for a book when I was working on Chaos, that's when I first heard about it. And it was strange.

It was strange to hear about information theory as a scientific subject of study from a bunch

of physicists who were working on chaos theory. I mean, they were analyzing a physical system.

In fact, it was chaos in water dripping from a tap, the chaos of a dripping faucet. And

they were analyzing it in terms of this thing called information theory, as invented by

Claude Shannon at Bell Labs in 1948. And I remember thinking there's something magical

about that, but also something kind of weird about it. Information is so abstract. We know

that there is such a thing as information devoid of meaning, information as an abstract

concept of great use, more than great use, of fantastic power for engineers and scientists.

For Claude Shannon to create his theory of information, he very explicitly had to announce

that he was thinking of information not in the everyday way we use the word, not as news

or gossip or anything that was particularly useful, but as something abstract.

A string of bits is information, and it doesn't matter whether those string of bits represent

something true or false, and for that matter it doesn't matter whether the string of bits

represents something meaningful or meaningless. In fact, from the point of view of an electrical

engineer who believes in information theory, a string of random bits carries more information

than an orderly string of bits, because the orderly string of bits, let's say alternating

ones and zeroes, or let's say not quite as orderly, a string of English text, has organization

in it and the organization allows you to predict what the next bit in a given message is going

to be. And because you can predict it, it's not as surprising. And because it has less

surprise, it carries less information. There's one of the sort of paradoxes of information

theory, that because information is surprise it's associated with disorder and randomness.

All of this is very abstract. It's useful to scientists. It lies in the foundations

of the information-based technological world that we all enjoy. But it's also not satisfactory.

I think we as humans tend to feel that this view of information as something devoid of

meaning is unfriendly. It's hellish. It's scary. It's connected with our sense that

we're deluged by a flood of meaningless tweets and blogs and the hall of mirrors sensation

of impostors, the false and true intermingling. We may feel that that's what we get when we

start to treat information as something that is not necessarily meaningful because as humans

what we care about is the meaning.