You can tell I'm an English teacher because I'm wearing a sweater, but you tell I'm the

看得出來我是個英文老師，因為我穿著毛衣。但你也可以知道我是

kind of English teacher who wants to be your friend because I'm wearing awesome sneakers.

想和你成為好友的英文老師，因為我穿著很棒的球鞋

This is actually season two of Crash Course Literature. If you want to watch season one,

這是文學速成班第二季。如果你想看第一季的影片

you can do so over here. It's season four of Crash Course Humanities, it might even

可以到這裡去看。這是人文速成班第四季，也可以當做

be like, season seven or eight if you count all the science stuff. Whatever let's just get started!

所有科學類別的第七或第八季。總之我們開始吧！

[Theme Music]

[主題音樂]

We're going to start at the beginning of literature, or, at least, a beginning of literature. Sing

我們要從文學的起源開始，至少算是其中之一。

in me, Muse, and through me tell the story of a man who lets all his shipmates die, lies

繆思女神，請賜予我靈感，讓我說出一個男子的故事。他殺死了他的所有船員

to everyone he meets, cheats on his wife with assorted nymphs, and takes ten years to complete

向他遇到的所有人撒謊，用美女欺騙他的太太，還花了十年的時間完成一趟

a voyage that, according to Google Maps, should have taken two weeks. That man is, of course,

Google地圖顯示只需要兩個禮拜的航程。這名男子，當然

one of the great heroes of the ancient world. Ladies and gentlemen, meet Odysseus, star

是古代最偉大的英雄之一。各位先生女士，歡迎奧德修斯

of Homer's The Odyssey. Did I just say the odd at sea? That's a good pun. Not in the original Greek though.

荷馬《奧德賽》裡的主角。我剛剛說了「海上軼事」嗎？真是個好雙關。但在希臘原文裡就不是了

Now everyone knows that you can't properly enjoy a book until you know a lot about its

大家都知道，我們必須先認識作者才能好好的享受一本書

author, so before we discuss The Odyssey, we're going to begin with a biographical

所以在討論《奧德賽》之前，我們要先從荷馬的生平概略開始

sketch of Homer, the legendary blind poet of ancient Greece. What's that?

傳說中他是個眼盲的古希臘詩人。什麼？

Apparently we know nothing about him. Well, in fact we know that whoever wrote them didn't actually

顯然我們對他一無所知。事實上，寫這些古詩的人並沒有真正地

write them, because they were composed orally. And was Homer even blind? Well, there are

把詩寫下來，因為他們是口頭創作。而荷馬是盲人嗎？

some verses about blindness in the Homeric Hymns and there's a blind bard who appears in The Odyssey,

荷馬史詩裡有些詩句和失明有關，而《奧德賽》裡也出現了一位眼盲的詩人

But if authors only wrote about characters who were like themselves, then James Joyce's

但如果文人創作時只會寫出與自己相像的角色，那麼詹姆斯喬伊斯筆下的

characters would have all had one eye, and I would be an astonishingly handsome seventeen-year-old.

人物，就會都只有一隻眼睛，而我會是個出人意表地帥氣的十七歲少年

As for the subject of Homer's poems, archaeological evidence tells us that the Trojan War occurred

至於荷馬詩作的主題，考古學方面的證據告訴我們，特洛伊戰爭發生於

around the twelfth century BCE, although it probably included far fewer gods and similes

約莫西元前十二世紀，儘管這些證據包含的遠少於相關史詩

than in the epics based on it. Then again, maybe not; it's not like we have pictures.

所記載的神和比喻。然而同樣地，也可能不是在那個時間；我們似乎沒有概念

Anyway, Homer composed The Iliad and The Odyssey in the eighth century BCE, so centuries after

總之，荷馬在西元前八世紀創作了《伊里亞德》和《奧德賽》，是它描述的故事

the events it describes. And then no one bothered to write them down for another two hundred

發生後的好幾世紀。又接下來的兩百年，沒有任何人打算把它們記錄下來

years, which means that they probably changed a lot as they were passed down via the oral

這意味著，這些史詩很可能在口頭流傳的過程中改變了許多

tradition, and even today there are arguments about which parts are original and which parts are additions.

