment

  • and then something else we don't have to worry about.

  • And over the course of that book itself,

  • you can see the conception of what aesthetic experience might

  • be not so much shifting but expanding.

  • And so he starts off with kind of sense-based conception

  • of aesthetic experience, very much like what Baumgarten had

  • initially described where the object of aesthetic attention

  • is going to be pattern and form and that kind of stuff,

  • the kind of stuff that might seem central,

  • let's say, in abstract painting, in musical composition,

  • in music, as he puts it, "music without words"

  • or what other people [INAUDIBLE],

  • instrumental music, absolute music rather than music

  • with a text and so on.

  • And many people think that Kant restricted aesthetic experience

  • altogether to purely-- the pattern

  • and form in sensory experience.

  • But as the book develops, he says, well,

  • in the case of most arts actually,

  • there's always going to be content as well as form.

  • Art deals with ideas, actually deals typically with big ideas.

  • And so his example of typical kinds of ideas

  • that art deals with will be things like-- sorry,

  • give me one second-- ideas of invisible beings, the kingdom

  • of the blessed, the kingdom of hell, eternity, creation, et

  • cetera, death, envy, all sorts of vices, as well as love,

  • fame, and so on, big important ideas.

  • And ultimately, the model of aesthetic experience

  • that we get by that stage of the book

  • is that it concerns a sort-- the presentation of ideas that

  • are very important to us through sensory means and an interplay

  • between aspects of perception and aspects

  • of conception or cognition.

  • And that is really ultimately what

  • becomes crucial to much of the experience of the arts.

  • Now, the reason I mention this distinction between these two

  • aspects of aesthetic experience is

  • because it seems to me that what you might expect

  • from aesthetic education, what kind of benefits to individuals

  • in societies that you might expect from aesthetic education

  • are going to vary across this spectrum or this dimension.

  • When you're dealing with arts that form more

  • on the formal side and don't have

  • content in an obvious way, when you're dealing with lots

  • of instrumental music I should think but other things as well,

  • you know, the benefits are not necessarily--

  • are not going to be directly benefits about how you conceive

  • of society or reconceive of society

  • or conceive of your place in society

  • or anything of the sort.

  • Because that's not directly present

  • in the art-- in the work of art or in the art form.

  • There may be all kinds of indirect benefits

  • that will arise for individuals and societies via education

  • in these kinds of arts, strengthening of sense of self,

  • learning how to cooperate with other people

  • because music, for example, will often be produced

  • in ensemble, and so on.

  • But it's not necessarily going to be

  • at the level of conceiving of your place in the world,

  • reconceiving your place in the world, and so on.

  • On the other hand, when the arts are

  • involved in the content in a more straightforward sense

  • in the way that music with words rather than music without words

  • often does or that literature does

  • or that some kinds of paintings-- although now people

  • might think mostly old-fashioned kinds of painting do-- and so

  • then you have a different story.

  • So it seems to me it might be helpful to think about there

  • being in a way two kinds of aesthetic experience,

  • two kinds of art, and two kinds of educational benefits

  • that might go along with-- How much time do I have left would

  • you say?

  • You have about seven minutes.

  • OK.

  • Good.

  • So then, I'll go directly then to the second thing

  • I wanted to talk about.

  • As I hinted before at an American philosopher who

  • I regard as-- I mean, at least from within

  • professional philosophy-- as the most important successor

  • to Dewey in the 20th century.

  • That's a name that I imagine will not be known

  • to many people in the room.

  • This was a man called Monroe Beardsley

  • who lived from 1915 to 1985.

  • He taught for many years at Swarthmore College

  • and then in later part of his career at Temple, a switch

  • that he made because of his social conscience in good part.

  • And he published a very big book in 1958 called Aesthetics---

  • Problems in the Philosophy of Criticism,

  • which was reissued in 1981 with an addendum in which he

  • responded to everything that had happened in the field

  • in the intervening years.

  • And way at the end of this book in a chapter that

  • is entitled something-- this chapter

  • is The Arts in the Life of Man.

  • Of course this was pre-linguistic political

  • changes.

  • Presumably now, he would've written

  • The Arts in the Life of Humans or The Arts

  • in the Life of People or something.

