"Light creates ambiance, light makes the feel of a space,

「光線創造氛圍，

and light is also the expression of structure."

光線製造空間的感受，

Well, that was not by me.

且光線是構造的表現。」

That was, of course, by Le Corbusier, the famous architect.

這不是我說的，

And here you can see what he meant in one of his beautiful buildings --

是名建築家

the chapel Notre Dame Du Haut De Ronchamp --

柯比意說的。

where he creates this light that he could only make because there's also dark.

在這裡你可以從他美麗的建築物中

And I think that is the quintessence of this 18-minute talk --

瞧出端倪。

that there is no good lighting that is healthy and for our well-being

巴黎廊香教堂便是一棟

without proper darkness.

他運用光線的範例，

So this is how we normally would light our offices.

而這樣的光線必須由黑暗相伴。

We have codes and standards that tell us that the lights should be so much Lux

而我認為這是

and of great uniformity.

這十八分鐘演講的精華：

This is how we create uniform lighting from one wall to the other

若沒有適當的黑暗，

in a regular grid of lamps.

就沒有所謂的

And that is quite different from what I just showed you

健康、有用的光明。

from Le Corbusier.

這是我們平常如何照明辦公室。

If we would apply these codes and standards

我們有規範和標準

to the Pantheon in Rome,

告訴我們燈光需要多亮

it would never have looked like this,

且需要多整齊。

because this beautiful light feature that goes around there all by itself

這是我們如何

can only appear because there is also darkness in that same building.

利用整齊的光格

And the same is more or less what Santiago Calatrava said

製造兩牆間一致的照明。

when he said, "Light: I make it in my buildings for comfort."

而這與我剛剛給你們看的

And he didn't mean the comfort of a five-course dinner

柯比意運用的方式

as opposed to a one-course meal,

是很不同的。

but he really meant the comfort

如果我們運用一樣的規範和標準

of the quality of the building for the people.

在羅馬的神殿中，

He meant that you can see the sky and that you can experience the sun.

它看起來就不會是這樣的，

And he created these gorgeous buildings where you can see the sky,

因為這美麗的光線特色

and where you can experience the sun,

讓光可以環繞自己，

that give us a better life in the built environment,

只能存在於

just because of the relevance of light in its brightness and also in its shadows.

建築物本身也包含黑暗的狀況下。

And what it all boils down to is, of course, the sun.

同樣的Santiago Calatrava（西班牙建築家）說：

And this image of the Sun may suggest

「我在我的建築中使用光線，

that the Sun is something evil and aggressive,

來達到舒適感。」

but we should not forget

且他的意思不是五道式晚宴

that all energy on this planet actually comes from the Sun,

與一道式簡餐的差別，

and light is only a manifestation of that energy.

而是建築物本身

The sun is for dynamics, for color changes.

帶給人的舒適感。

The sun is for beauty in our environment,

他的意思是你可以看天空

like in this building -- the High Museum in Atlanta,

且感受到太陽。

which has been created by Renzo Piano from Italy,

且他設計了一些華麗的建築，

together with Arup Lighting, a brilliant team of lighting designers,

從中你可以看到天空

who created a very subtle modulation of light across the space,

亦可感受陽光。

responding to what the sun does outside,

那讓我們在這樣設計的環境中有更好的生活，

just because of all these beautiful openings in the roof.

因為光的明亮

So in an indirect way, you can see the sun.

也因為光的陰影。

And what they did is they created an integral building element

這全都是因為太陽。

to improve the quality of the space that surrounds the visitors of the museum.

這張太陽的圖片可能會讓人覺得

They created this shade that you can see here,

太陽是個邪惡且具侵略性的東西。

which actually covers the sun,

但我們不該忘記的是

but opens up to the good light from the sky.

這星球上所有的能量都來自於太陽。

And here you can see how they really crafted a beautiful design process

且光線僅僅只是

with physical models,

這能量的表象。

with quantitative as well as qualitative methods,

太陽是動態的、會改變顏色的，

to come to a final solution that is truly integrated

太陽是我們環境中美麗的來源，

and completely holistic with the architecture.

就像在這個建築物中--

They allowed themselves a few mistakes along the way.