直至今日，哪些部份是原作、哪些是後人修飾依舊存有爭議

There were a lot of competing poems about the Trojan War, but Homer's were by far

有許多關於特洛伊戰爭的詩作，但荷馬的版本是目前為止

the most famous, and they are now the most famous because they were also the only ones

最有名的，因為荷馬史詩是

to survive the burning of the Library at Alexandria.

亞歷山卓亞圖書館大火後，唯一倖存的作品

So The Iliad and The Odyssey are epic poems, and we define an epic as “a long narrative

《伊里亞德》和《奧德賽》屬於史詩，我們將史詩定義為「長篇的敘事詩作

poem; on a serious subject; written in a grand or elevated style; centered on a larger-than-life hero.”

主題莊嚴；敘述偉大故事或是以歌頌口吻寫成；以一個具有傳奇色彩的英雄為中心」

By the way, that was an example of dactylic hexameter, just like you see in epic poems.

順帶一提，這是長短格六步格詩的範例，跟你在史詩裡看到的一樣

So the events of The Odyssey take place after those of The Iliad, so let's have a brief

《奧德賽》的事蹟發生於《伊里亞德》之後，所以我們先看看思想泡泡的簡介

recap Thought Bubble. So Helen, the wife of Menelaus, runs off with Paris, a Trojan prince;

墨涅拉奧斯的太太，海倫，與特洛伊的王子帕里斯私奔

or maybe she's abducted, it's not clear. Anyway, Menelaus's brother Agamemnon gathers

她也有可能是被綁架，這不清楚。總之，墨涅拉奧斯的兄弟--阿加曼儂召集了

allies and goes to Troy to get her back but the war drags on for ten years, at which point

盟軍要去特洛伊帶回海倫，但戰爭拖了十年之久，當時

everyone is really tired and bored and wants to go home, until things suddenly get pretty

所有人都筋疲力盡、想要回家，直到情勢變得緊張

tense because Agamemnon seizes a concubine of Achilles' and Achilles gets really angry

因為阿加曼儂抓走了阿基里斯的情人，讓阿基里斯很憤怒

and says he won't fight anymore. And things go really badly for the Greeks until Patroclus

還說再也不願意繼續作戰了。情況變得對希臘盟軍非常不利，直到帕特羅克洛斯

- Achilles' best friend and maybe also lover, it's not clear - goes into battle in his

- 阿基里斯最要好的朋友，也可能是情人，這不清楚- 代替他去作戰

place and does a pretty awesome job until he's slain by Hector, the Trojans' great warrior.

表現得很不錯，最後卻被特洛伊的勇士赫克托爾給殺了

Which forces Achilles to reconcile himself with his own mortality and return

這迫使阿基里斯接受自己終將死亡的命運，並且重返沙場

to the field where he becomes the ultimate death-dealing machine, slaying hordes of Trojans

成為終極的殺人機器，殺死無數的特洛伊士兵

including Hector, whose body he drags behind his chariot because that's how Achilles

包括赫克托爾，阿基里斯將他的屍體綁在馬車後方拖行，這就是阿基里斯的風格

rolls, until Hector's father, Priam, comes and begs for his son's corpse and Achilles relents

直到赫克托爾的父親，普里阿摩斯，前來請求把他兒子的屍體帶回去，讓阿基里斯感到同情

and they have dinner together, and then the book ends with the war still going on and nothing really resolved.

他們共進了晚餐，接著史書就記錄到這裡為止，戰爭仍然持續著、沒有被解決

And that's The Iliad. When The Odyssey opens, it's ten years later, and everyone is already

這就是《伊里亞德》。《奧德賽》的開始在十年之後，除了奧德修斯以外，人們

back home except for Odysseus. His son Telemachus and his wife Penelope don't know if he's

都已經回到家鄉。奧德修斯的兒子特勒馬科斯和妻子潘妮洛普不知道他的生死

dead or alive, but Homer reveals that he's on the Isle of Ogygia, imprisoned by the nymph

但荷馬宣稱，奧德修斯被俄奇吉亞島上的女神

Calypso, who's so hot for Odysseus even though he spends his days laying on the beach

