nutrition and transport. I'm going to use a number of terms that you should be familiar

with. Like monocot, dicot, or ground tissue, vascular tissue. And if you're not sure what

I'm talking about, make sure you go back and watch the previous podcast on plant structure.

But before we get into that we should talk about what plants need. In other words, what

is the nutrition that plants count on? Well it's the same thing as in you. They need CHNOPS.

So basically what they need is carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur. And

so where do they get the carbon? Well, unlike us, they're going to take carbon in in the

form of carbon dioxide. So that's going to come in through their leaves. They're going

to absorb their water, so they're going to get their hydrogen and oxygen through their

roots as well. But the other things like nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur, they're all going to

take in through their roots. Now how does that differ from animals? Well we simply eat

things, like plants. Or we eat things that eat plants. And so we can get all of those

nutrients. And so basically we are kind of talking about the digestive, circulatory and

respiratory system all in one, in relation to plants. And so basically plants live in

two worlds. They live in the world above ground and that's the world of the shoots. And then

they live in a world below ground. And that's in the world of the roots. And so basically

the one thing that they're taking in through their leaves is carbon dioxide. And they are

using that carbon dioxide to make sugars. And those sugars are going to make up the

bulk of a plant. But they are also going to be used for energy within the plant. Now,

as far as roots go, they need water. And so that water is going to flow in through their

roots. It's going to move up through the xylem and it's eventually going to evaporate through

their leaves. And so they're taking that water in. And the one thing that may puzzle you

a little bit on this diagram is that they are also taking in oxygen. They are taking

in oxygen through their roots. And you might think that seems a little odd. What do they

need oxygen for? Well remember they do photosynthesis. And they're using photosynthesis to take in

the energy of the sun and convert that carbon dioxide into sugars. But they are going to

use those sugars as well. So they do cellular respiration. What do you require for cellular

respiration? You need sugars. And they are going to produce those through photosynthesis.

But they also need oxygen. And so any part of a plant that's growing or requires energy

is also going to require oxygen. Okay. Let's start at the roots and then kind of work our

way up through the shoots. I'm going to have examples here. These are the dicots and the

monocots. Remember a quintessential example of a dicot would be like a sunflower. And

a monocot is going to be corn. Or a dicot could be a dandelion. And a monocot could

be grass. But basically what were going to do is we're going to work our way up from

the roots to the stems and then finally to the leaves. And you'll find that there are

similarities between the two, but subtle differences. And so if we start in the roots what we are

looking at here is a cross -section. So imagine that a root looks kind of like this. And there's

going to be root hairs coming out of it. Basically what we'll do is we'll just take a cross-section.

So we're cutting right across like that. And that's why we have this kind of a circle.

And so basically what do we have here? Well there are three types of tissues. Remember

there's going to be an epidermis on the outside. So you can see the epidermis here. There's

going to be ground tissue here in the middle. So on the monocots same thing. Epidermis on

the outside and then it's going to be ground tissue right here. But you're going to have

vascular tissue on the inside. So that vascular tissue is going to be made up of xylem and

phloem. And it's kind of hard to see with that color. Likewise here we're going to have

xylem and we're going to have phloem. The phloem is going to be right outside of that.

And so basically if you think about it, in the roots the vascular tissue, that's going

to be the movement of water and the movement of nutrients, is going to be centered in the

middle of the root. Now if you think about it, that doesn't make sense. How is the water

going to get from the outside to the center? Well every time we build new roots you can

see, this is roots actually in a potato, you'll see that they're actually starting at the

bottom and then they're growing up from the center. And so it's kind of like a plumbing

network where it's going to start on the outside, it's going to move to the inside. And then

three dimensionally it's going to go up in the plant. Now if you look at the edge, some

of these cells are modified into what are called root hairs. And the function of that

is to increase surface area. And a lot of these have fungus that are living in and around

them. Symbiotic fungi. It allows them to absorb even more nutrients. Now we're going to go

above ground into the shoot system. And we're going to look at the stems. And so what you'll

find is that we're still going to have the epidermis on the outside. You could see that.

So here's the epidermis on the outside. It's going to have that cuticle on the outside

of that. But what we start to see in the dicot is that those vascular tissues moving from

the center of the root towards the edge of the stem. And the reason why is that it eventually

has to flow out into the leaves. And so right here would be the xylem, closer to the edge.

We're going to have the phloem here. So this would be the xylem here, the phloem here in

a dicot. Likewise here we're going to have the phloem here, excuse me xylem and then

the phloem right here. I've always thought these looked kind of like little monkey heads

in a monocot. And then we're going to have the epidermis out here. What are all the other

cells then? The other cells are going to be ground tissue. So that's going to be ground

tissue here as well. Alright. Let's keep going, because remember those stems are eventually

going to bud off and those are going to reach to the leaves. And so if we look at leaves,

remember what makes a dicot a dicot is it's going to have this net-like venations. So

you can see these nets that are branching off. Those nets, those veins are actually

the vascular tissue. And so if we look at a cross section right here of a dicot you

could see that vascular tissue moving right through the middle. Likewise, if we go to

a monocot, what makes them a monocot? Well one of the characteristics is you're going

to have one of these parallel veins that are going through the leaf. And so you can see

that those veins are vascular tissue that's moving right through the leaf, if I kind of

try to draw this three dimensionally. But both of them are going to have essentially

