why not try my personal winning strategy that actually got me this job?

先來聊聊我得到這份工作使用的必勝戰術吧

[crying]

(哭)

Hey master debaters, I'm Jules for Dnews, and… you're wrong.

各位辯論專家好，我是探索頻道的Jules，我要告訴你，你錯了

I'm sorry about that, but you're simply incorrect.

不好意思，但你實在大錯特錯

I challenge you to prove me otherwise.

你儘管來說服我

Argue your point, change my opinion.

提出你的論證，改變我的想法

Chances are, you can't.

但你大概無法成功

Not because I'm alone in a studio and screen all my phone calls,

不是因為我把自己隔絕在工作室裡面不接電話

but because, according to neuroscience, it's really difficult to win an argument.

而是因為根據神經學的研究，在一場爭辯之中取勝是難如登天的

That is, if you define winning an argument as “effective persuasion”.

如果你把贏得爭論定義為「成功說服他人」

It turns out arguing and persuading are incompatible goals for most people.

事實上，對大部分的人來說吵架和說服是兩個截然不同的目標

Psychology professor Drew Weston headed up a study in 2004,

心理學教授 Drew Weston 於2004年主導的一項研究中

where researchers took supporters of George W. Bush and John Kerry

在小布希和約翰‧凱瑞的支持者面前

and showed them videos of their preferred candidate contradicting himself

播放他們喜愛的候選人講出自相矛盾言論的影片

Simultaneously, the participant's brains were scanned in an MRI machine.

同時，受試者的腦部接受核磁共振的掃描

When the subjects were shown videos challenging their beliefs,

當影片和受試者的理念相悖時，

the part of the brain associated with logic and reason, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, didn't light up very much.

大腦管理邏輯和理性的區域：背外側前額葉，並沒有明顯的發亮

However, the orbital frontal cortex, the anterior cingulate and the posterior cingulate all lit up,

然而，眼窩前額皮質、前扣帶迴、後扣帶迴全都發亮

and those areas are mainly associated with emotion, conflict resolution, and moral judgment

而這些區域掌管的是情緒、解決衝突和道德評斷

Instead of processing whether or not their beliefs were right,

受試者的大腦並沒有驗證他們的信念是否正確

the subjects, instead, processed how the information made them feel,

而是處理這些訊息給他們的情緒感受

and how to resolve that incongruence.

以及如何調解其中的衝突感

As soon as they figured out how to justify the incorrect information without challenging their own beliefs,

當受試者找到一種方法，可以不用改變他們的理念，又同時合理化不正確的訊息

so maybe something like saying that the candidate accidentally misspoke,

像是解釋為候選人不小心口誤

their brains released a ton of dopamine as a reward and made them feel great!

他們的大腦會釋放大量的多巴胺作為獎勵，讓他們覺得快樂

Even when presented with evidence challenging their beliefs,

即使面對與他們信念相悖的證據，

the subjects resolved their internal confusion without being persuaded to change their minds.

受試者並不會被說服，而是自動消除內心的衝突感

And we know this rings true even outside of the laboratory.

而我們知道這種情況不只發生在實驗室之中

According to research by another psychology professor, John Gottman,

根據另外一位心理學教授 John Gottman 的研究，

roughly 69% of the things married couples argue about are never resolved and are perpetual.

已婚夫妻爭執的事件中約有69%永遠不會達成共識

Most of the time, arguing doesn’t solve anything.

大部分的狀況下，爭辯並不會改變任何事

But hey, you came here to learn how to kick ass the next time you argue,

但是今天你是來學要如何在下次吵架的時候如何痛宰對手

and not learn about why arguing is messy and stupid.

而不是來學爭吵有多麻煩、多愚蠢

So how do you actually win an argument?

所以到底要怎麼在爭辯中獲勝呢?

Well, by not arguing.

很簡單，就是不要爭吵

Yeah, I know, it sounds like I’m promoting the abstinence theory of debate, but hear me out.

對啦，聽起來很像我在提倡一種世界和平理論，但聽我講

Arguing is a war; it has a winner and a loser, and nobody wants to be a loser.

爭吵是一場戰爭，戰爭一定有贏家和輸家，沒人想當輸家

Being wrong is okay as long as nobody knows it.

只要沒人意識到自己是輸家，那就沒問題，

But if you have to admit that you’re wrong, AND change your behavior,

但是如果要你承認錯誤，並且改變你的行為

you’re probably going to look for any possible reason not to

你會找一堆藉口不這麼做

The real trick is to make an argument look as little like a war as possible.

