Some people suggest things like hard work, focus, persistence.

有人認為是勤奮努力、專心致志和持之以恒

But research shows these are all by-products of something else,

但研究指出，這些都是由其它某個要素所衍生出來的產物

something much more powerful that we can all develop.

一種更具影影力的，並且是你我都能培養的

It is this very special something that is really critical to success,

它非常的特別，是成功的重要關鍵

and is what I am here to discuss with you today.

這也是我今天要和你們探討的主題

Someone who has achieved great success is Josh Waitzkin,

有個已經擁有偉大成就的人叫喬希．維茲勤

a chess international master and the subject of the movie "Searching for Bobby Fischer".

他是國際西洋棋大師，也是電影 《天生小棋王》的主人翁

Nobody has won all the national chess championships that Josh has.

喬希所贏過的全國西洋棋冠獎盃無能人及

But even more impressive, when he turned 21,

但更令人欽佩的是，當他滿21歲的時後

he took on the challenge of mastering something completely new

他接受了一個「精通全新事物」的挑戰

and very different from chess: martial arts.

和西洋棋截然不同的：武術

He realized that he had learned how to grow and succeed,

他意識到自己已經學會如何成長和成功

and he could apply that understanding to other domains.

而且他可以把所領悟到的運用到其它領堿

And so, he devoted himself relentlessly to tai chi chuan.

所以，他努力不懈的致力於太極拳

And after lots of hard work, many failures, and some broken joints,

然後，在經過多次的努力、多次的失敗和一些關節的斷裂

he became a great martial artist, and he won two world championships.

他成為一個偉大的武術家，並且贏得2座世界冠軍

Now he is off to jiu-jitsu.

現在，他正在學巴西柔術

So what does Josh say is the greatest thing ever happened to him?

所以，喬希說過他人生中最棒的遭遇是什麼呢？

Believe it or not, he says, "Losing my first national chess championship,

信不信由你， 他說:「就是第一次痛失西洋棋冠軍的時後

because it helped me avoid many of the psychological traps."

因為這幫助他避免了許多心理的魔咒」

The key trap that Josh avoided was believing that he was special,

喬希避開的關鍵陷阱就是相信自己與眾不同

that he was smarter than other people, and that he didn't have to work hard.

比任何人都還聰明，甚至不需要去花費太多心力就能成功

He could have thought of himself as a prodigy,

他本來可以把自己當作是天才的

but he doesn't think that he has extraordinary intelligence.

但他並不認為自己擁有超凡的智慧

He says, "The moment we believe that success is determined by an ingrained level of ability,

他說：「當我們堅信成功取決根深蒂固的能力

we will be brittle in the face of adversity."

在面對逆境時，我們將會變得脆弱」

Josh often quotes Stanford Professor Carol Dweck

喬希經常引述史丹佛教授卡蘿·杜瑞克

who discovered that some people see intelligence or abilities as fixed

她發現有些人認為智力和能力是固定不變的

what is called a fixed mindset,

就是所謂的「固定型思維模式」

while other people see them as Josh does,

而另一些人則和喬希一樣

as qualities that can be developed; a growth mindset.

認為才能是可以被發展的； 也就是「成長型思維模式」

More important, Dr. Dweck discovered that these two different mindsets

更重要的是，杜瑞克博士發現這兩種不同的「心智」

lead to very different behaviors and results.

會導致非常不一樣的態度和結果

In a study she did with Dr. Lisa Blackwell,

在一個她和莉莎·布萊克威爾博士所做的研究中

several hundreds seventh graders were surveyed to determine

有數百名的國一學生被做過調查

which mindset each student had, and then they were tracked for two years.

以判定每個學生所具有的心智，然後他們被追蹤長達兩年

Results showed that the students with a growth mindset,

研究的結果指出，具有成長型思維模式的學生

those who thought they could change their own intelligence

也就是那些認為他們自己的智力是可以變動的

increased their grades over time.

他們的成績逐漸改善

While those with a fixed mindset did not.

而那些具有固定型思維的學生卻沒有太多變化

You can see the trend, the gap in performance

你可以看到這個趨勢，兩者表現的差距

just widens and widens over time.

隨著時間不斷的在擴大

The difference between these two groups: a different perspective on intelligence.

