the 1960s. Mr. Green, Mr. Green. Great. The decade made

今天的主題是1960年代。葛林先生，這個時代

famous by the narcissists who lived throuh it.

以當代的自戀者聞名

Hey, me from the past, finally you and I agree about something wholeheartedly.

嘿，過去的我，你和現在的我總算有個共識了

But while I don’t wish to indulge the baby-boomers’ fantasies about their centrality to world

雖然我不想讓嬰兒潮世代認為他們是世界歷史的中心

history, the sixties were an important time. I mean, there was the Cold War, Vietnam, a

但這個時代的確重要，冷戰、越戰

rising tide of conservatism (despite Woodstock), racism.

保守主義崛起（即使有胡士托音樂節）、種族主義

There were the Kennedy’s and Camelot, John, Paul, George, and to a lesser extent, Ringo.

有甘迺迪、卡美洛王朝、約翰、保羅、喬治以及影響力較小的的林哥史達

And of course, there was also Martin Luther King Jr.

當然，還有小馬丁・路德・金恩博士

So, the 1960s saw people organizing and actively

介紹一下，六零年代的人

working for change both in the social order and in government.

組織動員想改變社會秩序與政府

This included the student movement, the women’s movement, movements for gay rights, and a push by the courts to

包含學生運動、女性運動、爭取同性權益、擴大人權

expand rights in general. But, by the end of the 1960s, the anti-war

但在六零年代的尾聲，反戰運動的出現

movement seemed to have overshadowed all the rest.

似乎讓其他運動相形失色

So as you’ll no doubt remember from last week, the civil rights movement began in the

相信你還記得上週所講，民權運動

1950s, if not before, but many of its key moments happened in the sixties.

始於五零年代，可能更早，但重點活動都在六零年代

And this really began with sit-ins that took place in Greensboro North Carolina.

民權運動從靜坐開始，地點在北卡羅來納州的格林斯伯勒市

Black university students walked into Woolworths and waited at the lunch counters to be served,

黑人大學學生走進沃爾沃斯在午餐櫃檯等候點餐

or, more likely, arrested. After 5 months of that, those students eventually

最後他們被逮捕。五個月後這些學生

got Woolworths to serve black customers. Then, in 1961, leaders from the Congress On

總算讓沃爾沃斯服務黑人顧客。

Racial Equality launched Freedom Rides to integrate interstate buses. Volunteers rode

1961種族平等大會發起了「自由乘車運動」整合州間巴士

the buses into the Deep South where they faced violence including beatings and a bombing

自願者搭乘巴士到南方腹地，他們在阿拉巴馬州安尼斯敦遭毆打，經歷爆炸

in Anniston AL. But despite that, those freedom rides also

即使如此，這些自由乘車運動最後達到了目的

proved successful and eventually the ICC desegregated interstate buses.

國州際商務委員會（ICC）解除巴士上隔離有色人種的規定

In fact, by the end of the 60s over 70,000 people had taken part in demonstrations, from

事實上六零年代尾聲，從靜坐、討論會到遊行

sit-ins, to teach-ins, to marches. But they weren’t all successful. Martin

超過七萬人參加抗議行動，但不是每個活動都成功

Luther King’s year-long protests in Albany, GA didn’t end discrimination in the city.

金恩博士在喬治亞洲奧巴尼長達數年的抗議並沒有終止種族歧視

And it took JFK ordering federal troops to escort James Meredith to class for him to

讓甘迺迪總統命令聯邦軍隊護送詹姆士梅洛迪斯

attend the University of Mississippi. The University of Mississippi: America’s

到密西西比大學上課。密西西比大學：美國的後段大學

fallback college. Sorry, I’m from Alabama. So, the Civil Rights movement reached its

不好意思，我阿拉巴馬州來的

greatest national prominence in 1963 when Martin Luther King came to my hometown of

民權運動於1963年到達高峰，那年金恩博士到我的家鄉阿拉巴馬州賓漢頓市

Birmingham, Alabama, where there had been more than 50 racially-motivated bombings since

