without fossil fuels?

沒有石化燃料的社會?

This is a very complex challenge,

這是個很複雜艱困的挑戰，

and I believe developing countries could take the lead in this transition.

我相信發展中國家 可以為這個改變起帶頭作用。

And I'm aware that this is a contentious statement,

我知道這樣的說法很有爭議性，

but the reality is that so much is at stake in our countries

但現實問題是，如果我們把石化燃料

if we let fossil fuels stay at the center of our development.

列為國家發展的重點， 我們將會付出慘痛的代價。

We can do it differently.

我們必須創新。

And it's time, it really is time,

而且是時候，真的是時候

to debunk the myth

去揭穿

that a country has to choose between development on the one hand

國家只能在經濟發展及 環境保護議題中擇一發展的迷思，

and environmental protection, renewables, quality of life, on the other.

要經濟發展就沒有再生能源、 沒有生活品質，這種錯誤的迷思。

I come from Costa Rica, a developing country.

我來自哥斯大黎加，一個發展中的國家。

We are nearly five million people,

我們將近有五百萬的人口，

and we live right in the middle of the Americas,

我們位處美洲的中心，

so it's very easy to remember where we live.

所以很容易記得 我們居住的地方。

Nearly 100 percent of our electricity

我們的電力，100%，

comes from renewable sources,

來自再生能源，

five of them.

有五種。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Hydropower, geothermal,

水力發電、地熱發電、

wind, solar, biomass.

風力發電、太陽能、生物質能。

Did you know that last year,

不知各位是否知道，我們去年，

for 299 days,

連續299天，

we did not use any fossil fuels

我們沒有使用任何的石化燃料

in order to generate all our electricity?

來生產我們的電力？

It's a fantastic achievement,

這是一個了不起的成就，

and yet, it hides a paradox,

但，這背後隱藏了一個 似是而非的論點，

which is that nearly 70 percent

我們70%的

of all our energy consumption is oil.

能源消耗都是石油。

Why?

為什麼？

Because of our transportation system,

因為我們的運輸系統

which is totally dependent on fossil fuels,

幾乎完全仰賴石化燃料，

like it is in most countries.

就像其他國家一樣。

So if we think of the energy transition as a marathon,

所以如果我們將能源過渡， 視為一場馬拉松，

the question is, how do we get to the finish line,

那麽問題來了，我們如何 才能到抵達終點線？

how do we decarbonize the rest of the economy?

其餘的經濟發展要如何「脫碳」？

And it's fair to say that if we don't succeed,

幾乎可以這麼說， 如果我們無法成功，

it's difficult to see who will.

那其它國家也很難做到。

So that is why I want to talk to you about Costa Rica,

這也是為什麼我要向各位談談 哥斯大黎加，

because I believe we are a great candidate

因為我相信，我們在 不使用石化燃料的發展藍圖中

in pioneering a vision for development without fossil fuels.

是一個不錯的候選人。

If you know one thing about our country,

如果各位認識我們的國家，

it's that we don't have an army.

其中一件事就是， 我們是沒有軍隊的。

So I'm going to take you back to 1948.

所以接下來，我想帶各位 回到1948那年。

That year, the country was coming out of civil war.

那一年，哥斯大黎加 剛從一場內戰中解脫。

Thousands of Costa Ricans had died,

好幾千人死亡，

and families were bitterly split.

好幾個家庭流離失所。

And yet, a surprising idea won the hearts and minds:

但是，一個令人驚訝的想法 得到了大家的支持：

we would reboot the country,

我們將重新建立我們的國家，

and that Second Republic would have no army.

而且第二個共和國不會再有軍隊。

So we abolished it.

所以我們廢除了軍隊。

And the president at the time,

而當時的總統

José Figueres,

何塞·菲格雷斯，

found a powerful way by smashing the walls of an army base.

藉由敲毀軍事基地的圍牆， 向世人宣示全國人民的決心，

The following year, 1949,

接下來的1949年，

we made that decision permanent in the new constitution,

我們將這項決定永久地 列入國家的憲法裡，

and that is why I can tell you that story nearly 70 years later.

這也是為什麼，將近70年後， 我可以向各位訴說這段故事。

And I'm grateful.

我很感激，

I'm grateful they made that decision before I was born,

我很感激他們在我出生之前 做了這個決定，

because it allowed me and millions of others

因為這個決定， 讓我和好幾百萬個國人

to live in a very stable country.

可以生活在一個非常穩定的國家裏。

And you might be thinking that it was good luck,

各位可能會認為，那只是我們運氣好，

but it wasn't.

但這並不是，

There was a pattern of deliberate choices.