卡呂普索囚禁，儘管奧德修斯每天只會躺在沙灘或哭泣，卡呂普索還是深愛著他

and crying that she won't let him go. But finally the gods intervene and after a series

而不願意讓他走。最後其他神氏介入，而在一連串的冒險

of adventures and a whole lot of backstory he finally returns home to Ithaca in disguise

與背景故事之後，奧德修斯終於暗中回到伊塔卡島上的家鄉

and kills several dozen suitors who have been drinking all of his wine, eating his beeves,

並且殺死了數十個吃他的食糧

annoying his wife and plotting to kill his son. And it seems like a cycle of violence

騷擾他的妻子、和策劃殺死他兒子的追求者。這樣一個冤冤相報的循環

is just going to continue on, probably forever, until the goddess Athena who loves Odysseus

似乎就要繼續下去，可能是永遠，直到喜愛奧德修斯的雅典那女神

intervenes and restores peace. The end.

干預並且重新帶來和平。結束。

Thanks, Thought Bubble. So, some of the big questions around The Odyssey are Odysseus’

謝啦，思想泡泡。《奧德賽》衍伸的其中幾個疑問有奧德修思的

heroic characteristics, the epic's double standard for women, and whether you can ever

英雄特質、史詩對女性的雙重標準、以及人們是否有可能終止

actually stop a cycle of violence. Odysseus hardly appears in The Iliad and he's not

一個惡性循環。奧德修斯極少出現在《伊里亞德》裡，也不是個

a particularly great fighter; in fact, he's a pretty sleazy guy. He leads a night raid

特別傑出的戰士；事實上他是個蠻低俗的人。他領導了一場夜間的突襲

into the enemy camp and kills a bunch of sleeping Trojans. That's not particularly glorious.

在敵軍的營帳裡殺死了幾個睡夢中的特洛伊人。這並不特別光榮

But it is typical of Odysseus, who will pretty much do whatever it takes to survive. I mean,

但這十足展現了奧德修斯的本性，他會不擇手段以求生存。

his distinguishing quality is metis, which means skill, or cunning. Odysseus is smart;

他的最大的特質是狡黠，代表著技倆或奸詐。奧德修斯很聰明

he's really smart. I mean, he's an incredibly persuasive speaker and he can talk his way

他真的很聰明。他有難以想像的說服力，能夠憑著一張嘴

out of the stickiest of situations, even ones that involve, like, Cyclopses. He's also

擺脫最艱困的情境，連遇到卡呂普索那樣的情況也能脫身。他也是

kind of a monster of self-interest, and if he weren't so smug and overconfident he

個充滿自信的怪獸，要不是他如此的躊躇滿志和過度自信

might have gotten home in less than, you know, like, a gajllion years.

他可能要花上幾千萬年才能回家

The best example of this is probably Odysseus' encounter with the Cyclops. So Odysseus and

奧德修斯與獨眼巨人的相遇大概是最好的例證。奧德修斯

his men land on the island of the Cyclops, and he and several of his guys settle into

和他的手下來到了獨眼巨人所在的島嶼，他讓一些手下闖進

the Cyclops' cave, feasting on the delicious goat cheese that the Cyclops has hoarded,

獨眼巨人的洞穴，大口享受巨人私藏的羊奶乳酪

and then, expecting the Cyclops to return and offer them gifts, because that's what

還期望獨眼巨人回來的時候給他們一些禮物，因為被闖空門的人

you do when someone breaks into your house. I mean yes, there was an ancient Greek tradition

就會這麼作。是沒錯，古希臘人有好客的傳統

of hospitality, but that's taking it pretty far; and for the record, it's also pretty

但這樣實在太超過了；根據記載，這恰好是

much exactly what the suitors are doing in Odysseus' house, for which he kills them.

追求者們在奧德修斯的家裡作的事，而奧德修斯為此殺了他們

So the Cyclops comes home and he's so thoroughly not psyched about these guys in his cave that

獨眼巨人回到家後完全沒有被這些人激怒

he begins to eat them, and in response Odysseus gets the Cyclops drunk and then blinds him

他開始吃人，奧德修斯因此把他灌醉，並用

with a flaming spear, which is fairly easy to do because of course he only has one eye.