這裡自二戰以來就有超過五十起的種族衝突引起的爆炸事件

WWII. Television brought the reality of the Jim

民眾家裡電視播出克勞布林康納派出警犬和水柱攻擊

Crow South into people’s homes as images of Bull Connor’s police dogs and water cannons

和平抗議吉姆克勞法的遊行人群

being turned on peaceful marchers, many of them children, horrified viewers and eventually

人們看見的是當中有許多小孩與受到驚嚇的目擊者

led Kennedy to endorse the movement’s goals. Probably should mention that John F. Kennedy

最後甘迺迪總統同意為此運動背書

was president of the United States at the time, having been elected in 1960. He was

應該要提一下，甘迺迪是當時的總統，於1960當選

assassinated in 1963 leading to Lyndon Johnson. Alright, politics over.

他在1963年被暗殺後交棒給林頓・詹森，好，政治就談到這裡

Anyway, in response to these peaceful protests, Birmingham jailed Martin Luther King where

總之這些和平抗議導致金恩博士被關押在伯明罕監獄

he wrote one of the great letters in American history (doesn’t have a great name): Letter

在獄裡他寫出了美國史上最具影響力的信之一

from Birmingham Jail. 1963 also saw the March on Washington, the

但信的名字並不偉大就是了：來自伯明罕監獄的信。

largest public demonstration in American history up to that time where King gave his famous

1963年華盛頓遊行是美國史上最大的遊行，金恩博士就在這場遊行中

speech, “I have a Dream.” King and the other organizers called for a

發表那次有名的演講《我有一個夢想》，並與其他的發起人

civil rights bill and help for the poor, demanding public works, a higher minimum wage, and an

呼籲通過民權法案幫助窮人、要求公共建設、提高最低工資

end to discrimination in employment. Which eventually, in one of the great bright

這在美國歷史最光明的一刻使終結工作上的歧視

spots in American history, did sort of happen with the Civil Rights Act.

在民權法案通過後的確有所進展

So, one reason American history teachers focus on the Civil Rights Movement so much is that

教美國歷史的老師把重點放在民權運動的原因之一 是

it successfully brought actual legislative change.

該運動成功地在法律上做出改變

After being elected president, John F. Kennedy was initially cool to civil rights, but to

甘迺迪選上總統後，也是支持民權的

be fair, the Cold War occupied a lot of his time, what with the Cuban Missile Crisis and

但實際上冷戰佔據他太多時間，特別是古巴飛彈危機

the Bay of Pigs and whatnot. But the demonstrations of 1963 pushed John

加上豬玀灣戰爭之類的。但1963年的遊行使得甘迺迪總統

F. Kennedy to support civil rights more actively. According to our dear friend, the historian

更積極地支持民權法案。我們的好友，歷史學家艾里克・佛納說：

Eric Foner, “Kennedy realized that the United States simply could not declare itself the

「甘迺迪意識到美國若自己還實行種族不平等

champion of freedom throughout the world while maintaining a system of racial inequality

就不能把自己稱作全世界的自由先驅。」

at home.”[1] So that June he appeared on TV and called

因此那年六月他上電視呼籲國會

on Congress to pass a law that would ban discrimination in all public accommodations.

通過在公眾場合禁止歧視的法案

And then he was assassinated. Thanks, Lee Harvey Oswald. Or possibly someone else. But

接著他被暗殺了，還真是謝謝你了，李・哈維・奧斯華德，或者是另有其人

probably Lee Harvey Oswald. So then, Lyndon Johnson became president and

但應該真的是他。下一任總統是林頓・詹森

he pushed Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

他要國會通過1964年民權法案

The law prohibited discrimination in employment, schools, hospitals, and privately owned public

這項法案禁止工作、學校、醫院和私有場所

places like restaurants, and hotels and theaters, and it also banned discrimination on the basis

像是餐廳、旅館、電影院的歧視行為，同時也禁止性別上的歧視

of sex. The Civil Rights Act was a major moment in

美國立法歷史上，通過民權法案是個重要時刻

American legislative history, but it hardly made the United States a haven of equality.