這一切是深思熟慮後，所下的決定。

In the '40s, Costa Ricans were given free education and free health care.

在40年代，哥斯大黎加人民 擁有免費教育及醫療照顧的福利。

We called that social guarantees.

我們把這些叫做社會保障。

By abolishing the army,

廢除軍隊後，

we were able to turn military spending into social spending,

我們可以將軍事上的開銷 移轉到社會福利上，

and that was a driver of stability.

而這也是我們國家 能穩定成長的原因。

In the '50s --

在50年代——

(Applause)

（掌聲）

In the '50s, we started investing in hydropower,

在50年代，我們開始投資水力發電

and that kept us away from the trap

這也使我們避免落入

of using fossil fuels for electricity generation,

用石化燃料發電的陷阱裡，

which is what the world is struggling with today.

而現在全世界 都在這個陷阱中掙扎。

In the '70s we invested in national parks,

在70年代，我們投資了國家公園，

and that kept us away

而這也使我們遠離了

from the deeply flawed logic of growth, growth, growth at any cost

「不惜一切代價發展、發展、發展」 大錯特錯的邏輯，

that you see others embracing, especially in the developing world.

但這個畸形的理念卻被 許多發展中國家所推崇。

In the '90s, we pioneered payments for ecosystem services,

在90年代，我們首先提出了 支付生態系統保護工作者工資的政策，

and that helped us reverse deforestation

而這幫助我們逆轉了 森林砍伐的後果，

and boosted ecotourism, which today is a key engine of growth.

同時促進了生態的旅遊， 這也是我們國家成長的重要引擎。

So investing in environmental protection

所以，投資在環境保護上，

did not hurt our economy.

並不會傷害我們的經濟，

Quite the opposite.

反而成為了我們國家發展的大功臣。

And it doesn't mean we are perfect,

但這並不代表我們是完美的，

and it doesn't mean we don't have contradictions.

也不代表我們沒有矛盾過。

That's not the point.

這不是重點，

The point is that, by making our own choices,

重點是，因為我們自己的選擇，

we were able to develop resilience in dealing with development problems.

我們得以發展出堅韌的意志力 來處理發展的問題。

Also, if you take a country like ours,

而且，以我們國家為例，

the GDP per capita is around 11,000 dollars,

我們的人均GDP大約1萬1美金，

depending on how you measure it.

這要看你怎麼計算。

But according to the Social Progress Index,

但根據社會進步指數的數據，

we are an absolute outlier

將GDP轉到社會發展上面的比例，

when it comes to turning GDP into social progress.

我們絕對是數一數二的。

Abolishing the army,

廢除軍隊、

investing in nature and people,

投資大自然與人民，

did something very powerful, too.

這幾點，都對我們的發展 做出了不可磨滅的貢獻。

It shaped the narrative,

這一切造就了我們的故事，

the narrative of a small country with big ideas,

小國家也能做大事的故事，

and it was very empowering to grow up with that narrative.

而我們的國家也伴隨著這個故事， 慢慢發展起來。

So the question is,

那麽問題來了，

what is the next big idea for this generation?

我們這一代的 要做的大事又是什麼呢？

And I believe what comes next

而我相信，我們這一代為了將來，

is for this generation to let go of fossil fuels for good,

會廢除石化燃料的使用，

just as we did with the army.

就像我們廢除軍隊一樣。

Fossil fuels create climate change.

石化燃料造成了氣候變化。

We know that,

我們都懂這一點，

and we know how vulnerable we are to the impacts of climate change.

我們也都知道，在面對氣候變遷時， 我們人類是不堪一擊的。

So as a developing country, it is in our best interest

所以身為一個發展中國家，

to build development without fossil fuels

在開發過程中，摒棄石化燃料的使用 對我們才是最佳的選擇，

that harm people in the first place.

因為使用石化燃料， 就是在傷害我們自己。

Because

因為

why would we continue importing oil

如果我們的交通運輸可以用電力代替，

for transportation

那又何必要繼續進口石油呢？

if we can use electricity instead?

記得，

Remember,

我們國家的電力

this is the country

是來自河流中的水力、

where electricity comes from water in our rivers,

來自火山的地熱、

heat from volcanoes,

來自渦輪機的風力、太陽能板、

wind turbines, solar panels,

生物廢料。

biowaste.

廢除石化燃料的使用，意味著 交通系統也會跟著變革，

Abolishing fossil fuels means disrupting our transportation system

所以我們就可以用電能來發動 汽車、公共汽車和火車，

so that we can power our cars, buses and trains with electricity

而不再是用會汙染環境的石油。

instead of dirty energy.

