Name: RSA Animate:傑里米-裡夫金--同理心文明。 (RSA Animate: Jeremy Rifkin - The Empathic Civilization)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T06:20:09.000Z
Duration: 10 min 40 s

Jeremy Rifkin. The Empathic Civilisation.

傑瑞米·雷夫金  "有同理心的文明"

there's been some very interesting developments in evolutionary biology

出現一些非常有趣的發展  在演化生物學

neurocognitive science, child development, research and many other fields

神經認知學 兒童發展  研究及其它許多領域裡

which is beginning to challenge some of these long held shibboleths that we've had

about human nature and the meaning of the human journey.

關於人性和人生旅途真義的教條

But, there is another frame of reference emerging in the sciences

然而  在科學領域中浮現出另一個

which is quite interesting and really challenges these assumptions.

相當有趣的思考框架  而且的確挑戰了這些傳統假設

And with that, the institutions that we have created based on those assumptions

基於那些傳統假設  我們創造了目前的機制

our educational institutions, our business practices, our governing institutions, etc.

我們的教育機構  商業運作  政府制度等等

sleepy little laboratory in Parma, Italy.

And scientists had a MRI brain scanning machine on a macaque monkey

科學家們利用核磁共振腦部掃瞄機檢查一隻猴子

as the macaque monkey was trying to open up a nut.

當這隻猴子試著剝開一顆堅果時

They wanted to see how the neurons would light up.

他們想知道猴子的神經元會如何顯示點亮

So the monkey's trying to open up the nut, the neurons light up

猴子試著剝開堅果  神經元點亮了

and just by serendipity, and this is how science sometimes happens

而碰巧這時有一個人走進實驗室裡

a human being walked in the laboratory, I don't know if it was by mistake

我不知這是否為誤會  但這就是科學發現偶爾迸發的時侯

and he was hungry and saw the nuts and opened up one of the nuts

這個人餓了  看到堅果  接著就撬開其中一個

because, who was this invader in his laboratory?

因為不知道侵入實驗室的是哪位仁兄

And he didn't move, he just gazed at this human trying to open up the nut

它一動也不動  只是瞪著試著撬開堅果的這個人類

just like he had done a few seconds earlier

and then the scientist looked on the MRI brain scanner

接著科學家在一旁看著核磁共振腦部掃瞄機

當它觀察正在打開堅果的人類時

when he observed the human being opening the nut

and the scientists had not a clue as to what this was

但科學家們對這種現象毫無頭緒

他們認為核磁共振腦部掃瞄機已經壞了

They then began to put MRI brain scanning machines on other primates

然後他們開始把機器用在其它靈長類動物上

especially chimpanzees with our big neocortex.

特別是有大範圍新皮質層的黑猩猩

Then they went to humans, and what they found over and over again

然後又用在人類身上  科學家們重複不斷發現某種

And that is that we are apparently soft-wired

we suspect elephants, we're not sure about dolphins and dogs, we've just begun.

我們懷疑大象  海豚  狗也是  這一切才剛開始研究

But all humans are soft-wired with mirror neurons

但所有的人類的鏡像神經元都是"軟線連接"

so that, if I'm observing you, your anger, your frustration

也就是如果我正觀察你憤怒或沮喪

your sense of rejection, your joy, whatever it is, and I can feel what you're doing

你被拒絕的感覺  你的快樂或其他情緒  那我就能做到感同身受

the same neurons will light up in me as if I'm having that experience myself.

同樣的神經元會在我腦中點亮  彷彿我自己有那種體驗

We know if a spider goes up someone's arm

我們知道如果蜘蛛爬上一個人的手臂

and I'm observing it going up your arm, I'm going to get a creepy feeling.

而我也正觀察到著它  那我就會感到毛骨悚然

We take this for granted, but we're actually soft-wired

我們認為這理所當然  可實際上我們是"軟線連接"

to actually experience another's plight as if we're experiencing it ourself.

能體會到另一個人的實際苦難  彷彿我們自己正在經歷一樣

But mirror neurons are just the beginning of a whole range of research

但鏡像神經元只是整個研究範圍的開始

going on in neuropsychology and brain research and in child development

涵蓋了神經心理學 腦部研究 兒童發展

that suggests that we are actually soft-wired not for aggression

研究暗示我們神經元的"軟線連接"  不是為了侵略

and violence and self interest and utilitarianism

that we are actually soft-wired for sociability

我們"軟線連接"真正目的是社交性

'attachment' as John Bowlby might have said

如同約翰·鮑比(英國發展心理學家)可能會說的"依附"

affection, companionship, and that the first drive is the drive to actually 'belong'.