但卻沒有讓美國實行真正的平等

So, Civil Rights leaders continued to push for the enfranchisement of African Americans.

因此民權領袖持續推動非裔美國人的投票權

After Freedom Summer workers registered people in Mississippi to vote, King launched a march

當自由之夏社運志工讓密西西比的人登記投票權之後

for voting rights in Selma, Alabama in January, 1965.

1965年一月金恩博士發起賽爾瑪和阿拉巴馬州投票權的遊行

And again, television swayed public opinion in favor of the demonstrators. Thank you, TV, for your

大眾因為電視媒體轉而支持那些社運志工，感謝電視為人性作出的唯一貢獻

one and only gift to humanity. Just kidding, BattleStar Galactica.

開玩笑的，其實是星際大爭霸

So, in 1965 Congress passed the Voting Rights Act, which gave the federal government the

1965年國會通過的選舉法案給予聯邦政府權力

power to oversee voting in places where discrimination was practiced.

去那些有歧視情形的地區監督投票

In 1965, Congress also passed the Hart-Cellar Act, which got rid of national origin quotas

1965年國會通過移民與國籍法案，消除按國籍分配的移民限額

and allowed Asian immigrants to immigrate to the United States. Unfortunately the law

允許亞裔移民定居美國，不幸的是

also introduced quotas on immigrants from the Western Hemisphere.

這項法案也讓來自西半球的移民有了限額

Lyndon Johnson’s domestic initiatives from 1965 through 1967 are known as the Great Society,

詹森總統稱1965到1967的國內政策為「偉大社會」

and it’s possible that if he hadn’t been responsible for America escalating the war

如果他不是讓美國越戰一塌糊塗的罪魁禍首

in Vietnam, he might have been remembered, at least by liberals, as one of America’s

他或許會在自由主義者心中成為美國史上最偉大的總統之一

greatest presidents. Because the Great Society expanded a lot of

因為社會擴大許多新政法案的承諾

the promises of the New Deal, especially in the creation of health insurance programs,

特別是醫療保險

like Medicare for the elderly and Medicaid for the poor.

包含老年醫療和貧困醫療補助計畫

He also went to War on Poverty. Never go to war with a noun. You will always lose.

他也「向貧窮開戰」(War on Poverty)，別和名詞開戰因為你贏不了

Johnson treated poverty as a social problem, rather than an economic one. So instead of

詹森總統把貧窮視做社會問題而非經濟問題

focusing on jobs or guaranteed income, his initiatives stressed things like training.

重點不是在工作和保障薪資，他強調的是訓練

That unfortunately failed to take into account shifts in the economy away from high wage

不幸的是他沒把經濟轉變考慮進去

union manufacturing jobs toward more lower-wage service jobs. [2]

從高工資的製造業轉向低工資的服務業

Here’s what Eric Foner had to say about Johnson’s domestic accomplishments: “By

以下引用自歷史學家佛納對於詹森政績的評論

the 1990s […] the historic gap between whites and blacks in education, income, and access

「到了1990年代，黑人與白人在教育、薪資、與進入高階職業的差距

to skilled employment narrowed considerably. But with deindustrialization and urban decay

縮小很多，但去工業化與城市衰敗

affecting numerous families and most suburbs still being off limits to non-white people,

影響許多家庭，且大多數的郊區還是不歡迎非白人

the median wealth of white households remained ten times greater than that of African Americans,

白人家庭的財富中位數仍是非裔美國人的十倍

and nearly a quarter of all black children lived in poverty.”

且將近四分之一的黑人孩童過著貧窮的生活

While Congress was busy enacting Johnson’s Great Society programs, the movement for African

當國會正忙著實行詹森總統的「偉大社會」計畫時

American freedom was changing. Let’s go to the ThoughtBubble.

