teaching you these words because they'll be the most useful words for you, and I'm not

我不會教你這些單字，因為這些對你來說是最實用的字根，

teaching you these words so you can go around sounding really clever using long words when

所以當你講英文時，可以靈活聰明的運用在冗長的單字裡

you're speaking English. The reason is to show you a little bit about how the English

方法就是讓你了解英文這個語言是如何發展形成的，

language has evolved, and also so that when you do encounter a long word, you can use

所以當你遇到冗長的單字時，

what I'm teaching you today to break it down, and maybe you'll recognize parts of this word

妳可以用我今天教你的方式解決，或許你可以認得一部分，

and that will help you understand.

幫助你瞭解這個單字

So, let's have a look at some Greek words in English. So, most of the time, when we

讓我們來看一些英文當中的希臘單字吧，大部分時間，

find a Greek word in English, it's , it represents a concept or idea,

當我們看到英文裡的希臘單字，這就是學術性的語言，表示一個觀念或想法

and there'll be quite a lot of medical language as well. So, looking at medical words for

也有很多關於醫學的術語，看到關於心理與生理的醫學單字

the mind and body. The Greeks from a long time ago, they were very knowledgeable about

可以知道很久以前的希臘人對醫學那類的東西是相當了解的

medicine and things like that, so we took a lot of words from their language. We didn't

所以我們有很多來自那個語言的單字，我們當時還沒有那種觀念...

have idea... We didn't have words for these things, because it was not knowledge known

沒有關於那些領域的單字，因為當時並不知道這門學問

here, so the concepts came from Greece, and with that, the language came from Greece.

因此來自希臘的語言也伴隨著當時來自希臘的觀念

So, when we find a word with "dermo" or "derma" in it, we need to think of this part of the

所以當我們看到「dermo」或是「derma」，

word as a building block, and you put different building blocks together, and that can help

我們會把這些字視為建築的積木，然後你把不同的積木放在一起，

you understand the whole meaning of the word; otherwise known as a root. So, that means

那可以幫助你了解整個單字的意思，另外那也是字根，

skin. And when we get this end part of the world... Word, which sounds like "ology",

意思是表皮，然後當我們把這個聽起來是「ology」的字放到結尾，

that means study of the subject. So, skin, study of the skin. You put it together, and

意思就是一門學科或研究，所以，皮膚，皮膚的研究，你把它放在一起，

that gives you the full meaning. So, if you have a problem with... With your skin and

就可以得到一個完整的涵義了，如果你的皮膚有問題，而且需要去看醫生

you need to go to the hospital, you would go to the "dermatology department", and the

你就會到皮膚科部門，

doctor would be a "dermatologist"; a special doctor who knows about skin problems. A different

那裏的醫生就是「dermatologist」，解決皮膚問題的專業醫生，

skin problem is "dermatitis", and the "titis" part means inflammation, it means... Could

有一個皮膚問題就是「皮膚炎」，「titis」意思是發炎，

be... Could be swollen skin, or it could be inside your body. If it's a problem with your

可能指的是腫大的皮膚，也可能是發生在身體裡的，如果你的骨頭有問題，

bones, you get a disease called "arthritis" that older people get, usually, and it's quite

你得到了老人常常患的「關節炎」，

painful and difficult to move their fingers, and things like that. So, these are examples

那很痛而且指頭或其他關節會很難移動，所以這些是關於醫學的例子

of medical words. You can sometimes get a sense of what one part means, and maybe guess

有時你可以知道這一部分的意思，或許其他的也一樣

the other.