這兩組之間的差異：不同的觀點來看待智力

Other studies have shown similar effects for our mindset about other abilities

更有研究也指出，我們的心智對於其它的才能也有類似的影響

like problem solving, playing sports, managing people,

像是解決問題、從事體育活動、管理用人

or anything else you'd like, dancing La Macarena.

或是任何你喜歡的事物，跳瑪卡蓮娜

The key to success is not simply effort, or focus, or resilience,

成功的關鍵不單單只是努力，或者是專注，又或者是韌性

but it is the growth mindset that creates them,

而是成長型的思維模式創造了這些成功要素

the mindset itself is critical.

心智本身才是最關鍵的

Research shows that when we directly try to build grit or persistence,

研究顯示，當我們很直接的試著去建立恆毅力或是堅持力時

it's not nearly as effective as addressing the mindset that underlies them.

它的效果並不如直接針對彰顯這些特點的心智

How many of us think of ourselves as not math people, or creative,

我們有多少人認為自己不擅長數學、或是沒創造力

or sociable, or athletic, or conversely, that we are naturals?

又或是不善交際、還是沒運動天賦，或者反過來說，我們就只是普通人？

If we are to fulfill our potential, we have to start thinking differently.

如果我們要發揮自己的潛能，我們就必需要開始有不一樣的思維

We have to realize that we are not chained to our current capabilities.

我們必須明白，自己不能被現有的個人能耐所束縛

Neuroscience shows the brain is very malleable.

神經科學顯示，大腦的可塑性很強

And we can change our own ability to think and to perform.

而且我們是可以改變自己思考和表現的能力

In fact, many of the most accomplished people of our era

事實上，許多這個世代最傑出的人士

were thought of, by experts, to have no future.

都被專家認定是沒有任何前途的

People like Charles Darwin, Lucille Ball, Marcel Proust, and many others.

像是查爾斯·達爾文、露西兒·鮑爾、馬塞爾·普魯斯特等人

But they, along with all great achievers from Mozart to Einstein,

但他們，和所有從莫扎特到愛因斯坦之間功成名就的偉人

built their abilities.

創造自己的能力

But the key insight that I would like you to walk away with today

不過我希望你們今天能帶走的重要觀點

is that when we realize that,

就是當我們意識到

when we realize we can change our own abilities,

當我們意識到我們可以改變自己的個人能力

when we have a growth mindset, we bring our game to new levels.

當我們具有成長型的思維模式時，我們便能百尺竿頭，更進一步

So how does a growth mindset do that?

所以成長型的思維模式是如何改變我們呢？

It turns out that there are physiological manifestations to mindset.

事實證明，心智會有不同的生理的徵兆

Brain scans show that for people with a fixed mindset,

腦部的掃描顯示，那些有固定型思維模式的人

the brain becomes most active when receiving information

大腦變得最活躍的時後是在

about how the person performed such as a grade or a score.

接收關於各人表現的資訊時，例如成績或是分數

But for people with a growth mindset, the brain becomes most active

但有成長型思維模式的人，大腦變得最活躍的時後是在

when receiving information about what they could do better next time.

接收關於未來該如何改善的資訊時

In other words,

換句話說

people with a fixed mindset worry the most about how they are judged,

固定型思維的人，最擔心的就是他們是如何被評判的

while those with a growth mindset focus the most on learning.

而成長型思維的人則注重在學習

There are other consequences of mindset:

還有其它心智不同所導致的結果

people with a fixed mindset see effort as a bad thing,

有固定型思維的人認為努力是一件壞事

something that only people with low capabilities need,

只有能耐不足的人才需要

while those with a growth mindset see effort as what makes us smart,

而有成長型思維的人則認為努力能使我們變聰明

as the way to grow.

是成長的方法

And when they hit a setback or a failure,

然後當遇到挫折或失敗時

people with a fixed mindset tend to conclude that they are incapable.

有固定型思維的人，會傾向斷定自己無法勝任

So to protect their ego, they lose interest or withdraw.

因此，這些人為了保有自己的自尊，他們會失去興趣或閃躲逃避

We observe that as lack of motivation.

我們認為這樣即是缺乏動力

But behind it is a fixed mindset,

但背後的原因其實是固定型的思維模式

whereas people with a growth mindset

而有成長型思維模式的人

understand that setbacks are part of growth.

理解失敗就是成功之母

So when they hit one, they find a way around it.

