Name: 為什麼有人喜歡在網路上引戰？ (The Psychology of Trolling)
Uploaded: 2016-07-27T12:49:51.000Z
Duration: 8 min 56 s

程度副詞

Since you’re watching SciShow, you’re probably pretty familiar with the Internet

既然你正在收看SciShow,那麼對於網路世界你一定非常熟悉。

-- it’s full of information and awesome communities.

網路世界充滿各種資訊和很棒的社群，

But, like any cool and kinda-magical place, it has its dark sides…

但，就像任何又酷、又富有魔力的地方一樣，它也有黑暗的一面...

Trolling is used to describe a lot of different situations. But, basically, it’s when someone

在網路上，酸民一詞可以用來解釋不同狀況。但基本定義就是當某人

posts an off-topic or inflammatory comment to disrupt an online conversation.

po了一則偏離主題的帖子或煽動性言論，目的是為了在網上挑起爭端。

Not all trolls are bad! Sometimes they’re just goofy, like our own dear litojonny and

不過，並非所有酸民都那麼壞，他們只是有點傻。 就像我們親愛的litojonny先生，

his questions about butt hair. But others can be more harmful.

和他關於屁股長毛的蠢問題；然而，其他人可能更具殺傷力。

You might’ve heard the warning, “don’t read the comments” -- to try and avoid potentially

你在網路上可能也看過這類警告性的帖子: 別讀它! —— 為的是試著避免潛在的

But who are the people writing these kinds of comments in the first place, and why do

不過，是誰在第一時間寫了上述這種帖子，

到底，這些網路酸民心態為何？

First, let’s talk about different kinds of trolling.

首先，先來討論不同類型的酸文。

We think trolling began in the early 1990s, on discussion boards like Usenet- basically

酸文一詞出現在90年代早期，一開始出現在Usenet上；

early versions of message boards or forums.

Usenet就是早期的網路留言板(例如BBS)。

Experienced users would go trolling for newbies, by asking overly naive questions, or by making

版上的老鳥會用一些方式來釣菜鳥，像是問一些太過簡單明白的問題，

new posts about topics that had been way over-discussed.

或重新po一些早就討論過度的主題。

Veterans on the site would recognize each other’s usernames and realize what was going

其他老手能認出彼此的網路暱稱，明白現在在演哪齣，

on, so only new users would fall for the trap and answer them.

所以，就只有新人會跳入這些老鳥的陷阱而回帖。

This relatively harmless form of trolling was meant to get a laugh from people in-the-know

這類無傷大雅的酸文是為了讓知曉內情的人發噱，

Nowadays, the definition of trolling includes a lot of different kinds of people.

而今，發酸文的定義含括了更多不同類型的酸民。

For example, some people who self-identify as trolls irritate others for the sake of a joke.

例如，有些酸民靠著惹惱網友當作玩笑以尋求自我認同- -

-- like so-called griefers in online gaming communities.

像是愛在線上遊戲中搞破壞、騷擾其他人的玩家(griefer)。

Like when someone gets onto your minecraft server and just puts TNT everywhere.

或像有人登入你在【當個創世神】中的地圖，然後將炸彈方塊(TNT)放得到處都是。

But griefers can also engage in more harmful behavior, going beyond playful rule-breaking

但這些破壞者也可能帶來更多傷害，更勝於原本只為了好玩才破壞規則的行為；

and slinging racial insults and threats to upset other players.

進而丟出一些帶種族歧視的侮辱威脅字眼，讓其他玩家不愉快。

Some groups like Anonymous have grown out of communities that basically celebrate trolling,

有些團體，像是【匿名者】駭客組織，源自於基本上贊成發酸文的論壇，

like 4chan, and use its methods to oppose online censorship, or make political statements

例如4chan論壇，用戶以自己的方式反對網路審查制，或發動駭客行動以表達政治觀點，

through hacktivism, taking advantage of the anonymity of the Internet.

網路匿名的特性有益於這類行動順利進行。

But, other kinds of trolling are essentially cyber-bullying -- like the trolls who descend

然而，另外一種酸文在本質上就是網路霸凌--就像某些酸民突然出現在

on the memorial pages for deceased teenagers to post harassing comments.