the same characteristics when you get to the level of the leaves. And now we're taking

a cross section of the leaf. We've got our epidermis on the top. You got the waxy cuticle

above that. We're going to have epidermis on the bottom. You can see right here that

there's a stomata there. What the stomata for? That's to take in carbon dioxide and

also to lose water. Some of the other levels that we have in here is this. We're going

to call this the palisade mesophyll. And then we're going to have this down here which is

going to be the spongy mesophyll. And so basically what is that? And it's organized different

in dicots and monocots. But basically this palisade mesophyll is like palisades, like

a waterfall, is going to be an area where we have photosynthesis going on. So we're

going to have light coming in and that light is hitting chloroplasts. And that's where

the photosynthesis is taking place. But what else do we need for photosynthesis. Well,

we need that water. That's going to come through the vascular tissue. And then we need carbon

dioxide. And so the bottom part here, all of that space down here is for the carbon

dioxide gas to diffuse in and then can be used in photosynthesis. One quick thing I

should mention going way back down to the roots again, our immune system kind of protects

us from it's environment. And also our skin is going to protect us and is going to allow

things in that we want and and things out that we don't. And so basically the way it

works in the roots of a plant is a little bit different. And so imagine now we're down

right in here. We're down in the root hairs like this. So how is water getting in? Water

is flowing in through osmosis. So it's flowing in here to the middle. And remember it's going

to go to the center of the root and then it's going to work it's way up. But we don't want

to let just anything come in. And the way water flows is kind of odd. Some of the water

is going to flow, so this is one cell and this is another cell, so some of the water

is going to flow within the cell. So it will go across a membrane. And it will flow through

these little pores between the cells called plasmodesmata. But some of it will actually

move through the cell wall. So you can see this water right here would be moving through

the cell wall and it's never having to go across a cell membrane. And so basically what

plants have, now let me do a quick cross-section. So if this is the epidermis and this is the

vascular tissue on the inside of a root, so the water is going to flow in like this, basically

we don't want it to flow up in a plant unless we have had some say over what has coming

in. And remember what protects our cells, what allows certain things in and certain

things out, that's going to be the cell membrane. And if you look at this water, since it's

going all the way across here, we call that apoplectically. It's moving through the cell

wall. It's never had to go across this cell membrane. And so basically what happens is

you're going to have an endodermis here. This has a lining around it. And there's going

to be a waxy cuticle called the casparian strip. You can kind of see it right here.

This is that casparian strip that's connecting all of the cells. And basically what it does

is it acts almost as, I don't know if you've seen the Lord of the Rings, but there's a

scene where Gandolf, you know, puts his staff down and says, "You shall not pass". Basically

what the casparian strip is doing is it's this strip that's goes all the way across

here and it's basically forcing that water that's made it all the way to the inside of

the vascular tissue, it can't keep sneaking through this cell wall. It will have to force

its way into the cell. And it has to go symplastically at that point. So the function of the casparian

strip is to force the water eventually to go across the membrane so we have control.

And so we just have two things left to talk about. And that's basically how water moves

up a plant and then how sugar moves in a plant. And we've talked about transpiration before.

But I want you to think about it as a pull. In other words there's going to be xylem,

which are these vascular tissues that go all the way from the roots, all the way up in

the tree. It's going to go all the way up the inside of the bark. All the way up to

the leaves. And eventually evaporate. And so there's a connection all the way up from

the roots to the leaves. But there's also something important you should know about

water. Water is slightly charged. And that means that this right here, the oxygen is

going to have a slightly negative charge. And the hydrogen is going to have a slightly

positive charge. And so basically water will line up so the negative oxygen is attached

to the positive hydrogen. And we call this bond right here a hydrogen bond. And so basically

water is all connected through these hydrogen bonds. And so once one bit of water starts

flowing up the tree, the ones are going to follow. And we call that process, or we call

that phenomena cohesion. There would also be some adhesion to the inside of the xylem.

So two quick things you should know about xylem. It's dead at maturity. So these are

cells that are now empty. They're not alive anymore. It's simple just a container or a

vessel for the water to flow through. But basically if we go all the up here to the

leaf, water is evaporating out. So the H2 is evaporating out. That water is connected

all the way back through the vascular tissue through the leaves, through the veins. All

the way back down through down here to the root hairs. And so we have a continuous pathway

all the way up of water. And so every time one water molecule evaporates here in the

leaf, that's going to pull this whole chain up. And so really xylem and the water is moved

through a pulling process. What's generating all of that energy to pull it up? It's going

to be the sun is pulling it all the up like that. Okay. Now last thing then is how does

phloem move? Well phloem is different. Phloem are cells. So here is one cell. Here's another

cell. Here's another cell. They're empty. And so how do you be alive as a cell and be

empty? Well basically they'll have these companion cells that are going to have a nuclei. And

they're connected to the phloem cells. And they're going to provide the metabolic support

for phloem. But phloem is a living cell. And xylem we said is dead. They're going to be

little connecting holes all the way through here. And same thing over here. It will be

connectors like that. And so basically I like to think of it as being pushed. And so phloem

and sap and sugar is actually pushed around in a tree. And you might be thinking how does

that work? Well let's look at this carrot here. So we've got a carrot. It's planted

underground. And let's say that it's the second year. And this carrot happens to be coming

back again. Well if you think about it, where is the sugar going to be if this plant is