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Unlike us lucky endotherms, insects can’t regulate their own body temperatures.
昆蟲不像我們這些幸運的內溫動物,他們無法調節自己的體溫
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They’re at the mercy of their environment.
他們受環境的影響
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So when the cold winter arrives, how do they keep from freezing?
所以當冬天到來時,他們如何避免結冰呢?
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They basically have three choices. They can leave for warmer places, they can wait it out,
一般他們有三種選擇:離開到較溫暖的地區、等待冬天離去
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or they can kick the bucket.
或是他們就死掉了
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Just like some birds, there are a few insects, like dragonflies or butterflies, that fly south for the winter.
就像某些鳥類,或是少數的昆蟲,像是蜻蜓、蝴蝶,在冬天時飛向南方
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The most famous of these has got to be the monarch butterfly.
最有名的例子就是帝王斑蝶
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There’s a population that normally lives in the northern U.S. and Canada, but spends
有一個族群通常居住在美國北部以及加拿大,但是
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the winter in the balmy mountain forests of Mexico.
牠們一整個冬天會在墨西哥的溫暖山上的樹林中渡過
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Of course, many insects have shorter lives than birds.
當然很多昆蟲的壽命比鳥類還短
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So, a special migratory generation of the monarchs flies south thousands of miles to Mexico without
所以有個特殊、遷徙性的一代帝王斑蝶往南飛行幾千英里到墨西哥,沒有
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reproducing, but it takes four or five generations to make the trip back north.
繁殖,但是帝王斑蝶需要花費四到五個世代才能重返到北方
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If an insect can't leave when winter arrives, option number two is to hunker down and wait
如果昆蟲無法在冬天來臨時遷徙到其他地方,第二個選擇是留在這裡等到
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for things to warm up again.
氣候再回暖的時候
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Insects like ladybugs, emerald ash borers, and mourning cloak butterflies burrow into
有些昆蟲像是瓢蟲、白蠟窄吉丁蟲以及黃緣蛺蝶會鑽到
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soil or leaf litter for warmth.
土裡或落葉堆內保持溫暖
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There, these adult insects enter a kind of
在這裡,這些成蟲進入一種
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hibernation called diapause, thanks to hormones triggered by the shorter days
冬眠狀態,叫做滯育。由於荷爾蒙受到秋天時白天變短以及較冷的溫度刺激
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and cooler temperatures of autumn.
而觸發的一種機制
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Their metabolic rates drop dramatically, so they don’t need as much food.
牠們的代謝速率會顯著下降,所以他們不需要攝取太多食物
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And some species even pump their tissues full of alcohols that act as a natural antifreeze.
而有些種類甚至在組織內產生許多酒精當作天然的抗凍劑
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Basically, these chemicals lower the freezing point inside their cells, which prevents damaging
基本上這些在細胞內的化學物質降低細胞內組織液的凝固點,能夠避免會破壞細胞的
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ice crystals from forming.
冰晶產生
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Now, plenty of insects, like crickets and grasshoppers, just throw in the towel when
然而現今,有大量的昆蟲像是蟋蟀以及蝗蟲,就直接放棄生存
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the temperature drops.
當溫度下降的時候
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The adults die off after reproducing in the fall, and the next generation spends the winter
成蟲在秋天繁殖過後即死亡,而下一個世代會
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as dormant eggs or larvae.
用睡眠狀態的卵或是幼蟲型態度過冬季
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These babies are usually pretty well-equipped for survival: Eggs and larvae can enter diapause
這些幼蟲通常有很好的配備去求生存:卵與幼蟲可以向成蟲一樣進入滯育
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just like adults can, and some get extra help from their doomed parents.
或是有些昆蟲可以藉由牠們將死的親代得到額外的保護
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Praying mantises, for example, envelop their eggs in a foam-like protective protein case.
例如螳螂會將他們的卵包裹在一個泡沫狀、保護的蛋白質包裹內
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These days, climate change is messing with the overwintering strategies of some insects.
如今,氣候變遷正在擾亂某些昆蟲的度冬策略
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And it’s even letting some less cold-tolerant species venture farther north.
這甚至會導致有些較不耐寒的種類涉足到較遠的北方
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Which... usually isn’t so great.
這通常不會是很好的現象
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Like, thanks to milder winters, the mountain pine beetle has been expanding its range and
由於較溫暖的冬季,山松甲蟲擴大牠們的範圍
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killing vast swaths of trees in western North America.
且殺死在北美洲西部大片廣闊的樹林
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So when it gets cold out, do you put on a coat and keep trucking?
所以當天氣愈來愈冷,你會穿上外套並繼續過你的生活嗎?
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Curl up under a blanket with hot chocolate until spring?
蜷曲在毯子裡喝一杯熱巧克力直到春天嗎?
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Or do you make like a monarch and head for the tropics?
或是你會像帝王斑蝶前往熱帶地區呢?
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Whatever your way of dealing, spare a thought for the insects that make it work without
無論你任何的處理方式,替昆蟲著想,牠們無法自行
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central heating – just with some clever adaptations.
體內產熱,只能利用一些聰明的適應方式
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Thanks to Patreon patron Zach Lerman for asking, and thanks to all of our patrons who keep
感謝觀眾 Zach Lerman 的提問,謝謝所有持續等待
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these answers coming.
答案的觀眾
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If you'd like to submit questions to be answered,
如果你有想問的問題需要被回答
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go to patreon.com/scishow
到 patreon.com/scishow 的網站
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And don't forget to go to youtube.com/scishow and subscribe!
並且不要忘記到 youtube.com/scishow 並且訂閱