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  • You are about to experience a fascinating journey

  • through the cleanrooms of the semiconductor industry.

  • See a microprocessor in the making at one of AMD's chip factories.

  • Let our experts walk you through the nano cosmos,

  • the world of the atom.

  • A world that normally remains hidden from our eyes.

  • In the beginning is the circuit diagram.

  • At design centers all around the globe, experts collaborate to design the brains

  • behind super computers and servers, high-end notebooks and PCs.

  • The next step is manufacturing.

  • The disc substrates for the microchips are made from quartz sand

  • and are called silicon wafers.

  • To make these wafers

  • a huge mono crystal is drawn from purified silicon melt.

  • The result

  • is a perfect silicon lattice into which the transistors will later be fitted.

  • However, impurities pose a threat to these flawless silicon crystals.

  • Our AMD manufacturing teams must therefore take extensive precautions

  • every time they enter our dust free cleanrooms.

  • The result,

  • our wafers are fabricated in an environment that is more than one

  • hundred thousand times cleaner than an operating theater.

  • Completely free of dust, the silicon discs arrive at the cleanroom.

  • Here,

  • 25 wafers are packed into each hermetically sealed container and sent off

  • on a journey that will take them through hundreds of manufacturing steps.

  • Photo lithographic techniques transfer the circuit structures to the wafers,

  • rather like slide projection.

  • The key to this whole process is a solid mastery of light.

  • The silicon disc is spin coated with a photosensitive resist.

  • UV light transfers the circuit structures imprinted on a mask to the wafer.

  • The exposed parts of the resist are soluble

  • and are removed by developing fluid.

  • The transferred structures can now be used as a template.

  • The unprotected parts of the wafer surface are etched away.

  • The structures of billions of small current switches are generated on

  • each wafer;

  • tiny transistors.

  • From the photo lithographic stage,

  • wafers move on to the ion implantation

  • where the electrical properties of the transistors will be established.

  • Here the engineers make good use of one of silicon's most unique properties.

  • Silicon is a semiconductor,

  • which means that it's conductivity can change via high-precision emplacement of

  • so-called dopant atoms.

  • Dopant atoms are shot into the silicon structures.

  • Initially,

  • these atoms are distributed unevenly in the silicon lattice.

  • At high temperatures the dopant atoms become flexible

  • and take over a fixed position in the atomic structure.

  • The complexity of manufacturing tiny transistors

  • requires a clean room as big as two soccer fields.

  • While our people monitor the complex processes,

  • automated manufacturing itself always takes place within hermetically sealed

  • production lines.

  • Copper dominates the next process.

  • Finest interconnect wires link up billions of separate transistors to form

  • integrated circuits.

  • Before that can happen, however,

  • cleaning is essential for the wafers as particles lurk at every stage in the

  • manufacturing process.

  • Before the copper is poured into the trenches for the interconnects

  • a barrier layer is applied.

  • It helps to prevent short circuits and guarantees reliability.

  • The trenches are then filled with copper.

  • Finally,

  • the excess copper is ground down to the edges of the trenches.

  • This insulates each interconnect from the others.

  • A microchip made of copper wiring,

  • established AMD as the first company in the world to adopt copper in volume production,

  • a foundation for state of the art multi-core processors

  • that AMD is introducing today in all product areas.

  • To keep us on the leading edge of the world's chip makers,

  • electron microscopes constantly monitor every step of manufacturing,

  • down to the atomic structures of each individual transistor.

  • In two months

  • the wafer

  • is ready.

  • Huge integrated circuits

  • consisting of conductors with the length of many kilometers

  • link up one hundred billion transistors on numerous levels.

  • And that,

  • in a space no larger than a fingernail.

  • AMD in Dresden,

  • one of the most advanced chip factories on earth

  • and a testing ground for the very latest microelectronic innovations from around

  • the globe.

  • Germany's

  • high-tech capital.

  • All that remains now is the last production step:

  • the packaging.

  • Tin-silver pellets are applied to the wafers,

  • linking the chips to the frame.

  • With the finest saw blades,

  • the microprocessors are cut from the wafers

  • then bonded to the frames

  • and sealed with a cover.

You are about to experience a fascinating journey

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從沙子到芯片--CPU是如何煉成的? (From sand to chip - How a CPU is made)

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    alex 發佈於 2021 年 01 月 14 日
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