亞特蘭大的高等藝術博物館--

As you can see here, there's some direct light on the floor,

是由義大利的倫佐皮亞諾

but they could easily figure out where that comes from.

和奧雅納萊丁共同創造的。

And they allow people in that building to really enjoy the sun,

這是組非常聰明的光線設計師，

the good part of the sun.

他們設計了

And enjoying the sun can be in many different ways, of course.

一個非常微妙的光線變化，

It can be just like this,

讓空間中的光線

or maybe like this, which is rather peculiar,

能隨著室外陽光作變化，

but this is in 1963 --

而他們運用的就是天花板的孔洞。

the viewing of a sun eclipse in the United States.

所以間接的

And it's just a bit bright up there,

人們可以看到太陽。

so these people have found a very intriguing solution.

所以他們做的是

This is, I think, a very illustrative image of what I try to say --

設計了一個與建築物融合的元素

that the beautiful dynamics of sun, bringing these into the building,

來改善空間的品質，

creates a quality of our built environment that truly enhances our lives.

來包圍博物館中的參觀民眾。

And this is all about darkness

他們設計了這樣的遮光物，

as much as it is about lightness, of course,

在螢幕上可以看到，

because otherwise you don't see these dynamics.

可以遮住太陽

As opposed to the first office

但讓天空中許多光線進入。

that I showed you in the beginning of the talk,

在這裡你們可以看到

this is a well-known office, which is the Weidt Group.

他們如何在設計過程中

They are in green energy consulting, or something like that.

運用物理模型

And they really practice what they preach

運用量化和質化的方法

because this office doesn't have any electric lighting at all.

才來到這個最終的東西，

It has only, on one side, this big, big glass window

這是真正融合

that helps to let the sunlight enter deep into the space

整個建築物的設計。

and create a beautiful quality there and a great dynamic range.

在過程中他們讓自己有犯錯的空間。

So it can be very dim over there, and you do your work,

就像你們可以看到的，地上有些直射的光，

and it can be very bright over there, and you do your work.

但他們可以很輕易的找出問題來源。

But actually, the human eye turns out to be remarkably adaptable

且他們讓在屋子中的人

to all these different light conditions that together create an environment

可以盡情地享受陽光，

that is never boring and that is never dull,

有用的陽光。

and therefore helps us to enhance our lives.

享受陽光

I really owe a short introduction of this man to you.

可以有很多不同種的方式。

This is Richard Kelly who was born 100 years ago,

可以只是這樣，

which is the reason I bring him up now, because it's kind of an anniversary year.

或是這樣有些怪的方式，

In the 1930s, Richard Kelly was the first person to really describe

但這是1963年--

a methodology of modern lighting design.

在美國看到的

And he coined three terms,

日蝕。

which are "focal glow," "ambient luminescence"

這邊有點太亮了，

and "play of the brilliants" --

所以人們想到了這樣有趣的解決方式。

three very distinctly different ideas about light in architecture

這是，我認為很能說明我想要解釋的東西--

that all together make up this beautiful experience.

就是太陽美妙的變化，

So to begin with, focal glow.

當融入建築物後，

He meant something like this --

可以創造一個能夠

where the light gives direction to the space

提升生活品質的環境。

and helps you to get around.

且這全都與黑暗有關

Or something like this,

重要程度跟光線一樣，

which is the lighting design he did for General Motors,

因為如果沒有黑暗就感受不到變化。

for the car showroom.

相對於我一開始

And you enter that space,

給你們看的辦公室，

and you feel like, "Wow! This is so impressive,"

這是一間很有名的辦公室，叫做白組織。

just because of this focal point, this huge light source in the middle.

他們做的是類似綠色能源諮商的事情。

To me, it is something from theater,

且他們真的言行一致，

and I will get back to that a little bit later.

因為他們的辦公室沒有使用任何電力照明。

It's the spotlight on the artist that helps you to focus.

他們只有一邊

It could also be the sunlight that breaks through the clouds

有很大很大的玻璃窗戶

and lights up a patch of the land,

可以讓太陽光進來，

highlighting it compared to the dim environment.