所以關鍵就是讓爭吵越不像一場戰爭越好

And you know who’s really good at that?

而你知道誰最擅長這把戲嗎?

FBI hostage negotiators.

FBI 人質談判專家

The FBI uses a method of persuasion known as the Behavioral Change Stairway Model,

他們用一種名為「行為轉換階梯模型」的方法來說服別人

and it actually only consists of five steps.

而這種方法只需五個步驟

Step One: Actively listen.

第一：主動聆聽

Show your opponent that you are taking in what they’re putting out.

讓你的對手知道你有聽進他們在說什麼

Step Two: Empathize.

第二：表現同理心

Let them know that not only do you understand where they’re coming from,

讓他們知道你不僅知道他們說這些話的原因

but you understand how they feel about their position.

而且對他們的處境還能感同身受

Don’t dismiss their feelings or negate their experiences, even if you disagree,

即使你不認同他們，也不要忽略他們的感受或否定他們的經驗

which you probably do.

你很可能真的不認同

For now, keep all those adversarial feelings bottled up.

暫時將那些有敵意的想法關起來

Step Three: Build a rapport.

第三：建立友善的關係

Once you’ve shown them that you understand how they feel,

在表現出你了解他們的感受之後，

now you want them to understand how you feel,

你希望他們也能了解你的想法

because if you both lay all your cards on the table, then you can trust each other,

因為當雙方開誠布公後，就能彼此信任

or at the very least, they’ll trust you.

至少他們會信任你

Step Four: Influence.

第四：發揮影響力

This is the first place where you’re going to actually make your point after building a strong foundation of empathy and trust.

在建立同理心和信任的基礎之後，現在才是你真正要闡述你的意見的時候

If you’re both listening, then you can start problem solving with them, not against them.

如果你們都有用心聆聽彼此的意見，那你們將能攜手解決問題，而不是互相拮抗

And finally, Step Five, which is less of a step and more of a conclusion: they change.

最後一步比較像是一個結論：對方改變

For the FBI this means they surrender, but for you,

對 FBI 來說是對方投降，而對你來說

it might mean you get to stay out past curfew,

這可能意謂著你可以晚回家

or get the wallpaper you like, or eat 200 hot dogs in an hour,

或可以貼你喜歡的壁紙，或一個小時之內大吃200根熱狗

whatever floats your boat.

你可以愛做什麼就做什麼

Pretty much all of those self-help books about arguing follow these same basic steps,

大部份教人吵架的書都遵循這幾項基礎的步驟

because in the end, the thing we most want to do when someone tells us we’re wrong,

因為到頭來，當別人說你是錯的時候，你最想做的事情

is almost always the exactly wrong thing to do.

幾乎都是完全不該做的事情

We can’t do episodes like this without our sponsors.

如果沒有贊助商，我們是無法做出這種影片的

If you listen to music and podcasts and are looking for a new Bluetooth speaker,

如果你常聽音樂或是智慧手機的廣播頻道，而且想要買一個新的喇叭

check out Monster’s reimagined BoomBox, the Monster Blaster.

推薦你 Monster 重新設計的的 BoomBox，Monster Blaster

It’s available for monthly payments starting at $25.

每個月付25美金就能擁有

The Monster Blaster has the power to bring music to life indoors and out.

Monster Blaster 不論在室內外都能讓音樂融入你的生活中

Check it out at themonsterblaster.com/dnews.

有興趣可以造訪 themonsterblaster.com/dnews

So now you know how to win an argument, congratulations!

恭喜你! 你現在知道如何在辯論中獲勝

Too bad Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump didn’t watch this video before their debate,

希拉蕊和川普在電視辯論前沒看到這支影片真是太可惜了

but do debates even matter in the first place?

但是辯論真的有效嗎?

Watch me talk about whether or not they can actually affect the election in this video.

這支影片讓我們聊聊辯論是不是真能影響選情

But is it impossible for some people to see eye to eye?

但某些人是不是根本不可能達成共識呢?

Are conservative and liberal brains actually different?

守舊派和自由派的腦袋是不是有根本性的不同?

Find out in this video by Tara.

Tara 會在這支影片中告訴你

So what are some other tips and tricks you can use to win an argument?

還有沒有其他的技巧或招數可以讓你在辯論中得勝?

Let us know down below in the comments,

請在底下留下你的建議

and don't forget to keep liking and subscribing for more DNews every day.

別忘了給 DNews 按讚並訂閱喔