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  • Hi, I’m John Green, this is Crash Course US History and today were gonna talk about

    大家好我是約翰葛林,這是美國歷史速成班

  • the 1960s. Mr. Green, Mr. Green. Great. The decade made

    今天的主題是1960年代。葛林先生,這個時代

  • famous by the narcissists who lived throuh it.

    以當代的自戀者聞名

  • Hey, me from the past, finally you and I agree about something wholeheartedly.

    嘿,過去的我,你和現在的我總算有個共識了

  • But while I don’t wish to indulge the baby-boomersfantasies about their centrality to world

    雖然我不想讓嬰兒潮世代認為他們是世界歷史的中心

  • history, the sixties were an important time. I mean, there was the Cold War, Vietnam, a

    但這個時代的確重要,冷戰、越戰

  • rising tide of conservatism (despite Woodstock), racism.

    保守主義崛起(即使有胡士托音樂節)、種族主義

  • There were the Kennedy’s and Camelot, John, Paul, George, and to a lesser extent, Ringo.

    有甘迺迪、卡美洛王朝、約翰、保羅、喬治以及影響力較小的的林哥史達

  • And of course, there was also Martin Luther King Jr.

    當然,還有小馬丁・路德・金恩博士

  • So, the 1960s saw people organizing and actively

    介紹一下,六零年代的人

  • working for change both in the social order and in government.

    組織動員想改變社會秩序與政府

  • This included the student movement, the women’s movement, movements for gay rights, and a push by the courts to

    包含學生運動、女性運動、爭取同性權益、擴大人權

  • expand rights in general. But, by the end of the 1960s, the anti-war

    但在六零年代的尾聲,反戰運動的出現

  • movement seemed to have overshadowed all the rest.

    似乎讓其他運動相形失色

  • So as youll no doubt remember from last week, the civil rights movement began in the

    相信你還記得上週所講,民權運動

  • 1950s, if not before, but many of its key moments happened in the sixties.

    始於五零年代,可能更早,但重點活動都在六零年代

  • And this really began with sit-ins that took place in Greensboro North Carolina.

    民權運動從靜坐開始,地點在北卡羅來納州的格林斯伯勒市

  • Black university students walked into Woolworths and waited at the lunch counters to be served,

    黑人大學學生走進沃爾沃斯在午餐櫃檯等候點餐

  • or, more likely, arrested. After 5 months of that, those students eventually

    最後他們被逮捕。五個月後這些學生

  • got Woolworths to serve black customers. Then, in 1961, leaders from the Congress On

    總算讓沃爾沃斯服務黑人顧客。

  • Racial Equality launched Freedom Rides to integrate interstate buses. Volunteers rode

    1961種族平等大會發起了「自由乘車運動」整合州間巴士

  • the buses into the Deep South where they faced violence including beatings and a bombing

    自願者搭乘巴士到南方腹地,他們在阿拉巴馬州安尼斯敦遭毆打,經歷爆炸

  • in Anniston AL. But despite that, those freedom rides also

    即使如此,這些自由乘車運動最後達到了目的

  • proved successful and eventually the ICC desegregated interstate buses.

    國州際商務委員會(ICC)解除巴士上隔離有色人種的規定

  • In fact, by the end of the 60s over 70,000 people had taken part in demonstrations, from

    事實上六零年代尾聲,從靜坐、討論會到遊行

  • sit-ins, to teach-ins, to marches. But they weren’t all successful. Martin

    超過七萬人參加抗議行動,但不是每個活動都成功

  • Luther King’s year-long protests in Albany, GA didn’t end discrimination in the city.