著火的矛刺瞎獨眼巨人，這蠻容易的因為他只有一隻眼睛

Odysseus has given his name as Noman, so when the Cyclops cries out “No man is hurting

奧德修斯告訴巨人他叫諾曼 (音同 no man)，所以當獨眼巨人大叫「諾曼在攻擊我！

me! No man is killing me!” the other Cyclopes don't come to his aide, because you know

諾曼要把我殺了！」時，其他巨人沒有來救援他，因為

they think there's no man hurting him. It's a pun. It's a blindingly good pun. But then

他們認為沒有人 (no man)在傷害他。這是個雙關，能掩人耳目的好雙關

when it seems like Odysseus might get away with it, he can't tolerate the idea that

但在奧德修斯毫髮無傷的離開之前，他無法忍受

“no man” is going to get the credit so he announces his actual name, causing the

讓「沒有人」搶走他的功勞，所以他宣告了自己真正的名字

Cyclops to call down curses on him, which culminates in all of his men being killed.

巨人們也因此對他下了詛咒，讓他的所有手下遭到殺害

Just as a rule of thumb, you do not want to be friends with Odysseus, and you also don't

根據經驗法則，你不會想當奧德修斯的朋友，但你也不會想當

want to be his enemy. Just stay away.

他的敵人。離他遠一點

So Odysseus is a trickster and a liar and a pirate and a serial adulterer, and he's

奧德修斯是個騙子、搶匪、通姦累犯

responsible for the death of a lot of people, and he also has probably the worst sense of

他害許多人死去，他的方向感大概是希臘文學的所有角色裡

direction in all of Greek literature. But is he a hero? Yes. To the Greeks, heroism

最差的一個。但他是個英雄嗎？是得。對希臘人來說

didn't mean perfection, it meant that you had an extraordinary attribute or ability,

英雄不代表完美，而是代表你擁有某種超於常人的天賦或能力

and Odysseus definitely does. It's not for nothing that he's the favorite of Athena,

奧德修斯絕對有。他會成為智慧女神雅典娜最愛的人

the goddess of wisdom. I mean, she applauds all of his tricks and stratagems, and she

不是沒有原因的。雅典娜讚許、也鼓勵大家一起讚許

encourages us to applaud them too, even though from our contemporary perspective, he's a pretty shady dude.

他的所有技倆與策謀，儘管從現代人的角度來看，奧德修斯算是個陰險的人

Speaking of contemporary perspective, one of Odysseus' least stellar qualities is

從現代觀點來談，奧德修斯最不光彩的特質之一

his attitude toward women. He's really big on this sexual double standard in which the

是他對待女人的態度。他有非常嚴重的性別雙重標準

exact same behavior types women as sluts and men as studs. Actually the whole epic in general

同樣的行為，女人作了叫蕩婦、男人作了叫性感。其實整部史詩大致上都

is incredibly—wait, why is my desk moving? Oh, the secret compartment is open. It must

非常的 -- 等等，為什麼我的桌子在動？喔，秘密隔間打開了

be time for the open letter. What have we got today? Well, it's Medusa, a representation

一定是公開信的時間。我們今天有什麼？是梅杜莎，她代表

of woman as a monstrous serpent.

有蛇髮的女怪物

An open letter to the patriarchy: how are you so incredibly resilient? Also, please

給父權制度的公開信：你為何會如此的堅韌？也請告訴我

explain something to me. How is it that the only way for someone to become like a good

為何一個男人要彰顯他的健壯唯一的方法

heroic strong man is to have sex with lots of women, but if a woman has sex with lots

是和許多女人上床，但一個女人和許多男人上床的話

of men, she's like tainted and impure and horrible? Patriarchy, I don't want to get

她就如同被玷污、不純潔和糟糕一樣？父權制度，我不想

too deeply into math but in order for men to have sex with a lot of women, a lot of

算太深奧的數學，但要讓一個男人和許多女人上床的話，就要有

women have to have sex with men. That's it, that's the only way, patriarchy! So

很多女人和男人上床。就是這樣，這是唯一的方法，父權制度！

basically you're saying that the only way for men to achieve manliness is for women

基本上你就是在說，唯一讓男人成為男子漢的前提，是要讓女人

to fail at womanliness! It's bad! Actually, it's evil! I hate you! Best wishes, John Green.