所以當他們遇到時，他們會找到解決之道

Like Josh Waitzkin did when he lost in chess or in martial arts.

就像是喬希．維茲勤在西洋棋或是在武術輸掉時所做的

Research clearly shows these effects of mindset.

研究很明確的指出這些心智所產生的影響

In one study Dr. Dweck did with Dr. Claudia Mueller,

在一個杜瑞克博士和克勞蒂亞·繆勒博士所作的研究中

they had children do a set of puzzles,

他們讓小孩們做一組拼圖謎題

and then they praised the kids.

然後他們稱讚這些孩子

To some of the kids, they said,

他們對一部分孩子們說

"Wow, that's a really good score, you must be smart at this."

「哇，這是一個非常不錯的成積，你一定是這方面的天才」

That's fixed mindset praise

這是固定型思維的讚美

because it portrays intelligence or abilities as a fixed quality.

因為它用確切的特性來勾勒出智力或能力

To other kids they said,

對另一部分的孩子們則說

"Wow, that's a really good score, you must have tried really hard."

「哇，這是一個非常不錯的成積，你一定是非常努力地去嘗試」

That's growth mindset praise because it focuses on the process.

這就是成長型思維的讚美，因為它聚焦在過程

Then, they asked the kids,

之後，他們再問這些孩子們

"OK, what kind of puzzle would you like to do next? An easy one or a hard one?"

「好，接下來你們想要做什麼樣的謎題呢？簡單的還是困難的？」

The majority of the kids who received the fixed mindset praise

大部分受到固定型思維讚美的孩子們

chose to do the easy puzzle.

選擇去做簡單的謎題

While the great majority of those who received the growth mindset praise

而絕大多數受到成長型思維讚美的孩子們

chose to do challenge themselves.

選擇挑戰自我

Then the researchers gave a hard puzzle to all of the kids

然後研究人員給所有的孩子們一個困難的謎題

because they were interested in seeing

因為他們想觀察

what confronting difficulty would do to their performance.

在遭遇困境後，孩子們的表現會變得如何

Look at what happened when the kids later went back

看看發生了什麼事，當這些孩子們之後再回去

to the set of easier problems that they started with.

解答那組他們一開始所做比較簡單的謎題時

The kids who received the fixed mindset praise

那些受到固定型思維讚美的孩子們

did significantly worse than they had originally,

很明顯地比他們原有的成績更糟

while those who received a growth mindset praise did better.

而那些受到成長型思維讚美的孩子們，則進步了

And to top it off,

除此之外

at the very end, kids were asked to report their scores;

這些孩子在結尾時被要求報告他們的成績

and the kids who received the fixed mindset praise

那些受到固定型思維讚美的孩子們

lied about their scores over three times more often

謊報成績的次數

than those who received the growth mindset praise.

是那些受到成長型思維讚美的孩子們的三倍

They did not have another way to cope with their failure.

他們沒有任何的辨法來因應挫折

The difference between these two groups:

這2組孩子的差異：

one short little sentence.

只是簡短的一句話

How often do we praise kids for being smart or for being great at something?

我們是否經常讚美孩子很聰明或者是在某方面非常優秀？

We have been told that this will raise their self-esteem.

我們都被告知這樣作會提升他們的自尊

But instead, it puts them in a fixed mindset.

但相反的是，這樣的話語會他們處於固定型的思維模式

They become afraid of challenges,

他們變得不敢面對挑戰

and they lose confidence when things hit hard.

然後在遇到困難時，就會失去信心

As Josh Waitzkin says,

就像喬希．維茲勤所說的

"It is incredibly important for parents to make their feedback process related

「對父母們來說，過程相關的回饋話語是極為重要的，

as oppose to praising or criticizing talent.

而不是稱讚或批評天賦

If we win because we are winners,

如果，我們會贏是因為我們本來就是贏家

then when we lose, it must make us losers."

那麼，當我們失敗的時後，我們就一定是廢物了」

These studies show not only the mechanisms by which mindset affects performance,

這些研究不僅顯示心智影響表現的方式

but they also show something else that is very important:

更呈現出一件重要的事

they show that we can change mindsets,

研究讓我們清楚心智是可以改變的

and that's important, because most of us have fixed mindsets about something.

這很重要的，因為，我們大部分的人對某些事物都抱持著固定型的思維模式

Another study that showed that we can change mindsets

另一個顯示我們心智是可以改變的研究

is one in which Dweck and Blackwell did a workshop with seventh graders

是杜瑞克和布萊克威讓國一生所參與

to instill a growth mindset in them.