    金恩博士在喬治亞洲奧巴尼長達數年的抗議並沒有終止種族歧視

  • And it took JFK ordering federal troops to escort James Meredith to class for him to

    讓甘迺迪總統命令聯邦軍隊護送詹姆士梅洛迪斯

  • attend the University of Mississippi. The University of Mississippi: America’s

    到密西西比大學上課。密西西比大學:美國的後段大學

  • fallback college. Sorry, I’m from Alabama. So, the Civil Rights movement reached its

    不好意思,我阿拉巴馬州來的

  • greatest national prominence in 1963 when Martin Luther King came to my hometown of

    民權運動於1963年到達高峰,那年金恩博士到我的家鄉阿拉巴馬州賓漢頓市

  • Birmingham, Alabama, where there had been more than 50 racially-motivated bombings since

    這裡自二戰以來就有超過五十起的種族衝突引起的爆炸事件

  • WWII. Television brought the reality of the Jim

    民眾家裡電視播出克勞布林康納派出警犬和水柱攻擊

  • Crow South into people’s homes as images of Bull Connor’s police dogs and water cannons

    和平抗議吉姆克勞法的遊行人群

  • being turned on peaceful marchers, many of them children, horrified viewers and eventually

    人們看見的是當中有許多小孩與受到驚嚇的目擊者

  • led Kennedy to endorse the movement’s goals. Probably should mention that John F. Kennedy

    最後甘迺迪總統同意為此運動背書

  • was president of the United States at the time, having been elected in 1960. He was

    應該要提一下,甘迺迪是當時的總統,於1960當選

  • assassinated in 1963 leading to Lyndon Johnson. Alright, politics over.

    他在1963年被暗殺後交棒給林頓・詹森,好,政治就談到這裡

  • Anyway, in response to these peaceful protests, Birmingham jailed Martin Luther King where

    總之這些和平抗議導致金恩博士被關押在伯明罕監獄

  • he wrote one of the great letters in American history (doesn’t have a great name): Letter

    在獄裡他寫出了美國史上最具影響力的信之一

  • from Birmingham Jail. 1963 also saw the March on Washington, the

    但信的名字並不偉大就是了:來自伯明罕監獄的信。

  • largest public demonstration in American history up to that time where King gave his famous

    1963年華盛頓遊行是美國史上最大的遊行,金恩博士就在這場遊行中

  • speech, “I have a Dream.” King and the other organizers called for a

    發表那次有名的演講《我有一個夢想》,並與其他的發起人

  • civil rights bill and help for the poor, demanding public works, a higher minimum wage, and an

    呼籲通過民權法案幫助窮人、要求公共建設、提高最低工資

  • end to discrimination in employment. Which eventually, in one of the great bright

    這在美國歷史最光明的一刻使終結工作上的歧視

  • spots in American history, did sort of happen with the Civil Rights Act.

    在民權法案通過後的確有所進展

  • So, one reason American history teachers focus on the Civil Rights Movement so much is that

    教美國歷史的老師把重點放在民權運動的原因之一 是

  • it successfully brought actual legislative change.

    該運動成功地在法律上做出改變

  • After being elected president, John F. Kennedy was initially cool to civil rights, but to

    甘迺迪選上總統後,也是支持民權的

  • be fair, the Cold War occupied a lot of his time, what with the Cuban Missile Crisis and

    但實際上冷戰佔據他太多時間,特別是古巴飛彈危機

  • the Bay of Pigs and whatnot. But the demonstrations of 1963 pushed John

    加上豬玀灣戰爭之類的。但1963年的遊行使得甘迺迪總統

  • F. Kennedy to support civil rights more actively. According to our dear friend, the historian

    更積極地支持民權法案。我們的好友,歷史學家艾里克・佛納說:

  • Eric Foner, “Kennedy realized that the United States simply could not declare itself the

    「甘迺迪意識到美國若自己還實行種族不平等

  • champion of freedom throughout the world while maintaining a system of racial inequality

    就不能把自己稱作全世界的自由先驅。」

  • at home.”[1] So that June he appeared on TV and called

    因此那年六月他上電視呼籲國會

  • on Congress to pass a law that would ban discrimination in all public accommodations.

    通過在公眾場合禁止歧視的法案

  • And then he was assassinated. Thanks, Lee Harvey Oswald. Or possibly someone else. But

    接著他被暗殺了,還真是謝謝你了,李・哈維・奧斯華德,或者是另有其人

  • probably Lee Harvey Oswald. So then, Lyndon Johnson became president and

    但應該真的是他。下一任總統是林頓・詹森

  • he pushed Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

    他要國會通過1964年民權法案

  • The law prohibited discrimination in employment, schools, hospitals, and privately owned public

    這項法案禁止工作、學校、醫院和私有場所

  • places like restaurants, and hotels and theaters, and it also banned discrimination on the basis

    像是餐廳、旅館、電影院的歧視行為,同時也禁止性別上的歧視

  • of sex. The Civil Rights Act was a major moment in

    美國立法歷史上,通過民權法案是個重要時刻

  • American legislative history, but it hardly made the United States a haven of equality.