  • Means men in the sense of humans.

  • And at one point in this chapter,

  • he gives a list, which he calls of the effects

  • of aesthetic objects or which we might

  • say of the possible benefits of aesthetic experience.

  • Presumably, that can be the experience both of reception

  • and of production, of audiences and of artists at every level.

  • And the list is the following.

  • And I'll just sort of read it, the kind

  • of topic sentences of the list.

  • "We might say," he says, "that aesthetic experience

  • relieves tensions and quites destructive impulses," which

  • he characterizes as an Aristotelian claim,

  • a claim that Aristotle had made in response to Plato.

  • Because Plato thought that the typical experience of the arts

  • aroused tension and destructive influences.

  • And Aristotle said, no, no.

  • On this, as in most other issues,

  • Aristotle was wiser than Plato.

  • Secondly, Beardsley says "We might

  • find that aesthetic experience resolves lesser conflicts

  • within the self and helps to create an integration

  • or harmony within the self."

  • Thirdly, he says "Aesthetic experience refines perception

  • and discrimination."

  • That's what Heidi began by talking about.

  • Fourth, he says that "Aesthetic experience develops

  • the imagination and along with it the ability

  • to put oneself in the place of others."

  • That's a central skill necessary for social well-being,

  • progress, et cetera of any kind that a number

  • of other philosophers over the course of history

  • have said interesting things about.

  • Fifthly, he says, "Aesthetic experience

  • is, to put it in medical terms, an aid to mental health,

  • although perhaps more as a preventive

  • measure than as a care.

  • He said-- this one's kind of interesting--

  • "A world in which people in a normal course of events

  • found their streets and buildings

  • and working places filled with harmonious shapes and colors

  • good for the eye and the spirit who

  • spent part of each day listening to or performing

  • musical compositions of aesthetic value

  • who love the subtlety of good language,

  • et cetera would be a society one might

  • hope in which many common neuroses and psychoses, some

  • of which begin with mild symptoms, would not arise.

  • He says, "It hasn't been tried.

  • And we cannot say for sure, but the astonishing success

  • of classical music concerts in England during World War II

  • maybe indirect evidence."

  • Sixthly, he says that "Aesthetic experience

  • that it fosters mutual sympathy and understanding

  • across national boundaries and other such things."

  • And finally, he says "Aesthetic experience

  • offers an ideal for human life."

  • And you have a picture of the way things might be,

  • which is the kind of thing that Heidi

  • was talking about at the very end of her presentation.

  • So there's an array.

  • And quite an array he offers here.

  • And it's an array of benefits that would sort of be benefits

  • directly to the individual, for resolving conflicts

  • within the self, giving an individual a sense of what

  • he or she might be, but also benefits

  • for society as a whole, making people

  • empathetic with each other and, therefore,

  • laying the foundation for resolving social conflicts

  • rather than individual conflicts.

  • OK.

  • So that's his list.

  • One thing, of course, to note about this list is clearly

  • as his remark about, well, it hasn't quite been tried,

  • but the concerts during World War II

  • give some indirect evidence, these are empirical claims.

  • These are factual claims.

  • These are not conceptual claims.

  • You don't get this from an analysis of the concept of art

  • or an analysis of the concept of aesthetic experience.

  • And that's the kind of thing actually

  • that philosophers are supposedly qualified

  • to do, conceptual analysis.

  • These are empirical claims.

  • These are factual claims.

  • These are claims that ultimately would have to be tested.

  • Whether they have to be tested by the formal methods

  • of professional psychologists or whether they're

  • tested by the informal experience that we all have,

  • that's a separate question.

  • But these are empirical, testable claims.

  • And so I guess what I have to say in by way of a bottom line

  • is that I think that much of what

  • has been very interestingly described to us by way

  • of various programs in aesthetic education

  • rests on empirical assumptions about what

  • the benefits of exposure to the arts or aesthetic education,

  • and so on are going to be.

  • It's all [INAUDIBLE] empirical assumptions

  • as nicely laid out by Monroe Beardsley.

  • So in some ways, it's not for a philosopher

  • to say what the foundations of this

  • and what the potential for the success

  • of these kinds of programs is.