即關愛  陪伴  而最重要的驅動力實際上是"歸屬感"

When little babies are in a nursery and one baby cries

當一群嬰兒在育兒室裡  其中有一位嬰兒在哭時

the other babies will cry in response, they just don't know why.

其它嬰兒作為回應也會哭  他們不知道為何

That's empathic distress, it's built into their biology.

這就是同理心的例子  這根植在嬰兒的生理中

Around two and half years of age, a child actually can begin to recognize himself in a mirror.

大約在兩歲半左右  一個孩童實際上能開始在鏡子中辨識出自我

That's when you begin to mature empathy as a cultural phenomenon.

這時同理心作為一種文化現象就開始發展成熟

And then, once a toddler can identify themselves

然後一旦學走路的小孩開始認同自我

then they know that if they're observing someone else have a feeling

就會知道如果自己觀察到別人有某種感覺

they know that if they feel something, it's because they're feeling it because someone else has it.

就會知道自己也感覺到某種東西  自己會有感覺是因為別人也有同樣感覺

Selfhood that goes together with empathic development.

Increasing selfhood, increasing empathic development.

自我越發展  同理心也隨之發展

Around eight years of age a child learns about birth and death

大約在八歲時  一個孩童學習到出生和死亡的概念

they learn where they came from, that they have a one and only life

他們學習到自己從何而來  以及自己只有一條生命

that life is fragile and vulnerable and one day they're gonna die.

學習到生命是脆弱的和易受傷害的  而且有一天自己也會死亡

That's the beginning of an existential trip.

Because when a child learns about birth and death and they have a one and only life

因為當孩童學習出生和死亡  並且知道自己只有一條生命時

they realise how fragile and vulnerable life is.

他們會瞭解到生命是有多脆弱和易受傷害

It's very tough being alive on this planet

whether you're a human being, or a fox navigating the forest.

無論你是人類或是在森林裡搜索食物的狐狸

So when a child learns that life is vulnerable and fragile

所以當一位孩童學到生命易受傷害且脆弱

and that every moment is precious, and that they have their own unique history

以及需珍惜每時每刻  每個人都有自己獨特的生命歷程

it allows a child then, to experience another's plight in the same way.

生命的脆弱性能讓一位孩童同樣體會到另一個人的苦難

That, that other person, or other being (could be another creature)

即另一個人  或另一個存在(也可能是另一個生物)

has a one and only life, it's tough to be alive and the odds are not always good.

只有唯一的生命  而且生存是艱難的  存活的機率不高

So if you think about the times that we've empathized with each other or fellow creatures

如果你回頭反思  當我們對彼此或同類生物感同身受時

it's always because we felt their struggle.

這一直都是因為我們感受到對方的掙扎

We have the whiff of death in empathy, and the celebration of life.

我們對一瞬間的死亡有同理心  歡慶生命

And we show solidarity with our compassion.

There is no empathy in Heaven, I guarantee you, I'll  tell you before you get there.

我保證在天堂裡沒有同理心  在你到天堂前我會跟你解釋

There isn't any empathy in Heaven because there's no mortality.

在天堂裡沒有同理心  因為沒有死亡

There's no empathy in Utopia because there is no suffering.

烏托邦裡沒有同理心  因為沒有痛苦

Empathy is grounded in the acknowledgement of death and the celebration of life

同理心的基礎是承認死亡以及歡慶生命

and rooting for each other to flourish and be.

而且對彼此的興盛和存在要有堅實的基礎

It's based on our frailties and imperfections.

這是我們自身的脆弱和不完美所致

So when we talk about building an empathic civilization, we're not talking about Utopia.

所以當我們談論建立一個有同理心的文明時  我們不是在講烏托邦

We're talking about the ability of human beings to show solidarity

我們是在談論人類展現團結的能力

but our fellow creatures who have a one and only life on this little planet.

也跟我們的生物同胞團結  它們在這個小小星球上也有唯一的生命

We are 'homoempathicus', so here is the question

我們是"懂得同理心的人類"(注:"homoempathicus"為作者自創字 homo+empathy)

We know that consciousness changes in history

所以  問題是我們要知道歷史上意識的改變

the way our brain is wired today is not the way a medieval serf's brain would be wired,

我們今日大腦神經連接的方式  與中世紀農奴連接的方式不同

and their brain wouldn't be the same as the wiring of a forager/hunter 30,000 years ago.

而他們的大腦也不會與三萬年前的搶匪或獵人相同