without fossil fuels?

沒有石化燃料的社會?

This is a very complex challenge,

這是個很複雜艱困的挑戰，

and I believe developing countries could take the lead in this transition.

我相信發展中國家 可以為這個改變起帶頭作用。

And I'm aware that this is a contentious statement,

我知道這樣的說法很有爭議性，

but the reality is that so much is at stake in our countries

但現實問題是，如果我們把石化燃料

if we let fossil fuels stay at the center of our development.

列為國家發展的重點， 我們將會付出慘痛的代價。

We can do it differently.

我們必須創新。

And it's time, it really is time,

而且是時候，真的是時候

to debunk the myth

去揭穿

that a country has to choose between development on the one hand

國家只能在經濟發展及 環境保護議題中擇一發展的迷思，

and environmental protection, renewables, quality of life, on the other.

要經濟發展就沒有再生能源、 沒有生活品質，這種錯誤的迷思。

I come from Costa Rica, a developing country.

我來自哥斯大黎加，一個發展中的國家。

We are nearly five million people,

我們將近有五百萬的人口，

and we live right in the middle of the Americas,

我們位處美洲的中心，

so it's very easy to remember where we live.

所以很容易記得 我們居住的地方。

Nearly 100 percent of our electricity

我們的電力，100%，

comes from renewable sources,

來自再生能源，

five of them.

有五種。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Hydropower, geothermal,

水力發電、地熱發電、

wind, solar, biomass.

風力發電、太陽能、生物質能。

Did you know that last year,

不知各位是否知道，我們去年，

for 299 days,

連續299天，

we did not use any fossil fuels

我們沒有使用任何的石化燃料

in order to generate all our electricity?

來生產我們的電力？

It's a fantastic achievement,

這是一個了不起的成就，

and yet, it hides a paradox,

但，這背後隱藏了一個 似是而非的論點，

which is that nearly 70 percent

我們70%的

of all our energy consumption is oil.

能源消耗都是石油。

Why?

為什麼？

Because of our transportation system,

因為我們的運輸系統

which is totally dependent on fossil fuels,

幾乎完全仰賴石化燃料，

like it is in most countries.

就像其他國家一樣。

So if we think of the energy transition as a marathon,

所以如果我們將能源過渡， 視為一場馬拉松，

the question is, how do we get to the finish line,

那麽問題來了，我們如何 才能到抵達終點線？

how do we decarbonize the rest of the economy?

其餘的經濟發展要如何「脫碳」？

And it's fair to say that if we don't succeed,

幾乎可以這麼說， 如果我們無法成功，

it's difficult to see who will.

那其它國家也很難做到。

So that is why I want to talk to you about Costa Rica,

這也是為什麼我要向各位談談 哥斯大黎加，

because I believe we are a great candidate

因為我相信，我們在 不使用石化燃料的發展藍圖中

in pioneering a vision for development without fossil fuels.

是一個不錯的候選人。

If you know one thing about our country,

如果各位認識我們的國家，

it's that we don't have an army.

其中一件事就是， 我們是沒有軍隊的。

So I'm going to take you back to 1948.

所以接下來，我想帶各位 回到1948那年。

That year, the country was coming out of civil war.

那一年，哥斯大黎加 剛從一場內戰中解脫。

Thousands of Costa Ricans had died,

好幾千人死亡，

and families were bitterly split.

好幾個家庭流離失所。

And yet, a surprising idea won the hearts and minds:

但是，一個令人驚訝的想法 得到了大家的支持：

we would reboot the country,

我們將重新建立我們的國家，

and that Second Republic would have no army.

而且第二個共和國不會再有軍隊。

So we abolished it.

所以我們廢除了軍隊。

And the president at the time,

而當時的總統

José Figueres,

何塞·菲格雷斯，

found a powerful way by smashing the walls of an army base.

藉由敲毀軍事基地的圍牆， 向世人宣示全國人民的決心，

The following year, 1949,

接下來的1949年，

we made that decision permanent in the new constitution,

我們將這項決定永久地 列入國家的憲法裡，

and that is why I can tell you that story nearly 70 years later.

這也是為什麼，將近70年後， 我可以向各位訴說這段故事。

And I'm grateful.