女德敗壞！這很壞！是實上這很邪惡！我討厭你！葛林約翰敬上

Yeah, so the whole epic is incredibly paranoid about female sexuality. I mean the story that

所以這整篇史詩都對女性的性行為非常偏執

haunts The Odyssey is that of Agamemnon, the leader of the Achaeans, who returns victorious

《奧德賽》裡也穿插了希臘國王阿伽曼儂的故事，他打了勝仗回到家鄉

from the war, only to be murdered by his wife and her lover. And then when they meet in

卻被太太和她的情夫謀殺。當他們在地下相遇時

the underworld, Agamemnon's ghost warns Odysseus that he better come home in secret

阿伽曼儂的鬼魂警告奧德修斯，他最好在暗中返家

because Penelope might try and have him killed too. And the misogyny doesn't end there;

因為潘妮洛普也可能試著殺害他。厭女情節不只到這裡

I mean this is a book full of monsters, and, Cyclops aside, a lot of them are female; like

這本書充滿了怪物，而除了獨眼巨人外，多數的怪物都是女性

the Sirens who lure men to their deaths, or Scylla, who's basically an octopus with

例如誘惑男人走向死亡的女海妖賽壬，或是錫拉，她算是有牙齒的章魚

teeth. Then of course there's Charybdis, a hole that sucks men to their doom. You can

當然還包括卡力布狄斯，把男人吸進悲慘命運的黑洞

explore the Freudian implications of that one over at Crash Course Psychology.

你可以在心理速成班了解與她相關的佛洛伊德理論

Meanwhile Odysseus sleeps with like every manner of magical lady and nearly marries

奧德修斯和各種不同的仙女上過床，也幾乎和一整座島那麼多的公主結過婚

an island princess, but he assures us that he was always true to his wife “in his heart.”

但他可以保證，「在他心中」他一直都是真誠對待他妻子的

Which is nice, but it would be even nicer if he were true to his wife in his pants.

這很好，但他要是在褲子裡真誠對待妻子的話會更好

Stan, who is ever the stickler for historical accuracy, would like me to acknowledge that

史坦，他對歷史的正確性非常執著，希望我承認

Odysseus didn't wear pants because they weren't a thing in Greece yet, so he wasn't

奧德修斯沒有穿褲子，因為古希臘還不存在著褲子，所以

true to his wife in like his toga or his loincloth or whatever.

他在長袍或是纏腰帶裡對他的妻子不忠誠

Anyway, even as he's sleeping around, Odysseus is incredibly concerned with whether or not

總之，儘管他到處與人上床，奧德修斯非常在意潘妮洛普是否還

Penelope is chaste. If she isn't, he'll likely kill her. After all, he later executes

保有貞操。如果她沒有，他很有可能會殺了她。畢竟，奧德修斯事後

all the housemaids for sleeping with the suitors, and he's not even married to them.

處死了所有和追求者上床的女傭，但他和女傭們根本沒有婚姻關係

The epic seems like it's building to a climactic scene wherein Odysseus is going to test Penelope’s

這部史詩似乎在這段情節達到了高潮：奧德修斯要測試潘妮洛普的忠誠

faithfulness, but instead it's Penelope who tests Odysseus. When he reveals himself

但變成潘妮洛普在測驗奧德修斯。當奧德修斯向她表明自己的身分時

to her, she doesn't recognize him. She forces him to prove himself by speaking the secret

她沒有認出他來。她要求奧德修斯證明身份，說出她們新婚時的秘密

of their marriage bed, and only then does she embrace him in one of the most beautiful lines in all of Homer:

之後她抱著奧德修斯說出了最美的台詞之一

“And so she too rejoiced, her gaze upon her husband, her white arms round him pressed as though forever.”