非裔美國人的自由運動正在改變，讓我們來看一下想法對話框

Persistent poverty and continued discrimination in the workplace, housing, education, and

貧窮與歧視問題一直存在於工作場合、住房、教育與司法體制

criminal justice system might explain the shift away from integration and toward black

這就能解釋為何無法整合，也無法走向黑人運動的道路

power, a celebration of African American culture and criticism of whites’ oppression. 1964

黑人運動展現認同非裔美國人文化以及反擊白人的壓迫

saw the beginnings of riots in city ghettoes, for instance, mostly in Northern cities.

舉例來說1964年暴亂的開端大多發生在北方城市的貧民窟

The worst riots were in 1965 in Watts, in southern California. These left 35 people

最糟的一暴亂發生於1965年，在南加州的瓦茲市

dead, 900 injured, and $30 million in damage. Newark and Detroit also saw devastating riots

造成35人死亡，900人受傷，損失三千萬美元，紐沃克和底特律也在1967年發生嚴重的暴亂

in 1967. In 1968 the Kerner Report blamed the cause of the rioting on segregation, poverty,

隔年柯諾報告指出暴亂的原因是種族隔離、貧窮以及白人種族主義

and white racism. Then there’s Malcolm X, who many white people

接著是麥爾坎X，被許多白人視為暴力支持者

regarded as an advocate for violence, but who also called for self-reliance. It’s

但他自己的說法是自立自強

tempting to see leadership shifting from King to X as the civil rights movement became more

很高興看到領導者的位置從金恩博士轉到X時

militant, but Malcolm X was active in the early 1960s and he was killed in 1965, three

民權運動變的軍事化，但他在1960年代早期相當活躍，1965年遭殺害

years before Martin Luther King was assassinated and before all the major shifts in emphasis

三年後金恩博士遭暗殺，之後才是運動主軸轉向黑人權利

towards black power. Older Civil Rights groups like CORE abandoned

舊的民權運動團體如CORE

integration as a goal after 1965 and started to call for black power. The rhetoric of Black

1965年後放棄融合的目標並開始呼籲黑人力量

Power could be strident, but its message of black empowerment was deeply resonant for

黑人力量這個說法或許刻意，但所傳達的訊息正是許多人的心聲

many. Oakland’s Black Panther Party did carry guns in self-defense but they also offered

奧克蘭的黑豹黨的確為了防衛自身隨身佩槍

a lot of neighborhood services. But the Black Power turned many white people away from the

但他們也做很多社區服務。黑人力量也使許多白人不再重視非裔美國人

struggle for African American freedom, and by the end of the 1960s, many Americans’

爭取自由的困境，而在1960年代尾聲，許多美國人的注意力都轉向

attention had shifted to anti-war movement. Thanks, ThoughtBubble. So it was Vietnam that

都轉向反戰運動，感謝想法對話框

really galvanized students even though many didn’t have to go to Vietnam because they

即使學生因為身份不必參戰，但因為越戰，他們到越南去

had student deferments. They just really, really didn’t want their friends to go.

他們其實只是不希望自己的朋友去

The anti-war movement and the civil rights movement inspired other groups to seek an

反戰運動與民權運動激勵了其他團體結束壓迫

end to oppression. Like, Latinos organized to celebrate their heritage and end discrimination.

例如拉丁裔族群組織認同自己的血統並終結歧視

Latino activism was like black power, but much more explicitly linked to labor justice,

拉丁裔族群的運動像黑人運動，但明顯地勞工正義比較有關

especially the strike efforts led by Cesar Chavez and the United Farm Workers.

特別是由凱薩柴維斯與農場工人聯合公會發起的運動

The American Indian Movement, founded in 1968, took over Alcatraz to symbolize the land that

美國印地安人運動始於1968年，佔領惡魔島象徵

had been taken from Native Americans. And they won greater tribal control over education,

這裡曾被印地安人佔領。他們能主宰自己的教育、

economic development, and they also filed suits for restitution.