Similarly, when we get words with "hemo" or "hema", this is related to blood. "Hemoglobin"

同樣地，當我們看到「hemo」或「hema」，這就跟血液有關，「血紅素」

is a part of what makes up our blood. "Hematoma" is the medical word for bruise. You know when

是組成血液的成分，「血腫」是受傷的醫學用語，

you hit yourself and skin goes purple? If it's a... If it's a big bruise, then it's

當你撞到，皮膚會變紫色的，如果有嚴重的瘀傷，那就是血腫

a hematoma. And a "hemorrhage" is a medical problem where... Where blood is suddenly,

「出血」就是血突然像是

like, leaking out where it's not meant to be inside your body, and you can be in very

從身體某個不該出來的地方洩漏出來，

big, big, big trouble if you get a hemorrhage. Sometimes people get a brain hemorrhage, and

如果出血，你就會有很大很大的麻煩，

maybe they die from that. So, "hemo" or "hema" means blood.

有時人可能會死於腦出血，所以「hemo」或「hema」意思是血

What about "psycho" or "psych"? What does this mean? Well, this is to do with the mind,

那「psycho」或「psych」是什麼意思呢? 那跟我們的心理有關，

and I think these words have... These words are interesting because we can see how they're

這些字蠻有趣的，因為我們可以看出他們的關聯，

related. So, we have "psychic", that's the power of being able to read somebody's mind;

「psychic」(靈媒)，那是可以讀心的能力，

one mind to another mind. "Psycho" means, like, crazy. And "psychiatrist" means doctor

一個人與另一人的心靈相通，「Psycho」(精神病的)指的是瘋狂，而「psychiatrist」就是精神心理醫生

of the mind. So, whenever you see a word with this, you know it's to do with the mind basically.

所以不管什麼時候看到這類的字，你就知道基本上這跟心理有關，

That's a useful one, I think; you can find that in a lot of words.

我覺得這還蠻實用的，你可以在很多單字中找到這字根

Then, let's have a look at words with "mania". You'll find words with "mania" at the end.

再來，我們來看「mania」，可以看到這些以「mania」結尾的字

"Mania" means to be mad or addicted to something, so here are two... Here are two words. "Cleptomania"

「mania」意思是生氣或是癡迷，這裡有兩個字，

means somebody addicted to stealing things; thief. They can't help themselves, but steal

「Cleptomania」(盜竊癖)指的時對偷竊上癮，小偷，他們無法克制自己偷東西，

things. And "nymphomania" means somebody addicted to sex, somebody who can't help themselves

「nymphomania」(慕男狂)就是某人沉迷於性，某人忍不住發生性行為，

from having sex. But that we've got many, many words with this "mania" on the end, so

我們有很多很多以「mania」結尾的單字，所以當你看到它

if you see that, you can... You ca get a sense, again, of what it actually means.

你可以有感覺並且知道它的意思

And we've got words here, "anthrop" and that means human, related to human things. "Anthropology",

接著是「anthrop」，意思是人，跟人有關係的事，

do you remember what this part means? The study of. The study of humans. So, "an anthropologist"

「Anthropology」(人類學)你還記得是什麼意思嗎? 人類的研究，

is somebody who studies the way people live in society and culture in the worlds. And

所以「anthropologist」(人類學家)就是研究人類社會和文化的人，

"anthropomorphic", you might use this if you're a kind of literature student or something.

「anthropomorphic」(擬人、人格化)如果是文學相關科系的學生，你可能會用到，

This is a word for when we make things that aren't humans... We talk about things that

這字是當我們在講到不是人的事物的時候....我們將某事物看做是人，

aren't humans as if they were. So, when you put a little puppy dog in human clothes, and

所以，當你為小狗穿上人類的服裝，

you start talking to it like it's a person, you're "anthropomorphising" the little dog,

然後開始對他向對人一樣講話，你就是將那隻小狗「人格化」

but it's an anthropomorphic behaviour to dress up a little puppy dog like that. Very long,

但為小狗穿衣服不是人格化的行為，

complicated words, I know. But we can break it down a little bit more. When you see "ic"

很長又複雜的單字，我了解，但我們可以將它拆解，當你看到「ic」在字尾

on the end, it means it's an adjective and we're describing something. So, when we come

指的就是形容詞，我們正在敘述某事物，

back we'll look at the next Greek roots... Greek words I want to show you.