    但卻沒有讓美國實行真正的平等

  • So, Civil Rights leaders continued to push for the enfranchisement of African Americans.

    因此民權領袖持續推動非裔美國人的投票權

  • After Freedom Summer workers registered people in Mississippi to vote, King launched a march

    當自由之夏社運志工讓密西西比的人登記投票權之後

  • for voting rights in Selma, Alabama in January, 1965.

    1965年一月金恩博士發起賽爾瑪和阿拉巴馬州投票權的遊行

  • And again, television swayed public opinion in favor of the demonstrators. Thank you, TV, for your

    大眾因為電視媒體轉而支持那些社運志工,感謝電視為人性作出的唯一貢獻

  • one and only gift to humanity. Just kidding, BattleStar Galactica.

    開玩笑的,其實是星際大爭霸

  • So, in 1965 Congress passed the Voting Rights Act, which gave the federal government the

    1965年國會通過的選舉法案給予聯邦政府權力

  • power to oversee voting in places where discrimination was practiced.

    去那些有歧視情形的地區監督投票

  • In 1965, Congress also passed the Hart-Cellar Act, which got rid of national origin quotas

    1965年國會通過移民與國籍法案,消除按國籍分配的移民限額

  • and allowed Asian immigrants to immigrate to the United States. Unfortunately the law

    允許亞裔移民定居美國,不幸的是

  • also introduced quotas on immigrants from the Western Hemisphere.

    這項法案也讓來自西半球的移民有了限額

  • Lyndon Johnson’s domestic initiatives from 1965 through 1967 are known as the Great Society,

    詹森總統稱1965到1967的國內政策為「偉大社會」

  • and it’s possible that if he hadn’t been responsible for America escalating the war

    如果他不是讓美國越戰一塌糊塗的罪魁禍首

  • in Vietnam, he might have been remembered, at least by liberals, as one of America’s

    他或許會在自由主義者心中成為美國史上最偉大的總統之一

  • greatest presidents. Because the Great Society expanded a lot of

    因為社會擴大許多新政法案的承諾

  • the promises of the New Deal, especially in the creation of health insurance programs,

    特別是醫療保險

  • like Medicare for the elderly and Medicaid for the poor.

    包含老年醫療和貧困醫療補助計畫

  • He also went to War on Poverty. Never go to war with a noun. You will always lose.

    他也「向貧窮開戰」(War on Poverty),別和名詞開戰因為你贏不了

  • Johnson treated poverty as a social problem, rather than an economic one. So instead of

    詹森總統把貧窮視做社會問題而非經濟問題

  • focusing on jobs or guaranteed income, his initiatives stressed things like training.

    重點不是在工作和保障薪資,他強調的是訓練

  • That unfortunately failed to take into account shifts in the economy away from high wage

    不幸的是他沒把經濟轉變考慮進去

  • union manufacturing jobs toward more lower-wage service jobs. [2]

    從高工資的製造業轉向低工資的服務業

  • Here’s what Eric Foner had to say about Johnson’s domestic accomplishments: “By

    以下引用自歷史學家佛納對於詹森政績的評論

  • the 1990s […] the historic gap between whites and blacks in education, income, and access

    「到了1990年代,黑人與白人在教育、薪資、與進入高階職業的差距

  • to skilled employment narrowed considerably. But with deindustrialization and urban decay

    縮小很多,但去工業化與城市衰敗

  • affecting numerous families and most suburbs still being off limits to non-white people,

    影響許多家庭,且大多數的郊區還是不歡迎非白人

  • the median wealth of white households remained ten times greater than that of African Americans,

    白人家庭的財富中位數仍是非裔美國人的十倍

  • and nearly a quarter of all black children lived in poverty.”