「她感到了欣喜，凝視著自己的丈夫，她白皙的手臂僅僅環抱著他，一如永恆」

Some ancient commentators believed the poem should end right there like any good romance

一些古文的評論者認為這首詩應該在這裡結束，就如同羅曼史一般

would, with Odysseus and Penelope blissfully reunited, but it doesn't. See Odysseus and

讓奧德修斯和潘妮洛普幸福的重聚，但故事還沒結束。奧德修斯

a couple of his friends, with a big assist from Athena, have slaughtered all the suitors

和幾個朋友在雅典娜的大力協助下，屠殺了所有的追求者

and the serving maids, and that's a problem, because this isn't The Iliad. They aren't at war.

和女傭，這便是問題所在，因為這不是《伊里亞德》。當時沒有戰爭

The Iliad is a poem of war, and it's main concern is kleos, which means glory or

《伊里亞德》是戰爭的史詩，當中最重要的是榮譽，代表在戰場上贏得的

renown achieved on the battlefield that guarantees you a kind of immortality because your deeds

榮耀獲名聲，它可以保你不死，因為你的事蹟

are so amazing that everyone's going to sing about you forever. Achilles didn't

非常驚人，人們將會永遠地頌揚你。阿基里斯沒有

get to go home. He had two choices: he could stay and fight and win glory, or he could

回到家鄉。他有兩個選項：留在特洛伊打仗並贏得榮耀，或是

go home and live a long and quiet life. In The Iliad, Achilles went for glory. But The

回家過個長久寧靜的生活。在《伊里亞德》裡，阿基里斯選擇了榮耀。

Odyssey is about the alternative. It's about what we do after a war, how we put war away.

但《奧德修斯》代表了另一個選項。它描繪了我們在戰爭結束後，如何放下戰爭

Odysseus isn't particularly good at this. He's sort of an ancient example of Post

奧德修斯不是很擅長這麼做。他算是創傷後壓力症候群中心的

Traumatic Stress Disorder. He's been through so much that he doesn't know how to adjust

古代案例。他經歷了太多戰爭，讓他無法重新適應和平的生活

to peacetime; his response to young men taking over his dining hall and barbecuing all of

占領他的餐廳、烤光他的豬隻的年輕人，奧德修斯對他們的回應

his pigs is mass slaughter. And the slaughter of the suitors leads to their relatives coming

是大屠殺。對追求者們的屠殺讓他們的親人

to try to slaughter Odysseus, and if Athena hadn't descended from Olympus, conveniently,

前來刺殺奧德修斯，而若是雅典娜沒有從奧林卑斯山降臨，很方便地

and put a stop to it, pretty soon there would have been no one left on Ithaca alive. And

並且阻止這一切，伊塔卡島上很快就會變得無人生還

that's a sobering final thought: if it weren't for divine intervention, the humans in this

這是個警世的結局：若沒有天神的干預，故事裡的人們

story might have continued that cycle of violence forever. The Odyssey is a poem set in peacetime,

很可能會永遠維持著這個惡性循環。《奧德賽》是和平時期的故事

but it reminds us that humans have never been particularly good at leaving war behind them.

但它提醒了我們，人類從來都不善於放下戰爭

Next week we'll be discussing another story with lots of sex and violence and Greeks:

下星期我們會討論另一個充滿性行為、暴力和希臘人的故事：

Oedipus. Thanks for watching. I'll see you then.

《伊底帕斯王》。謝謝收看。我們下次見

Crash Course is made with the help of all of these nice people and it is brought to

速成班系列是在這些很棒的人們的協助下完成的，由

you today by Crash Course viewer and Subbable subscriber Damian Shaw. Damian wants to say

Crash Course viewer 和 Subbable 訂閱者達米蕭 呈現給你。達米想要

thanks for all your support to Bryonie, Stew, Peter, Morgan and Maureen. And today's video

謝謝你們對Bryonie, Stew, Peter, Morgan 和 Mauree的支持。這部影片

is cosponsored by Max Loutzenheiser and Katy Cocco. Thank you so much for subscribing on

也由Max Loutzenheiser 和 Katy Cocco共同贊助。非常感謝你訂閱

Subbable and supporting Crash Course so we can keep making it free for everyone forever.

Subbable並且支持速成班系列，讓我們能夠持續為所有人製作免費影片

You can help the show continue and grow at Subbable.com. Thank you for watching, and

你可以到Subbable.com幫助這個節目繼續成長。感謝你的收看

as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome.

老話一句，別忘了當個很棒的人