我們待會回來時，再來看看下一個我要介紹的希臘字根

Let's take a look at more Greek words in English. We'll start with words with "phone" or "phoney"

讓我們來看看更多英文當中的希臘字根，我們從「phone」「phoney」開始

in them. Of course, we've got the "phone" that we use, and this root means "sound".

毫無疑問，這就是我們在用的「電話」，它的字根意思是「聲音」

"Phone" is the informal word for "telephone". And this word: "cacophony", I remember...

「phone」是「telephone」不正式的單字，接下來這個字「cacophony」(雜音)，我記得...

I'll never forget this word because when I was at school, we wrote... You know, you write

我永遠不會忘記這個字，因為我在學校時，你知道，我們都會寫作文

stories. I think I was quite young when this happened, and somebody else's story was read

我那時非常小，然後某人的作文被念出來

out, and she used the word "cacophony" in it, and I was so jealous. I was like:

她在文章中用了「cacophony」這個字，我超忌妒的，

"That's a really long word and you sound really clever", so I think I tried to, like, use it in every

我就在想:「那真的是個冗長的單字，但那讓你聽起來很聰明」，所以之後我在每一個文章中都試著

single story I write after then. But it means, like, having very loud, different sounds that

用這個單字，意思就像是非常吵雜的聲音聚在一起

go together, and it's like... It's an unpleasant sort of noise, basically.

基本上那就是令人不愉快的噪音

So, anyway, I won't forget that word.

無論如何，我都不會忘了這個字

Also, I remember that learning this part of the word means string when I was at school

我記得這也是我在學校時學的，這個字意思是一串

as well, because "poly", we see this in lots of words, like: "polyester" is a kind of plastic,

我們可以看到很多有「poly」的單字，像是「polyester」(聚酯纖維)就是一種塑膠

or when you... When you go to the shop and they give you a plastic bag, that one's "polythene",

當你去商店買東西時，他們會給你塑膠袋，就是「聚乙烯」

a polythene bag. And I remember being at school and my science teacher telling me that "poly"

聚乙烯袋子，我記得學校的自然老師告訴我

means string. Because if you think about how plastic is made, it's different atoms stringing

「poly」意思是一串，因為如果你想到塑膠的製程，就是不同的原子串再一起的

together. You know what? I'm getting a bit science... We're talking about the English

你知道嗎? 我離題講到科學去了，我們是在講英文耶

language, here. Anyway, so it's... Yeah, "string" meaning different things together, basically,

總之，「string」基本上就是指不同的東西聚在一起，

so that's what all plastics are. Here's a word: "polyamorous", so we've got more than

這就是塑膠了，「polyamorous」(多元之愛)有不只一個字根，

one, and this root, "amor" is related to love, and what this word means is relationships

「armor」跟愛有關，這個字指的就是他們的關係

where they're, like, open relationships, and the people can have more than one partner,

開放的關係，而且他們擁有不只一個伴侶

polyamorous love; different lovers.

多元之愛，不同的情侶

Looking on this side for more technological words, we've got "tele", we already looked...

看看另一邊比較技術性的字，「tele」我們已經講了...

Already mentioned "telephone", but the "tele" part means distant or far away. So, we have

已經提過「telephone」，「tele」意思是距離或是遙遠的，所以我們有「電話」

"telephone", you know, communicating with someone who's not physically near you, someone

就是跟不在你身邊的人講話，在遙遠的地方的某個人

who's far away. "Telepathy" is also communicating with someone who is not with you. Actually,

「telepathy」(心靈感應)也是跟不在你身邊的人講話，其實也不是

no, they can be with you, but it's just through the mind communication. And "teleport" which,

他們跟你同在，但是透過心靈感應溝通，再來是「瞬移」，

as far as I know, hasn't been invented yet, but it would be really cool, it's when you

就我所知還沒發明出來，但那真的蠻酷的，

can travel to one place, just like that basically, to be in a different place. You don't need

當你去異地旅行，

planes, you don't need buses, you don't need Oyster cards. You can just go, using a teleport.