讓我告訴各位，哥斯大黎加的 交通運輸問題

And transportation, let me tell you,

一直困擾著人民，

has become an existential issue for us Costa Ricans,

因為現存的交通網路根本不適合我們，

because the model we have is not working for us.

它引響了人民的權益，

It's hurting people,

也傷害公司的利益、

it's hurting companies,

同時也在影響著我們的健康。

and it's hurting our health.

當政策與基礎建設都失敗的時候，

Because when policies and infrastructure fail,

就會造成這樣的情形。

this is what happens on a daily basis.

早上塞了兩個小時，

Two hours in the morning,

晚上還要塞兩個小時

two hours in the evening.

我不明白為什麼我們 必須接受這樣的常態，

I don't understand why we have to accept this as normal.

每天要浪費這麼多的時間在路上， 是很令人不快的。

It's offensive

而這條高速公路

to have to waste our time like this every single day.

比起其它國家的塞車情況

And this highway is actually quite good

還算是不嚴重的。

compared to what you see in other countries

哥斯大黎加人民把這個叫做 ”Presa“ (西班牙語)。

where traffic is exploding.

“ Presa” 是被囚禁的意思。

You know, Costa Ricans call this "presa."

而本該是在一個國家裏 過著純凈生活的人們

Presa means "imprisoned."

開始變得浮躁，暴力。

And people are turning violent

這正在發生中。

in a country that is otherwise happy in pura vida.

所以很多美好的事都受到了威脅。

It's happening.

好消息是，

So a lot is at stake.

當我們提到純凈無汙染的交通系統

The good news

和不一樣的運輸系統時，

is that when we talk about clean transportation

我們不是在討論 遙不可及的純凈樂土。

and different mobility,

我們談的電能運輸 是目前已經正在發生的事。

we're not talking about some distant utopia out there.

到2020年前，電動汽車與 傳統汽車的成本

We're talking about electric mobility that is happening today.

預測會來到一致的水平，

By 2022, electric cars and conventional cars

而且有的城市已經開始 嘗試使用電動公共汽車了。

are expected to cost the same,

而這些酷炫的高科技產品

and cities are already trying electric buses.

能替我們省很多錢，

And these really cool creatures

還能降低汙染。

are saving money,

所以，如果我們真的想擺脫 以石油為基礎的大眾運輸，我們是辦的到的，

and they reduce pollution.

因為我們有著前所未有的機會。

So if we want to get rid of oil-based transportation, we can,

這真的是非常激動人心。

because we have options now that we didn't have before.

但當然，

It's really exciting.

有些人會對這想法感到不快，

But of course,

然後他們會跳出來跟你說，

some get very uncomfortable with this idea,

整個世界只能被石油左右， 哥斯大黎加也在所難免，所以面對現實吧。

and they will come and they will tell you

這是他們會給你灌輸的想法。

that the world is stuck with oil, and so is Costa Rica, so get real.

那你知道如何回應他們嗎？

That's what they tell you.

1948年，我們並沒有說 因為世界都仍在戰亂，

And you know what the answer to that argument is?

所以我們繼續保留軍隊吧。

That in 1948, we didn't say the world is stuck with armies,

不，我們做了一個勇敢的決定，

so let's keep our army, too.

而且這個決定為世界 帶來了翻天覆地的改變。

No, we made a very brave choice,

所以是時候該我們這一代人 再次地勇敢站出來說，

and that choice made the whole difference.

為了大家好，把石化燃料徹底廢除吧！

So it's time for this generation to be brave again

而且我也有三個理由來解釋 我們為什麽一定要這樣做。

and abolish fossil fuels for good.

第一，

And I'll give you three reasons why we have to do this.

我們的運輸及城市化模式已經崩潰，

First,

所以現在是重新定義城市 和運輸系統未來的最佳時機。

our model of transportation and urbanization is broken,

我們不想要為「汽車」 建立城市。

so this is the best moment to redefine our urban and mobility future.

我們想要為「人民」 建立城市，

We don't want cities that are built for cars.

在那裏我們可以走路， 可以騎自行車。

We want cities for people

並且我們想要 大眾交通工具，

where we can walk and we can use bikes.

而且我們需要很多，

And we want public transportation,

純凈無汙染且高尚的 大眾運輸系統。

lots of it,

因為如果我們繼續增加 更多的傳統汽車，

public transportation that is clean and dignifying.

我們的城市將不堪重負。

Because if we continue adding fleets of conventional cars,

第二，我們必須改變，

our cities will become unbearable.

但是漸進式的改變是不夠的。

Second, we have to change,

我們需要的是徹底 轉型式的改變。

but incremental change is not going to be sufficient.