紀念某個青少年的網頁上，po一些騷擾性的言論。

No matter the cause, it’s hard for victims to distinguish between empty threats and real

不管是甚麼導致這樣的行為，都很難讓受害者分清什麼只是惡作劇、什麼又是真正的

threats online, which can leave people stressed and scared.

網路恐嚇，這都對受害者造成心理壓力和恐懼。

So, some behavioral scientists are trying to get to the bottom of it.

所以，一些行為科學家試著找到導致這種行為的真相。

The Internet is still a fairly new place, so psychologists are still figuring out how

網際網路相較而言是一個新領域，因此心理學家仍努力找出

online spaces affect our psyche and behaviors.

線上空間如何影響人類的心理和行為。

Some research has started to answer the big question: what makes a troll?

有些研究已開始探討以下這個關鍵問題: 是什麼原因塑造了這些酸民?

Back in 2004 -- before Twitter, before YouTube, before Reddit -- a scientist named John Suler

回到2004年--在Twitter, YouTube, Reddit出現之前，科學家John Suler

coined a term to describe the loosening of social inhibitions because of the anonymity

發明了一個新詞，形容因網路匿名文化而抵銷社會抑制效應，名為 :

of the Internet: the Online Disinhibition Effect.

Basically, people are willing to behave differently online than in real life. This isn’t necessarily

簡單來說，就是人們在網路世界中傾向於表現得和真實生活不同。這並不全然

Dr. Suler believed that there were six key factors that contributed to this effect:

Suler博士認為，有六種主要原因誘發去抑效應:

First, dissociative anonymity describes the ability to hide your true identity online.

第一點，「解離式匿名」形容在網路上隱藏你真實個性的能力，

This gives people the sense that their online actions can’t be linked back to real life,

解離式匿名讓人們以為自己在網上的言行不會連結真實生活，

and can remove a sense of responsibility.

Next, because social media and online forums usually rely on text-based communication,

第二點，因為大眾媒體和網路論壇通常仰賴於文字溝通，

this also instills a sense of invisibility.

這也逐漸加強了「不可視性」，

Without eye contact or body language, commenters can become more disinhibited.

不可視性意思是少了眼神接觸及肢體語言，評論者可能變得更缺少顧忌。

Plus, online conversations can have a time disconnect, or asynchronicity, meaning that

再者，第三點，網路對話中，彼此的時間可能是斷開的，也就是「異步性」，意思是

you don’t have to immediately respond to someone.

You can disengage and re-engage whenever you want, and craft your responses more carefully

你可以隨時參與或離開這個話題，也比起面對面講話，

It can also be hard to see other Internet users as real people who are affected by the

此外，我們也很難將銀幕另一端的網友視為現實世界中，因我們的一言一行

And one part of that is solipsistic introjection, which means you basically create a character

這便是「以我為中心的投射」，意思是你在心中爲網友創造了

of the other person in your mind. By only having their words to read, you can sort of

專屬角色，藉由閱讀他們的文字，你可能聽到腦中想像出的聲音

hear their responses in an imagined voice in your head. So, the other person has become dehumanized.

輕聲念出那些回覆。結果，這些人轉而變為非人化。

As a result, there’s a disconnect between the real conversation you’re having and

也因此，與網友的實際對話和爲網友創造的形象之間

your constructed version of the other person.

This then can lead to dissociative imagination, where online interactions are seen more as

接著，這也導致「想像分離」，也就是在網路上，人際互動變得更像

a fantasy than a reality. They can almost become a game -- one that’s easy to turn

虛擬想像而非實際交流，那麼這些互動就變成像是一場遊戲- 可以讓人輕易

This could be especially relevant to griefers -- they’re just people playing a different

這些與那些愛搗蛋的破壞者(Griefer)尤其相關- 他們把網路社交當作另一種類型的

kind of online game, one that’s more about a social experiment and messing with other players.