  • It's as much at least a matter for psychologists

  • and sociologists and just plain people with good common sense

  • and with their eyes wide open to see.

  • So bottom line, we won't-- we, philosophers will not tell you,

  • practitioners what the foundations of your work are.

  • You'll tell us whether these various claims are

  • plausible or successful or not.

  • [APPLAUSE]

  • We'll open it up in a minute.

  • And just a logistical reminder.

  • If you're willing to move to the aisles

  • if you have a thought or question,

  • that will help get the microphones over to you.

  • Paul, just picking up on a couple of strands.

  • The first observation I want to make

  • is that for those of you who have heard Maxine Greene speak,

  • you know the incredible way in which she

  • was able to combine theory and philosophy at the most

  • abstract level with the very real world things that

  • were happening in the news and on her block and out her window

  • and at any time.

  • And any one of her talks married the theoretical and the real

  • so beautifully and poetically.

  • I always thought Maxine was like a award-- she would have

  • won awards had she entered the competitions as a spoken word

  • artist.

  • [LAUGHTER]

  • Like she had such a rhythm in her speaking.

  • But part of it was one moment she was quoting

  • Aristotle and Dewey and Kant.

  • And the next, she was talking about American Idol and Lady

  • Gaga.

  • Right?

  • So it has taken four of us to even

  • come close to conjuring the spirit of the theoretical

  • and the real.

  • So just this couple other things I

  • would just draw out of your remarks, Paul.

  • You know, in a moment you said, the art

  • doesn't necessarily bring people closer to that real world

  • thing, at least the art that's abstract

  • or music without words.

  • And I think for Community MusicWorks,

  • that's been one of these important issues I

  • think we've wrestled with.

  • How do we sort of carry Paulo Freire's vision

  • into work with music when he says

  • it's got to be based on dialogue and mutuality

  • and mutual learning when really were like imparting

  • this set of skills.

  • So I think that's a tension and a struggle that we've had.

  • Like we're really interested in these social outcomes

  • for these young people.

  • And the medium we're working in is

  • anything but taking on those real world issues.

  • And there's a few ways we've pushed that.

  • But I guess maybe just as a prompt-- maybe people

  • were already burning with things to say.

  • But as a prompt for our discussion,

  • I think this last point is really useful

  • that some of these claims need to be tested.

  • And is it really true that these aesthetic experiences

  • develop our capacity for imagination and empathy?

  • Do they-- another one that you brought out--

  • do they really enable some kind of mutual sympathy

  • or mutual understanding?

  • The line which is sort of bland and problematic,

  • people often say, oh, music is the universal language.

  • Is it not?

  • Well, if you're not in that kind of music, does it speak to you?

  • So there is a problem with that idea.

  • However, music without words, art without words

  • can transcend language barriers.

  • And can we in fact find some mutual sympathy out

  • of aesthetic experiences?

  • Parenthetically, I don't know if anyone caught the Charlie Rose

  • interview with Alan Gilbert last week,

  • the conductors in your Philharmonic.

  • Really interesting, I recommend checking it out.

  • But he was, in his way through his practice as a conductor

  • of a major American orchestra, talking

  • about this perspective of mutual understanding

  • that can come out of the concert.

  • And I guess last, an ideal for human life.

  • There's something so sort of vivid

  • and romantic about this idea.

  • I think she's left now.

  • But Evie Lincoln and I were talking at the beginning.

  • At some level, being involved in arts education

  • or aesthetic education gives you that sense of like,

  • here's what perfect looks like.

  • If I could really achieve that, and I know

  • I'm on the path to this.

  • But it's not easy to talk about a vision of perfection

  • because there's something problematic about that.

  • But at the same time, those of us

  • who've been involved in the practice

  • know that's actually part of it.

  • You're in this practice of looking at the ideal

  • all the time and thinking, how do you get closer to it?

  • And it's not simply about, how do I

  • play all the notes correctly?

  • It is something more deeply connected

  • with our human identity.

  • Right?

  • It's like, I in fact will be better if I can do that.

  • So this ideal for human life thing

  • is another interesting sort of claim that we might test.