我們的國家也在實施一些 漸進式的改善計劃，

We need transformational change.

而我也是第一個 為這些計劃叫好的人。

And there are some incremental projects in my country,

但是別自欺欺人了，

and I am the first one to celebrate them.

我們談的不是這裏以後 會有漂亮的電動汽車

But let's not kid ourselves.

那裏又會有幾輛電動公共汽車，

We're not talking about ending up with really beautiful electric cars here

如果我們持續投資 跟以前一樣的城市基礎設施，

and a few electric buses there

這只會造成一樣的車多，路多，油多。

while we keep investing in the same kind of infrastructure,

我們談的是，徹底從石油中解脫，

more cars, more roads, more oil.

僅透過漸進式的改變根本辦不到。

We're talking about breaking free from oil,

第三，各位應該也清楚，

and you cannot get there through incrementalism.

世界渴望鼓舞人心的典範。

Third, and you know this one,

成功處理複雜事件的背後，

the world is hungry for inspiration.

隱藏著刻苦銘心的故事，

It craves stories of success

特別是在發展中國家。

in dealing with complex issues,

所以我覺得哥斯大黎加 可以成為別國的典範，

especially in developing countries.

就像去年，我們向世界宣告

So I believe Costa Rica can be an inspiration to others,

我們已經有很長一段時間

as we did last year when we disclosed

都沒有用石油來發電一樣。

that for so many days we were not using any fossil fuels

這則消息像病毒一樣 傳遍了全世界。

in order to generate all our electricity.

這件事也讓我感到非常的自豪，

The news went viral around the world.

一位哥斯大黎加的女性， 克裏斯汀安娜·菲格雷斯，

Also, and this makes me extremely proud,

在巴黎氣候協議中的談判 起到了關鍵性的作用。

a Costa Rican woman, Christiana Figueres,

所以我們會守護這個成就， 成為全世界的榜樣。

played a decisive role in the negotiations of the Paris climate agreement.

那麽接下來呢？

So we have to protect that legacy and be an example.

人民。

So what comes next?

我們要如何才能讓大家 接受這個想法呢？

The people.

我們如何才能

How do we get people to own this?

讓人們相信

How do we get people

建造一個沒有石化燃料的社會 是有可能的？

to believe that it's possible

很多基本工都要紮實， 這是必經過程。

to build a society without fossil fuels?

這就是為什麽，在2014年的時候， 我們創建了 Costa Rica Limpia（純淨哥斯大黎加）

A lot of work from the ground up is needed.

"Limpia" (西班牙語）的意思是 「乾淨」，

That is why, in 2014, we created Costa Rica Limpia.

因為我們想啟發、鼓勵我們的公民。

"Limpia" means "clean,"

如果公民不參與

because we want to empower and we want to inspire citizens.

純淨無汙染的運輸系統決策 將遙遙無期，

If citizens don't get engaged,

我的意思是，它將會被 永無止盡的技術研討會

clean transportation decisions will be bogged down by endless,

和代表不同利益的組織 所遊說阻撓。

and I mean endless, technical discussions,

成為一個由再生資源 供電的綠色國家，

and by avalanches of lobbying by various established interests.

已經深植在我們國人的內心，

Wanting to be a green country powered by renewables

我們不會讓任何人 奪走屬於我們的故事。

is already part of our story.

去年，來自七個省的民眾，

We should not let anybody take that away from us.

聚在一起討論氣候變化 對他們的影響，

Last year, we brought people from our seven provinces

今年，我們又聚集了另一群

to talk about climate change in terms that matter to them,

哥斯大黎加人民，

and we also brought this year

討論再生能源。

another group of Costa Ricans

各位知道嗎？

to talk about renewable energy.

這群人除了再生資源、

And you know what?

無汙染交通運輸和空氣清淨議題 有一致的共識外。

These people disagree on almost everything

幾乎反對所有的事情。

except on renewable energy

這件事讓人民更團結了。

and clean transportation and clean air.

真正能引導民眾積極參與的關鍵，

It brings people together.

是要讓他們覺得，自己並不渺小。

And the key to real participation

人民常感到心有無力，

is to help people not to feel small.

他們對於自己的聲音 沒被傾聽已倍感疲憊。

People feel powerless,

所以我們要做的就是 基礎的建立，

and they are tired of not being heard.

把專業的問題翻譯成 人民聽得懂的語言，

So what we do is concrete things,

這樣才能讓人民覺得 他們也是重要的一分子，也能有所貢獻。

and we translate technical issues into citizen language

這是第一次，我們會追蹤

to show that citizens have a role to play and can play it together.