我很感激，

I'm grateful they made that decision before I was born,

我很感激他們在我出生之前 做了這個決定，

because it allowed me and millions of others

因為這個決定， 讓我和好幾百萬個國人

to live in a very stable country.

可以生活在一個非常穩定的國家裏。

And you might be thinking that it was good luck,

各位可能會認為，那只是我們運氣好，

but it wasn't.

但這並不是，

There was a pattern of deliberate choices.

這一切是深思熟慮後，所下的決定。

In the '40s, Costa Ricans were given free education and free health care.

在40年代，哥斯大黎加人民 擁有免費教育及醫療照顧的福利。

We called that social guarantees.

我們把這些叫做社會保障。

By abolishing the army,

廢除軍隊後，

we were able to turn military spending into social spending,

我們可以將軍事上的開銷 移轉到社會福利上，

and that was a driver of stability.

而這也是我們國家 能穩定成長的原因。

In the '50s --

在50年代——

(Applause)

（掌聲）

In the '50s, we started investing in hydropower,

在50年代，我們開始投資水力發電

and that kept us away from the trap

這也使我們避免落入

of using fossil fuels for electricity generation,

用石化燃料發電的陷阱裡，

which is what the world is struggling with today.

而現在全世界 都在這個陷阱中掙扎。

In the '70s we invested in national parks,

在70年代，我們投資了國家公園，

and that kept us away

而這也使我們遠離了

from the deeply flawed logic of growth, growth, growth at any cost

「不惜一切代價發展、發展、發展」 大錯特錯的邏輯，

that you see others embracing, especially in the developing world.

但這個畸形的理念卻被 許多發展中國家所推崇。

In the '90s, we pioneered payments for ecosystem services,

在90年代，我們首先提出了 支付生態系統保護工作者工資的政策，

and that helped us reverse deforestation

而這幫助我們逆轉了 森林砍伐的後果，

and boosted ecotourism, which today is a key engine of growth.

同時促進了生態的旅遊， 這也是我們國家成長的重要引擎。

So investing in environmental protection

所以，投資在環境保護上，

did not hurt our economy.

並不會傷害我們的經濟，

Quite the opposite.

反而成為了我們國家發展的大功臣。

And it doesn't mean we are perfect,

但這並不代表我們是完美的，

and it doesn't mean we don't have contradictions.

也不代表我們沒有矛盾過。

That's not the point.

這不是重點，

The point is that, by making our own choices,

重點是，因為我們自己的選擇，

we were able to develop resilience in dealing with development problems.

我們得以發展出堅韌的意志力 來處理發展的問題。

Also, if you take a country like ours,

而且，以我們國家為例，

the GDP per capita is around 11,000 dollars,

我們的人均GDP大約1萬1美金，

depending on how you measure it.

這要看你怎麼計算。

But according to the Social Progress Index,

但根據社會進步指數的數據，

we are an absolute outlier

將GDP轉到社會發展上面的比例，

when it comes to turning GDP into social progress.

我們絕對是數一數二的。

Abolishing the army,

廢除軍隊、

investing in nature and people,

投資大自然與人民，

did something very powerful, too.

這幾點，都對我們的發展 做出了不可磨滅的貢獻。

It shaped the narrative,

這一切造就了我們的故事，

the narrative of a small country with big ideas,

小國家也能做大事的故事，

and it was very empowering to grow up with that narrative.

而我們的國家也伴隨著這個故事， 慢慢發展起來。

So the question is,

那麽問題來了，

what is the next big idea for this generation?

我們這一代的 要做的大事又是什麼呢？

And I believe what comes next

而我相信，我們這一代為了將來，

is for this generation to let go of fossil fuels for good,

會廢除石化燃料的使用，

just as we did with the army.

就像我們廢除軍隊一樣。

Fossil fuels create climate change.

石化燃料造成了氣候變化。

We know that,

我們都懂這一點，

and we know how vulnerable we are to the impacts of climate change.

我們也都知道，在面對氣候變遷時， 我們人類是不堪一擊的。

So as a developing country, it is in our best interest

所以身為一個發展中國家，

to build development without fossil fuels

在開發過程中，摒棄石化燃料的使用 對我們才是最佳的選擇，

that harm people in the first place.