    且將近四分之一的黑人孩童過著貧窮的生活

  • While Congress was busy enacting Johnson’s Great Society programs, the movement for African

    當國會正忙著實行詹森總統的「偉大社會」計畫時

  • American freedom was changing. Let’s go to the ThoughtBubble.

    非裔美國人的自由運動正在改變,讓我們來看一下想法對話框

  • Persistent poverty and continued discrimination in the workplace, housing, education, and

    貧窮與歧視問題一直存在於工作場合、住房、教育與司法體制

  • criminal justice system might explain the shift away from integration and toward black

    這就能解釋為何無法整合,也無法走向黑人運動的道路

  • power, a celebration of African American culture and criticism of whitesoppression. 1964

    黑人運動展現認同非裔美國人文化以及反擊白人的壓迫

  • saw the beginnings of riots in city ghettoes, for instance, mostly in Northern cities.

    舉例來說1964年暴亂的開端大多發生在北方城市的貧民窟

  • The worst riots were in 1965 in Watts, in southern California. These left 35 people

    最糟的一暴亂發生於1965年,在南加州的瓦茲市

  • dead, 900 injured, and $30 million in damage. Newark and Detroit also saw devastating riots

    造成35人死亡,900人受傷,損失三千萬美元,紐沃克和底特律也在1967年發生嚴重的暴亂

  • in 1967. In 1968 the Kerner Report blamed the cause of the rioting on segregation, poverty,

    隔年柯諾報告指出暴亂的原因是種族隔離、貧窮以及白人種族主義

  • and white racism. Then there’s Malcolm X, who many white people

    接著是麥爾坎X,被許多白人視為暴力支持者

  • regarded as an advocate for violence, but who also called for self-reliance. It’s

    但他自己的說法是自立自強

  • tempting to see leadership shifting from King to X as the civil rights movement became more

    很高興看到領導者的位置從金恩博士轉到X時

  • militant, but Malcolm X was active in the early 1960s and he was killed in 1965, three

    民權運動變的軍事化,但他在1960年代早期相當活躍,1965年遭殺害

  • years before Martin Luther King was assassinated and before all the major shifts in emphasis

    三年後金恩博士遭暗殺,之後才是運動主軸轉向黑人權利

  • towards black power. Older Civil Rights groups like CORE abandoned

    舊的民權運動團體如CORE

  • integration as a goal after 1965 and started to call for black power. The rhetoric of Black

    1965年後放棄融合的目標並開始呼籲黑人力量

  • Power could be strident, but its message of black empowerment was deeply resonant for

    黑人力量這個說法或許刻意,但所傳達的訊息正是許多人的心聲

  • many. Oakland’s Black Panther Party did carry guns in self-defense but they also offered

    奧克蘭的黑豹黨的確為了防衛自身隨身佩槍

  • a lot of neighborhood services. But the Black Power turned many white people away from the

    但他們也做很多社區服務。黑人力量也使許多白人不再重視非裔美國人

  • struggle for African American freedom, and by the end of the 1960s, many Americans

    爭取自由的困境,而在1960年代尾聲,許多美國人的注意力都轉向

  • attention had shifted to anti-war movement. Thanks, ThoughtBubble. So it was Vietnam that

    都轉向反戰運動,感謝想法對話框

  • really galvanized students even though many didn’t have to go to Vietnam because they

    即使學生因為身份不必參戰,但因為越戰,他們到越南去

  • had student deferments. They just really, really didn’t want their friends to go.

    他們其實只是不希望自己的朋友去

  • The anti-war movement and the civil rights movement inspired other groups to seek an

    反戰運動與民權運動激勵了其他團體結束壓迫

  • end to oppression. Like, Latinos organized to celebrate their heritage and end discrimination.

    例如拉丁裔族群組織認同自己的血統並終結歧視

  • Latino activism was like black power, but much more explicitly linked to labor justice,

    拉丁裔族群的運動像黑人運動,但明顯地勞工正義比較有關

  • especially the strike efforts led by Cesar Chavez and the United Farm Workers.

    特別是由凱薩柴維斯與農場工人聯合公會發起的運動

  • The American Indian Movement, founded in 1968, took over Alcatraz to symbolize the land that

    美國印地安人運動始於1968年,佔領惡魔島象徵

  • had been taken from Native Americans. And they won greater tribal control over education,

    這裡曾被印地安人佔領。他們能主宰自己的教育、

  • economic development, and they also filed suits for restitution.