線上遊戲，一款有著更多社交需求，更能對其他玩家惡作劇的遊戲。

And when it comes to trolling, a big part is the minimization of authority -- the lack

另外，說到爲什麼發酸文，很大部份是因為網路行為幾乎無法可管- 也就是缺乏了

of clearly defined authority figures online.

Viewing other users as peers makes it easier to say whatever you want, including toxic

將其他網友看成是自己的同儕容易讓人做出任何想做的事，包括回覆一些毒舌言論，

comments, because there’s no fear of punishment.

只因在網路世界裡根本不用怕被懲罰。

Since the first description of the Online Disinhibition Effect, Internet communities

自從網路去抑效應這名詞發明以來，網路社群

have grown, and so has our definition of trolling.

逐漸成長，我們也爲發酸文的行為下了定義。

But the research on trolling behavior is still pretty sparse.

但關於發酸文行為的研究仍只見於零星論述。

Most studies are completed through online surveys, so they rely on participants to self-report

而且大部份相關的研究都是透過在網路上做問卷，這種方式必須依賴受測者

And, since there are lots of different kinds of trolls, the psychology behind the actions

此外，因為網路上充斥著不同類型的酸民，因此，其背後的心理因素

and reactions that they cause can be varied.

和因不同因素造成的反應，也非常多樣。

What motivates someone to consistently comment about butt hair is almost definitely not the

不過，那種堅持評論屁股長毛這類主題的網友，他們的動機絕對和

same thing that motivates a troll to spam someone with death threats.

寄死亡威脅給別人的網友不一樣。

Some recent studies have focused on more aggressive kinds of trolls, and the presence of traits

一些近期研究開始將重點放在更具攻擊性的酸民，以及他們的人格特質和

associated with the so-called Dark Triad or Dark Tetrad.

所謂的「暗黑人格三特質」之間的關聯性。

And the name is... uh… pretty fitting for this group of personality traits:

暗黑人格三特質這名詞就是...爲三種黑暗性格發明出的名詞:

For example, one personality type is known as the Machiavellian -- which is predisposed

例如，其中一種人格特質的代表性人物是馬基維利- 這種人的個性更傾向於

to being cold and detached in order to manipulate others.

讓自己看來冷酷、對他人漠不關心，為的是操控他人。

Narcissism, on the other hand, indicates an inflated sense of self and lack of empathy toward other people.

第二種特質: 自戀型人格，也就是說，這類特質的人過度關注自己但對他人缺少同情心

You might also have heard of the term psychopathy. Psychologists refer to this more accurately

第三種，是你可能也聽過的精神病態。對心理學家而言，更正確的說法是

as antisocial personality disorder -- it results in an inability to feel empathy or guilt,

反社會人格障礙- 它的成因來自無法感到同情或有罪惡感，

and a tendency to take advantage of other people.

And sadism describes the tendency to take pleasure from other’s pain.

除了這三種特質，還有一種叫虐待狂，傾向於從別人的痛苦中得到快感，

In 2014, in an online survey of over 400 people, those who said they enjoyed trolling other

2014年，一份網路問卷調查了400名聲稱喜歡發酸文作弄他人的網友-

people -- for example, by linking them to jump-scare websites, or griefing in games

例如，愛在貼文裡放恐怖圖片網站網址，或在遊戲裡搞破壞的人；

-- had positive correlations with several of these personality traits.

- 這些人和上述提到的人格特質具正相關。

And people who spent the most overall time posting comments online tended to have more anti-social motivations.

而大部分時間都花在上網po文的網友，最容易有反社會動機。

Rather than participating in message board conversations and online gaming to make friends,

比起加入各留言版聊天或玩線上遊戲來交朋友，

But also, only around 5% of survey respondents specifically said that they enjoyed trolling,

不過，問卷調查中只有百分之5的受測者特別提到他們以發酸文為樂，

out of the 60% that said they interact with people online in some way, like by posting comments.

其他超過百分之60的受測者則認為po文、回覆是他們和其他人互動的一種方式。

So this suggests that mean-spirited trolls only make up a small fraction of Internet

因此，這份調查也告訴我們懷有惡意的酸民只佔了發文者中的小部分，