因為使用石化燃料， 就是在傷害我們自己。

Because

因為

why would we continue importing oil

如果我們的交通運輸可以用電力代替，

for transportation

那又何必要繼續進口石油呢？

if we can use electricity instead?

記得，

Remember,

我們國家的電力

this is the country

是來自河流中的水力、

where electricity comes from water in our rivers,

來自火山的地熱、

heat from volcanoes,

來自渦輪機的風力、太陽能板、

wind turbines, solar panels,

生物廢料。

biowaste.

廢除石化燃料的使用，意味著 交通系統也會跟著變革，

Abolishing fossil fuels means disrupting our transportation system

所以我們就可以用電能來發動 汽車、公共汽車和火車，

so that we can power our cars, buses and trains with electricity

而不再是用會汙染環境的石油。

instead of dirty energy.

讓我告訴各位，哥斯大黎加的 交通運輸問題

And transportation, let me tell you,

一直困擾著人民，

has become an existential issue for us Costa Ricans,

因為現存的交通網路根本不適合我們，

because the model we have is not working for us.

它引響了人民的權益，

It's hurting people,

也傷害公司的利益、

it's hurting companies,

同時也在影響著我們的健康。

and it's hurting our health.

當政策與基礎建設都失敗的時候，

Because when policies and infrastructure fail,

就會造成這樣的情形。

this is what happens on a daily basis.

早上塞了兩個小時，

Two hours in the morning,

晚上還要塞兩個小時

two hours in the evening.

我不明白為什麼我們 必須接受這樣的常態，

I don't understand why we have to accept this as normal.

每天要浪費這麼多的時間在路上， 是很令人不快的。

It's offensive

而這條高速公路

to have to waste our time like this every single day.

比起其它國家的塞車情況

And this highway is actually quite good

還算是不嚴重的。

compared to what you see in other countries

哥斯大黎加人民把這個叫做 ”Presa“ (西班牙語)。

where traffic is exploding.

“ Presa” 是被囚禁的意思。

You know, Costa Ricans call this "presa."

而本該是在一個國家裏 過著純凈生活的人們

Presa means "imprisoned."

開始變得浮躁，暴力。

And people are turning violent

這正在發生中。

in a country that is otherwise happy in pura vida.

所以很多美好的事都受到了威脅。

It's happening.

好消息是，

So a lot is at stake.

當我們提到純凈無汙染的交通系統

The good news

和不一樣的運輸系統時，

is that when we talk about clean transportation

我們不是在討論 遙不可及的純凈樂土。

and different mobility,

我們談的電能運輸 是目前已經正在發生的事。

we're not talking about some distant utopia out there.

到2020年前，電動汽車與 傳統汽車的成本

We're talking about electric mobility that is happening today.

預測會來到一致的水平，

By 2022, electric cars and conventional cars

而且有的城市已經開始 嘗試使用電動公共汽車了。

are expected to cost the same,

而這些酷炫的高科技產品

and cities are already trying electric buses.

能替我們省很多錢，

And these really cool creatures

還能降低汙染。

are saving money,

所以，如果我們真的想擺脫 以石油為基礎的大眾運輸，我們是辦的到的，

and they reduce pollution.

因為我們有著前所未有的機會。

So if we want to get rid of oil-based transportation, we can,

這真的是非常激動人心。

because we have options now that we didn't have before.

但當然，

It's really exciting.

有些人會對這想法感到不快，

But of course,

然後他們會跳出來跟你說，

some get very uncomfortable with this idea,

整個世界只能被石油左右， 哥斯大黎加也在所難免，所以面對現實吧。

and they will come and they will tell you

這是他們會給你灌輸的想法。

that the world is stuck with oil, and so is Costa Rica, so get real.

那你知道如何回應他們嗎？

That's what they tell you.

1948年，我們並沒有說 因為世界都仍在戰亂，

And you know what the answer to that argument is?

所以我們繼續保留軍隊吧。

That in 1948, we didn't say the world is stuck with armies,

不，我們做了一個勇敢的決定，

so let's keep our army, too.

而且這個決定為世界 帶來了翻天覆地的改變。

No, we made a very