  • We have a bit of time for discussion,

  • for disagreement, for vehement opposition

  • to any of the ideas you've heard or questions.

  • So let's start there.

  • Thank you very much.

  • This has been a wonderful morning.

  • I would like to-- I'm thinking the word privilege

  • has been brought into the discussion

  • a number of times kind of as an empirical term.

  • And I kind of want to problematize that.

  • Privilege of what?

  • We have a common understanding perhaps

  • of what privilege means.

  • But I want to go to populations that some

  • of the organizations we've talked about have been serving.

  • And I want to think about the privilege that they hold.

  • And I want to go back to a kind of notion of-- wait a minute.

  • And I wrote this down so I would remember it.

  • Now, where did I put it?

  • I wrote it down here.

  • But I can't seem to locate it because I have so many notes.

  • Disappearing ink.

  • Hate it--

  • Oh, I know.

  • OK.

  • I think I understand.

  • So one of the things, just as a little

  • aside, that I'd like to offer is that those institutions that

  • have been mentioned as kind of the bulwarks or the-- that

  • have ramparts around them like museums and concert halls,

  • it's important to remember that when they were founded,

  • they were founded in part to open up access to the arts,

  • you know, Napoleon opening the Louvre

  • and having people come into something

  • that royalty could only see.

  • And then, the other piece I think

  • was the importance of people always

  • knowing how to connect their creative making

  • with their social situation that it's not something necessarily

  • that we're teaching a population.

  • But perhaps we can learn from certain populations

  • how to do it better ourselves.

  • I can respond just very briefly to that last point.

  • Well, first about privilege, I mean,

  • the only thing I wanted to say about privilege

  • is that I've spent most of my career teaching

  • in privileged institutions.

  • So I have no firsthand knowledge of going out into community

  • and so on.

  • That's all I was saying about privilege.

  • But on the very last point, now, sorry, I've

  • just lost your terminology already.

  • But the main point that I wanted to suggest

  • is that the connection between benefits

  • that an individual might derive from aesthetic education

  • in sense of strengthened sense of own potential,

  • strengthened sense of own identity,

  • and so on don't automatically carry over

  • into larger social benefits.

  • That may or may not be.

  • And it may depend in various ways on which particular art

  • form you're talking about.

  • So that was all I wanted to say to just suggest

  • a caution about making generalizations in this area

  • and treating these connections as if they were somehow

  • necessary conceptual connections when, in fact, they

  • are that empirical connections.

  • And that means highly variable, among other things.

  • And they're going to vary from art form to art form

  • but also from individual to individual

  • how much benefit an individual is going to get out of it.

  • Because of course, every individual

  • is coming from a slightly different point of view,

  • and so and so forth.

  • That's all I wanted to suggest.

  • And we have this issue of mutual learning

  • or not a one-way street of instruction.

  • I don't know if either of you wants to respond.

  • Oh.

  • Actually, I wanted to direct my comments

  • to the museum sacralized places and simply

  • to say that we all know what it's

  • like to go to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, for example,

  • and be overwhelmed by all that is there or any museum.

  • And the dutiful class trip, you know,

  • with taking notes and passing by,

  • and there is some sort of statistics about how long

  • each person stands in front of each painting.

  • And I'm taken back to Maxine Greene's comment

  • that works of art must be achieved

  • and that there is a process by which you engage

  • in the transaction with a work of art

  • that many people are not aware of.

  • Or they don't feel like they can because they

  • don't have a pathway in.

  • And in my experience, aesthetic education

  • is a methodology that introduces pathways to people so that they

  • recognize their birthright to engage in transactions

  • with one work of art and not pass by a million of them

  • in these places that are so important to us.

  • I agree.

  • And I would just add one word to that,

  • which has helped me understand that idea,

  • Maxine Greene's idea and Dewey's idea.

  • And for me, that word is identify with.

  • Can I look at that and realize it actually

  • may relate to something I have experienced?

  • Right?

  • And sometimes that experience of alien.

  • I am alien to this because I haven't been trained

  • in 19th century painting.

  • So I can't really know what this is supposed to be.

  • I'll just look at it and go, now I've seen it.

  • It's famous.

  • Check.

  • Right?