    經濟發展,也提出賠償告訴

  • And in June of 1969, after police raided a gay bar, called the Stonewall Inn, members

    1969年六月,警方突襲一家叫做石牆旅館(Stonewall Inn)的同性酒吧

  • of the gay community began a series of demonstrations in New York City, which touched off the modern

    同性戀者在紐約市展開一連串的抗議行動

  • gay liberation movement. Oh, it’s time for the Mystery Document?

    這激發了現代同性解放運動。噢,神秘文件的時間到了嗎?

  • The rules here are pretty simple. I read the Mystery Document, guess the author,

    規則很簡單,我讀這份神秘文件,猜作者

  • I’m either right or I get shocked. Alright, what have we got here.

    每次不是猜對,不然就是大吃一驚,來看一下這是什麼吧!

  • If the Bill of Rights contains no guarantee that a citizen shall be secure against lethal

    如果《權利法案》無法保障公民能免於

  • poisons distributed either by private individuals or by public officials [I already know it!],

    由個人或政府官員播灑致命的毒藥所害

  • it is surely only because our forefathers, despite their considerable wisdom and foresight,

    一定是因為,即使有前人的智慧與遠見

  • could conceive of no such problem.

    仍無法看見這樣的問題

  • Rachel Carson! Silent Spring. YES. I am on such a roll.

    瑞秋卡爾森!《寂靜的春天》!我真是好運當頭啊!

  • Silent Spring was a massively important book because it was the first time that anyone

    寂靜的春天是本重要的書,因為那是第一次有人

  • really described all of the astonishingly poisonous things we were putting into the

    真正描述那些我們釋放到空氣、地下、水中的毒物

  • air and the ground and the water. Fortunately, that’s all been straightened

    幸運的是這些問題都有了解決方案

  • out now and everything that we do and make as human beings is now sustainable. What’s

    每件人類所做的事、所製造的東西都可以永續使用

  • that? Oh god. The environmental movement gained huge bipartisan

    什麼?天啊,環境運動得到兩黨的大力支持

  • support and it resulted in important legislation during the Nixon era, including the Clean

    並於尼克森時代成功通過重要的法律

  • Air and Water Acts, and the Endangered Species Act. And yes, I said that environmental legislation

    包含空氣法案、水源法案以及危險物種法案

  • was passed during the Nixon administration. But perhaps the most significant freedom movement

    沒錯,我剛剛說環境法案是在尼克森時代通過的。

  • in terms of number of people involved and long-lasting effects was the American Feminist

    但若以參與人數以及日後影響大小來看

  • movement. This is usually said to have begun with the

    最重要的自由運動是美國女性運動

  • publication of Betty Friedan’s book The Feminine Mystique, which set out to describe

    聽說始於貝蒂・傅瑞丹出版的《女性的奧秘》(The Feminine Mystique)

  • the problem that has no name.” Turns out the name ismisogyny.” [3]

    書中描述一個「沒有名字的問題」,結果這個問題是「仇女」

  • Friedan described a constricting social and economic system that affected mostly middle

    道出限制大多數中產階級女性發展的社會與經濟體制問題

  • class women, but it resonated with the educated classes and led to the foundation of the National

    但這讓受教育的階級產生共鳴,並促成1966年

  • Organization of Women in 1966. Participation in student and civil rights

    國家女性組織的出現,參與由許多女性帶領的學生與民權運動

  • movements led many women to identify themselves as members of a group that was systematically

    顯示自己是體制下受到歧視的一群

  • discriminated against. And bysystemic,” I mean that in 1963,

    這裡的「體制」是指1963年

  • 5.8% of doctors were women and 3.7% of lawyers were women and fewer than 10% of doctoral

    僅5.8%的醫生是女性,3.7%的律師是女性,10%的女性拿到博士學位

  • degrees went to women. They are more than half of the population.