建立成長型思維模式的課程

As a result of the workshop, the students gained more interest in learning,

課程的成效就是學生們變得更想學習了

and they worked harder;

然後更努力用功

and as a result of that, their grades improved.

成績也因此獲得改善

Other studies have shown that when we teach a growth mindset,

其它的研究也指出，當我們教導成長型的思維模式時

not only that it improves achievements for students as a whole

不僅是學生們的整體成積獲得改善

but it also narrows the achievement gap,

更縮短了成就落差

because the effects are most pronounced

因為這些效果

for the students who face negative stereotypes

在那些有著負面刻板印象的學生上格外顯著

such as minority students, and girls in math.

像是少數民族學生和數學不好的女孩

I have spoken mostly about children, but mindsets affects all of us.

我到目前為止主要談到的都是關於孩童，但心智對所有人都有影響

In our work places, managers with fixed mindsets don't welcome feedback as much,

在工作的場所，有固定型思維模式的經理人比較不會接受反饋

and they don't mentor employees as much.

而且他們也不會給員工太多的指導

And employees with growth mindsets

而職員在特定專長上

about specific skills like negotiations

有成長型的思維，像是談判

become far better at those skills than people with fixed views.

在這項專長上，會遠遠勝過那些只有固定觀點的人

Mindsets can even help us solve big social issues.

心智的不同甚至可幫助我們解決重大社會問題

A recent study showed

一項近期的研究顯示

that when we expose Israelis and Palestinians

當我們讓以色列人和巴勒斯坦人

to the idea that groups can change,

接觸「族群是可以改變」的觀念時

they increase their attitudes towards one another,

他們增進了對於彼此的態度

they improve them.

更加改善了

and they enhance their willingness to compromise and to work for peace.

也提高了他們和解的意願和為和平努力

We also see the effects of mindsets on relationships, sports, health.

我們也在人際關係、體育、健康上觀察到心智不同的影響

How is it possible that as a society,

身為社會的一分子

we are not asking schools to develop a growth mindset in children?

我們怎麼可能不去要求學校讓學生發展成長型的思維模式呢？

Our myopic efforts to teach them facts, concepts,

我們目光淺短的嘗試教導他們事實、觀念

and even critical thinking skills

甚至是批判性思考的能力

is likely to fail,

將可能會失敗

if we don't also deliberately teach them the essential beliefs that will allow them

因為沒人仔細教導這些孩子們，在學校甚至於以後的未來

to succeed not only in school but also beyond.

能使他們成功不可缺少的信念

There is a lot that we can do to change mindsets,

有很多我們可以改變心智的方式

but here are three things that any of us can do to instill a growth mindset

不過，這裡有三個樹立成長型思維模式的要點，是任何一個人都可以落實的

in ourselves and in those around us.

不論是對於我們自已或者是週遭的人

First, recognize that the growth mindset is not only beneficial

第一，認同成長型的思維模式不單只是有益

but it is also supported by science.

但同時也有科學依據

Neuroscience shows that the brain changes and becomes more capable

神經科學顯示，當我們努力去改善自我時

when we work hard to improve ourselves.

大腦會改變而且會變得更加能幹

Second, learn and teach others about how to develop our abilities.

第二，學習並教導其它人該如何發展自已的能力

Learn about deliberate practice and what makes for effective effort.

去認識「刻意練習」，和什麼才是有效的努力

When we understand how to develop our abilities,

當我們了解如何發展自我能力時

we strengthen our conviction that we are in charge of them.

我們便能鞏固並主導自已的信念

And third, listen for your fixed mindset voice,

第三，去聆聽自已固定型思維的聲音

and when you hear it, talk back with a growth mindset voice.

然後當聽到這樣的聲音時，用成長型思維的聲音反駁

If you hear, "I can't do it," add, "Yet."

如果你聽到「我做不到」時，加一個「還」

My request to you today is that you share this knowledge

今天，我對你們的請求就是

about the growth mindset with your family, friends, and schools

和你們的家人、朋友和學校分享關於成長型思維的知識

so that all of us can go and fulfill our potential.

這樣我們所有人就都能充分發揮自己的潛能

Thank you.

謝謝

(Applause)

(掌聲)