  • It goes back to your Shostakovich experience

  • that you related how it wasn't until you understand

  • the context and the world out of which that emerged that you

  • were able to relate to.

  • Yeah.

  • Yeah.

  • Or even if you don't know the facts to be able to say,

  • I have license to see this is part

  • of my-- reflective of my life.

  • Right?

  • And for me, that was an aha to understand

  • what Maxine was talking about.

  • But you were going to jump in.

  • Well, I wanted to speak a little bit about privilege as well.

  • I just think because of the mechanics

  • of classical education that if a student-- a person

  • makes it to a conservatory to do a degree in music,

  • they're likely to have come from some privilege.

  • Just the cost of lessons, expensive instruments,

  • or there's an angel involved.

  • And so I think that is something that we think about,

  • which is how then do we help our students who are learning

  • to teach understand that that is a part of the power that

  • is in the classroom that they may bring with them, including

  • the taste for classical music at all,

  • making the assumption that this is

  • a music that these students would actually want to engage

  • with.

  • There's a certain kind of a privilege there.

  • One of the things we've done is to really help

  • the students understand how to use the creative act to begin

  • to teach, not the recreate act of teaching so that they're

  • on sort of a level playing field.

  • I'm not the expert.

  • And you don't know anything, but actually, we're

  • going to create music together.

  • And so all of the students do a whole semester

  • of becoming composers and improvisers.

  • And then, a second semester of learning how

  • to use that in their teaching.

  • And it's one of the ways also that you can get around

  • that kids don't sound that great at the beginning

  • is what Sebastian was talking about.

  • And but actually, by creating music,

  • we can actually create things that

  • do sound fabulous or beautiful or funny immediately

  • in a classroom.

  • But it takes a certain kind of understanding and a skill.

  • Like I said, I would just add one other piece.

  • And I think Paulo Freire has been

  • really important for in thinking about this.

  • But it's not to walk into the situation assuming or carrying

  • this idea that I have privilege, and you have nothing.

  • Right?

  • Thank you.

  • But it's instead to say, we're walking into this.

  • We have different backgrounds and experiences.

  • And I'm going to try as much as possible to not regard

  • my set of stuff as more privileged

  • than your set of stuff because immediately it

  • becomes problematic.

  • Right?

  • And Freire talks about generosity versus charity.

  • And it's very simple to say, oh, I'm being charitable.

  • I am helping them.

  • And then, as soon as you say, it's us and them,

  • you've reproblematized the whole thing.

  • You've separated yourself as an actor from those

  • who you were serving.

  • And so he talks about that hardens the whole situation

  • once you say, it's us and them.

  • I would like to add that the big surprise is that--

  • particularly for my students-- is that they end up feeling

  • privileged to be in the presence of--

  • You're learning, yeah.

  • There's no hierarchy at all.

  • If I could add one thing on this topic.

  • This is from an English writer, Edward Bullough,

  • who gave the first course on aesthetics at Cambridge

  • University in 1907.

  • And his lecture notes survived.

  • And he says, pretty much wrapping the course up,

  • "Aesthetically speaking, we must I

  • think see the function of art, its place

  • in the economy of the universe as the enlargement

  • and enrichment of our complete personality,

  • the enhancement and quickening of our total conscious

  • experience."

  • The language is a little flowery.

  • "The contemplative imminence of aesthetic consciousness

  • is par excellence the medium for extending

  • the limited range of our personal experience

  • and enforcing those experiences which do fall within it

  • into the highest relief of which they are susceptible.

  • Our range of personal, actually realized experiences

  • is deplorably small."

  • So we have to-- one thing that art does for us is take us

  • beyond our own limited selves, whoever we are,

  • whether we came from a privileged background

  • or a disadvantaged background, and helps us--

  • Large.

  • --enlarge our own identities by more fully

  • identifying with the rest of human experience.

  • My question has to do with exactly what you just

  • brought up.

  • But has to do with the anger and impatience of young people

  • now that's brought such kind of radical action and need

  • for radical action, including in a lot of cases wanting to throw

  • out elitist forms of art.

  • And so the fact that you're even teaching classical music

  • in other forms, which might include

  • ballet or all kinds of art forms that

  • have come from white European that might be considered

  • white European art forms from eras of-- ballet

  • from aristocratic environments and from the court, the court

  • art.