    但女性人口占總人口超過一半

  • While Congress responded with the Equal Pay Act in 1963, younger women sought greater

    當國會通過1963年的同酬法案以回應女性需求,年輕女性除法律之外

  • power and autonomy in addition to legislation. Crucially, 60s-era feminists opened America

    也追求權力與自治,重點是,六零年代女性主義者讓美國接觸了

  • to the idea that thepersonal is political,” especially when it came to equal pay, childcare,

    「個人即政治」的觀念,特別是談到薪資平等、孩童照護以及墮胎議題

  • and abortion. Weirdly, the branch of government that provided

    奇怪的是,給予最多支持的竟然是最高法院

  • most support to the expansion of personal freedom in the 1960s was the most conservative

    這個最保守的政府機構在1960年代擴大了個人自由

  • one, the Supreme Court. The Warren Court handed down so many decisions expanding civil rights

    最高華勒法院正式宣佈許多擴大民權的決定

  • that the era has sometimes been called a rights revolution.

    那個時代有時候被叫做權利革命時代

  • The Warren court expanded the protections of free speech and assembly under the First

    華勒法院擴大在第一修正案底下的言論自由與集會自由權

  • Amendment and freedom of the press in the New York Times v. Sullivan decision. It struck

    也因為《紐約時報》訴蘇利文案擴大了媒體自由

  • down a law banning interracial marriage in the most appropriately named case ever, Loving

    當時因為一個擁有最適合名字的案例《深愛夫婦訴維吉尼亞洲》

  • v. Virginia. And although this would become a lightning

    該法院也推翻了禁止黑白通婚的法律,即使這對於許多保守觀念者

  • rod for many conservatives, Supreme Court decisions greatly expanded the protections

    是一大打擊,最高法院的決定大大地擴大了對遭指控為犯罪者的保護

  • of people accused of crimes. Gideon v. Wainwright secured the right to

    《吉迪恩訴溫賴特案》保護了罪犯要求辯護律師的權利

  • attorney, Mapp v. Ohio established the exclusionary rule under the Fourth Amendment, and Miranda

    《馬普訴俄亥俄州案》建立了根據美國憲法第四條修正案的排除原則

  • v. Arizona provided fodder for Channing Tatum in his great movie, 21 Jump Street, insuring

    《米蘭達訴亞利桑那州案》提供查寧・泰坦在電影龍虎少年隊中

  • that he would always have to say to every perp, “You have the right to remain silent.”

    對罪犯說的一句台詞:「你有權利保持緘默。」

  • But you can’t silence my heart, Channing Tatum. It beats only for thee.

    但你無法澆熄我的熱情啊,查寧・泰坦,我的心只為你跳動

  • But, the most innovative and controversial decisions actually established a new right

    但是最創新且最具爭議的決定的確促成一個新權利的誕生

  • where none had existed in the constitution. Griswold v. Connecticut, dealt with contraception,

    是憲法沒有涵蓋的。《格裡斯沃爾德訴康涅狄格案》解決避孕問題

  • and Roe v. Wade, guaranteed a woman’s right to an abortion (at least in the first trimester).

    《羅訴偉德案》保障女性墮胎的權利(至少在頭三個月內)

  • And those two decisions formed the basis of a new right, the right to privacy.

    這兩項決定成為隱私權這項新權利的基礎

  • Protests, the counter culture, and the liberation movements continued well into the early 1970s,

    抗議、反文化以及自由運動一直持續到1970年代

  • losing steam with the end of the Vietnam war and America’s economy plunging into the

    在越戰尾聲以及美國經濟陷入困境後漸漸失去影響力

  • toilet. For many, though, the year 1968 sums up the decade.

    對許多人來說,1968年可以總結這十年發生的事

  • 1968 began with the Tet Offensive in Vietnam, which stirred up the anti-war protests. Then

    1968年爆發新春攻勢,激起反戰抗議行動

  • racial violence erupted after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1968.

    接著種族暴力事件在1968年四月四號,金恩博士被暗殺後爆發

  • Then, anti-war demonstrators as well as some counter culture types arrived in large numbers

    接著許多反戰示威者以及反文化者來到1968年在芝加哥的民主集會

  • at the 1968 Democratic convention in Chicago where they were set upon by police and beaten

    集會當中他們遭警方攻擊、毆打

  • in what was later described as a “police riot.”