你不需要搭飛機、巴士，也不需要蠔卡(大倫敦地區交通用的電子收費系統)，你只要瞬移過去就好了

But we haven't managed to invent that one yet.

但我們還沒打算發明那個東西

And "micro", this root means small. So, we've got "microchip", you find these in laptops,

「micro」這字根意思是小，「microchip」(微晶片)，你可以在筆電裡頭看到

any kind of electronic devices where all the... All the information... This is, again, like

在放有資訊......的任何電子設備，

a science lesson. I'm not going to explain what a microchip is, except that it makes

我好像又在上自然課了，我不會解釋什麼是微晶片，就是讓電子產品運作，

electronic things work, I think is a good way to explain it. And "microcosm" means something

我想這是最好的說法，「microcosm」(縮影、小規模、小世界)指的就是一個大物體裡面的小東西，

small within something bigger. So, one way people talk about it, mostly I find is when

這是其中一種講法，我最常在氣象看到，

talking about the weather, so like in the UK, we don't have many places with good weather,

就像在英國，我們很多地方天氣都不好

but some places are described as being microcosms, like some particular beaches are more... Seem

但有些地方被形容是另一個小世界，像是某些海灘總是...

to be sunnier than general... General places in England. Not as much rain, and things like

總是比英國大不分的地方還要晴朗，沒有太多雨，

that, so those places would be described as microcosms of the bigger... You know, the

所以那些地方會被形容是

surrounding climate, which is generally rainy.

常下雨的大環境氣候當中的另一個小世界

We can also thank the Greeks for analytical words. Like, they were, they were measuring

我們也要感謝希臘人解析用的單字，他們會測量東西，

things, probably weren't... We weren't measuring things then, I don't know. But yeah, so, from

或許沒有......我不知道，但在公制系統中，

the metric system, we have the word "kilo" and related words. This means a thousand of

我們有「kilo」和與其相關的字，意思是幾千個東西

something. So, a "kilometre" is 1,000 metres, and "kilogram" is 1,000 grams. So, this one

所以「kilometre」就是1000公尺，然後「kilogram」就是1000克，

is for distance, and this one is for measurement.

這個是距離，這個是度量

Then you've probably seen "geo" in some words, and that root means the earth and things related

你可能會看到「geo」在一些字當中，那個字根就是土地，

to the planet where we live. So, we've got "geography", which is another school science.

以及跟我們住的行星相關的東西，所以我們「geography」這個字，這又是另一門自然學科了

It's about learning about our world, and how it's made up. And "geology", which is the

就是關於我們世界的學問，還有它如何形成的，再來是「geology」(地質學)，

study of rocks, stones, that kind of thing. So, yeah, here are some Greek words for you.

就是岩石、地質之類的學問。所以沒錯，這些就是介紹給你的希臘單字

No... Just paying attention to roots can really help you develop your vocabulary, you just

注意字根真的可以幫助你曾進你的字彙量，

start to guess things, you don't have to check the meaning of every word that you encounter.

你只要開始猜，不用看每個單字到就去查它的意思，

You can go to the engVid website, do a quiz on this lesson, test out your vocabulary brain power.

你可以到engVid的網站，做這堂課的測驗，考考你的字彙能力

And if you like this lesson, please subscribe.

如果你喜歡這堂課，請訂閱

I've got all different kinds of lessons on my engVid channel; not just about really long words that you might not ever use when you're speaking.

我會在engVid上傳不同類型的課程，不只有你講話時不會用到的冗長單字

I've also got my personal channel, and there's lots and lots

我也有個人的頻道，那裡有很多很多影片，

of videos on my personal channel, so you need to go and check that out, too. And yeah, I'm

你也可以去看看，

finished, so I'm going to go and

今天就到這了，我要去研讀字典

swallow a dictionary now, and learn some really complicated words. So, see ya later.

然後學習一些複雜的單字，所以下次見囉

Bye.

掰