  • So you've been discussing that about how that can still

  • survive in the environment with so much hostility towards forms

  • of elitism and that art as being seen as representing elitism.

  • Where do you find the commonality, the humanity,

  • the universality in it, the part that

  • speaks of real art that speaks from a real person

  • to another person, the part that transcends its foundations?

  • Well, it makes me think of a project

  • that some Longy students did, which

  • was they were going to go into a junior high.

  • And they had decided ahead of time

  • that they were going to interest this eighth grade

  • class in art song.

  • And you might think, well, that's interesting.

  • That's somewhat esoteric.

  • This may or may not be an experience

  • that these eighth graders have had.

  • And what the Longy students figured out to do

  • was to interview all the kids in the class

  • and say, what do you listen to?

  • What music do you listen to?

  • And they wrote down the names of pop artists and rap artists.

  • And what ended up working in the end

  • was that they found art song composers and actually

  • text lyrics where there were matching texts-- you know,

  • this sort of universality of a theme-- from a rap artist

  • or from a [? Suman ?] leader and taught them

  • how to analyze text.

  • And by the end of the semester, the students in the course

  • sang a full evening of art songs in duos and trios.

  • And it wasn't to lead them away from the music they were

  • already listening to but just in fact to show them actually

  • how universal this is.

  • I want to add one other thought to that.

  • And one of the things I think is worth considering

  • is, you mentioned the courts of the aristocracy that

  • might have brought some of this music and art into being.

  • And the question is, does it have to stay there?

  • Does it have to stay in that origin story?

  • Or can we as learners and players and appreciators

  • sort of claim it and say actually, this speaks to me.

  • This spoke to me as a performer, as a student.

  • And I can transmit my interest in it and passion.

  • And we can create a new context.

  • So I'm sort of saying it doesn't have

  • to live in the concert hall.

  • It doesn't have to live in the museum.

  • It could.

  • It could be-- Rebecca said that it could be that we say no.

  • The point is, let's open the door to the concert hall

  • and make sure it can still happen in there.

  • Right?

  • Or it can say, it doesn't have to be trapped there.

  • It can be about let's share this passion for [? the Suman. ?]

  • Because if we set it up the right way

  • with the right entry points, as Eric Booth likes to say,

  • it's open.

  • It's accessible.

  • Kelly is doing a vigilant job of watching the clock.

  • And so at the risk of cutting this off

  • while somebody's burning with a thought, I'm going to.

  • Because we need to be fed and nourished so that

  • we can come back to witness more and participate.

  • Let me just say a couple logistical things.

  • First of all, come back on time.

  • You're not going to want to miss the beginning

  • of the next session.

  • Robbie McCauley is performing a work.

  • So this is not just the talk about.

  • This is the witnessing and apprehending of a work of art.

  • So it's a one woman play called Jazz and Class.

  • And then, with Brian Meeks we'll have an opportunity

  • to discuss the issues and the work itself.

  • So come back on time at 1:30.

  • We're having lunch.

  • You get a little fresh air and a walk.

  • Just follow the sidewalk.

  • Walk out the second floor main entrance.

  • Follow the walkway to the right to Alumni Hall.

  • There'll be signs and maps and people to assist you.

  • There's plenty of lunch.

  • If you did not register, we think

  • there's still enough lunch.

  • So don't think you have to go seeking it out.

  • But I think they might just check registrations

  • to make sure that those who registered definitely get in.

  • Or is there no problem?

  • I think we'll be OK.

  • No problem.

  • So just go have lunch.

  • And any other announcements?

  • And if you don't know how to get there

  • and you'd like a little map, there's

  • a map on the registration table.

  • There's a map on the registration table

  • if you need it to lunch.

  • Thank you, everybody.

  • [APPLAUSE]

So I think we'll get started again.

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藝術與社會行動。審美經驗和社會想象力。Maxine Greene的遺產 (Art & Social Action: Aesthetic Experience and Social Imagination: The Legacy of Maxine Greene)

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    Benjamin Shih 發佈於 2021 年 01 月 14 日
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