    後來他們把這起事件叫做「警方暴亂」

  • 1968 also saw the Prague Spring uprising in Czechoslovakia crushed by the Soviets. And

    1968年發生了捷克斯洛伐克國的布拉格之春,隨後因蘇聯干涉失敗

  • student demonstrators were killed by the police in Mexico City where the Olympics were held

    學生在舉辦奧運的墨西哥城市被殺

  • and Parisian students took to the streets in widespread protests against, you know,

    巴黎學生走上街頭就為了抗議,你知道的

  • France. All this unrest scared a lot of people who

    抗議法國。這些不安定使得人心惶惶

  • ended up voting for Richard Nixon and his promises to return to law and order.

    這些人最後投票給理查・尼克森,他承諾要回復法紀與秩序

  • Ultimately, like any decade or arbitrary historicalage,” the 60s defies easy categorization.

    最後,像其他時代或主觀認定歷史的時代一樣,六零年代不輕易落入任何分類

  • Yes, there were hippies and liberation movements, but there were also reactions to those movements.

    當時有嬉皮、自由運動,但也有針對這些運動的反對聲音

  • On this one, I’m just gonna leave it up to Eric Foner to summarize the decade’s

    談到這裡,就讓歷史學家佛納來總結這一個十年的歷史:

  • legacy: “[The 1960s] made possible the entrance

    「六零年代讓許多少數種族

  • of numerous members of racial minorities into the mainstream of American life, while leaving

    進入美國主流社會,但仍未解決都市貧窮的問題。

  • unsolved the problem of urban poverty. It set in motion a transformation of the status

    這個時代開啟的女性地位的轉換

  • of women. It changed what Americans expected from governmentfrom clean air and water

    改變了人民對於政府的期待,從乾淨的水和空氣

  • to medical coverage in old age. And at the same time, it undermined confidence

    到老年的醫療照護,但也破壞了人民對於國家領導人的信心

  • in national leaders. Relations between young and old, men and women, and white and non-white,

    年輕人和老年人、男性與女性、白人與黑人,這三者的關係

  • along with every institution in society, changed as a result.”

    還有其他社會機構都跟著改變了

  • But there’s one last thing I want to emphasize. All of this wasn’t really the result of,

    但最後我還有一件事要說,這一切

  • like, a radical revolution. It was the result of a process that had been going on for decades.

    並不是靠著激進的革命而來,而是靠著幾十年來的演變而成

  • I mean, arguably a process that had been going on for hundreds of years. Thanks for watching,

    這個過程可以說是持續好幾百年了,感謝收看

  • I’ll see you next week. Crash Course is made with the help of all

    我們下週見。因為有這些人的幫助才能造就歷史速成班

  • these nice people and it’s possible because of generous support from the Bluth Family

    也感謝Bluth家族冷凍香蕉小吃站的支持

  • Frozen Banana Stand. Just kidding. We don’t have corporate sponsors. We have you.

    不是啦!我們沒有企業的贊助,但我們有你們。

  • Subbable.com is a voluntary subscription platform (by the way, you can just click on my face)

    Subbable.com是個志願捐獻的平台,點擊我臉上的圖就行了

  • that allows people who care about stuff, like you hopefully care about Crash Course, to

    讓在乎的人,就像在乎速成班的你們一樣

  • support it directly on a monthly basis. I’m over here now, but you should still

    每個月定期支持我們。我要走了,但你仍然可以點擊的我臉進入網站

  • click on my face. So Subbable has lots of great Crash Course perks, you can get signed

    Subbable 還有許多很棒的速成班的獎品

  • posters and all kinds of things, and most importantly, you can help us keep this show

    有簽名海報還有其他的獎品。最重要的是,你能夠讓速成班

  • free, for ever, for everyone. Thank you again for watching, and as we say in my hometown,

    繼續免費為每個人上課。再次感謝你的觀看,就如我家鄉的一句話:

  • there’s always money in the banana stand.

    一點小貢獻也能創造巨大的財富

Hi, I’m John Green, this is Crash Course US History and today were gonna talk about

大家好我是約翰葛林,這是美國歷史速成班

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