經濟發展，也提出賠償告訴

And in June of 1969, after police raided a gay bar, called the Stonewall Inn, members

1969年六月，警方突襲一家叫做石牆旅館（Stonewall Inn）的同性酒吧

of the gay community began a series of demonstrations in New York City, which touched off the modern

同性戀者在紐約市展開一連串的抗議行動

gay liberation movement. Oh, it’s time for the Mystery Document?

這激發了現代同性解放運動。噢，神秘文件的時間到了嗎？

The rules here are pretty simple. I read the Mystery Document, guess the author,

規則很簡單，我讀這份神秘文件，猜作者

I’m either right or I get shocked. Alright, what have we got here.

每次不是猜對，不然就是大吃一驚，來看一下這是什麼吧！

If the Bill of Rights contains no guarantee that a citizen shall be secure against lethal

如果《權利法案》無法保障公民能免於

poisons distributed either by private individuals or by public officials [I already know it!],

由個人或政府官員播灑致命的毒藥所害

it is surely only because our forefathers, despite their considerable wisdom and foresight,

一定是因為，即使有前人的智慧與遠見

could conceive of no such problem.

仍無法看見這樣的問題

Rachel Carson! Silent Spring. YES. I am on such a roll.

瑞秋卡爾森！《寂靜的春天》！我真是好運當頭啊！

Silent Spring was a massively important book because it was the first time that anyone

寂靜的春天是本重要的書，因為那是第一次有人

really described all of the astonishingly poisonous things we were putting into the

真正描述那些我們釋放到空氣、地下、水中的毒物

air and the ground and the water. Fortunately, that’s all been straightened

幸運的是這些問題都有了解決方案

out now and everything that we do and make as human beings is now sustainable. What’s

每件人類所做的事、所製造的東西都可以永續使用

that? Oh god. The environmental movement gained huge bipartisan

什麼？天啊，環境運動得到兩黨的大力支持

support and it resulted in important legislation during the Nixon era, including the Clean

並於尼克森時代成功通過重要的法律

Air and Water Acts, and the Endangered Species Act. And yes, I said that environmental legislation

包含空氣法案、水源法案以及危險物種法案

was passed during the Nixon administration. But perhaps the most significant freedom movement

沒錯，我剛剛說環境法案是在尼克森時代通過的。

in terms of number of people involved and long-lasting effects was the American Feminist

但若以參與人數以及日後影響大小來看

movement. This is usually said to have begun with the

最重要的自由運動是美國女性運動

publication of Betty Friedan’s book The Feminine Mystique, which set out to describe

聽說始於貝蒂・傅瑞丹出版的《女性的奧秘》（The Feminine Mystique）

“the problem that has no name.” Turns out the name is “misogyny.” [3]

書中描述一個「沒有名字的問題」，結果這個問題是「仇女」

Friedan described a constricting social and economic system that affected mostly middle

道出限制大多數中產階級女性發展的社會與經濟體制問題

class women, but it resonated with the educated classes and led to the foundation of the National

但這讓受教育的階級產生共鳴，並促成1966年

Organization of Women in 1966. Participation in student and civil rights

國家女性組織的出現，參與由許多女性帶領的學生與民權運動

movements led many women to identify themselves as members of a group that was systematically

顯示自己是體制下受到歧視的一群

discriminated against. And by “systemic,” I mean that in 1963,

這裡的「體制」是指1963年

5.8% of doctors were women and 3.7% of lawyers were women and fewer than 10% of doctoral

僅5.8%的醫生是女性，3.7%的律師是女性，10%的女性拿到博士學位

degrees went to women. They are more than half of the population.

但女性人口占總人口超過一半

While Congress responded with the Equal Pay Act in 1963, younger women sought greater

當國會通過1963年的同酬法案以回應女性需求，年輕女性除法律之外

power and autonomy in addition to legislation. Crucially, 60s-era feminists opened America

也追求權力與自治，重點是，六零年代女性主義者讓美國接觸了

to the idea that the “personal is political,” especially when it came to equal pay, childcare,

「個人即政治」的觀念，特別是談到薪資平等、孩童照護以及墮胎議題