進到空間當中，

Or it can be in today's retail, in the shopping environment --

且產生了這美妙的特色和動態的變化。

lighting the merchandise and creating accents that help you to get around.

所以那邊可以很暗，且你可以做事，

Ambient luminescence is something very different.

也可以很亮，你仍然可以做事。

Richard Kelly saw it as something infinite,

但事實上人眼

something without any focus,

是據有極高適應性的，

something where all details actually dissolve in infinity.

對於各種的光線變化，

And I see it as a very comfortable kind of light that really helps us to relax

讓這些創造一個

and to contemplate.

永遠不會無聊單調的環境，

It could also be something like this:

且讓我們改善生活。

the National Museum of Science in London,

我應該要介紹一個人。

where this blue is embracing all the exhibitions and galleries

他叫做裡查克利。

in one large gesture.

他生於一百年前，

And then finally,

這也是我要提他的原因，

Kelly's play of brilliants added to that

因為有點像是週年紀念。

really some play, I think, of the skyline of Hong Kong,

在1930年代，裡查克利是第一個

or perhaps the chandelier in the opera house,

真的去解釋

or in the theater here,

現代燈光設計方法的人。

which is the decoration, the icing on the cake, something playful,

他創立了三個名詞，

something that is just an addition to the architectural environment,

「焦點光」、

I would say.

「環境照明」、

These three distinct elements, together,

和「亮點特色」。

make a lighting environment that helps us to feel better.

雖然是建築照明中

And we can only create these out of darkness.

非常不同的東西，

And I will explain that further.

但加起來

And I guess that is something that Richard Kelly, here on the left,

組成美妙的體驗。

was explaining to Ludwig Mies van Der Rohe.

所以從焦點光開始。

And behind them, you see that Seagram Building

他是指

that later turned into an icon of modern lighting design.

光線如何在空間中指示方位

Those times, there were some early attempts

且幫助你找到要去的地方。

also for light therapy already.

換句話說，像他幫

You can see here a photo

General Motors設計的汽車展示場。

from the United States Library of Medicine,

當你進到那個空間時，

where people are put in the sun to get better.

會感受到「哇！這令人印象深刻」

It's a little bit of a different story, this health aspect of light,

就是因為有焦點光，

than what I'm telling you today.

就是中間的巨大光來源。

In today's modern medicine,

對我來說這是從劇場來的，

there is a real understanding of light in an almost biochemical way.

我晚點再回來說這個。

And there is the idea that, when we look at things,

這是照在藝術家的聚光燈，

it is the yellow light that helps us the most,

幫助你聚焦。

that we are the most sensitive for.

這也可以是透過雲層照出來的太陽光

But our circadian rhythms,

照亮一小塊地，

which are the rhythms that help us to wake and sleep

讓它在旁邊暗的環境中

and be alert and relaxed and so forth and so on,

顯得突出。

they are much more triggered by blue light.

或是可以是今天的零售店，在一個買東西的環境中，

And by modulating the amount of blue in our environment,

照亮商品

we can help people to relax, or to be alert,

製造一個讓你到處逛逛的氛圍。

to fall asleep, or to stay awake.

環境照明則不同。

And that is how, maybe in the near future, light can help hospitals

裡查克利認為它是無邊的，

to make people better sooner, recover them quicker.

是沒有焦點的，

Maybe in the airplane, we can overcome jet lag like that.

是個所有細節

Perhaps in school, we can help children to learn better

都散在無邊的環境中。

because they concentrate more on their work.

我認為它是一個舒適的光線，

And you can imagine a lot more applications.

讓我們放鬆

But I would like to talk further

及思考。

about the combination of light and darkness

它也可以是這樣的：

as a quality in our life.

在倫敦的國家科學博物館中，

So light is, of course, for social interaction also --

藍光

to create relationships with all the features around us.

圍繞著所有的展示品

It is the place where we gather around

及展覽廳。

when we have to say something to each other.

然後最後，克利運用亮點。

And it is all about this planet.

就像是香港的地平線，

But when you look at this planet at night,

或是歌劇院的水晶燈，

it looks like this.

或是這個劇場，

And I think this is the most shocking image in my talk today.

就是個裝飾，

Because all this light here goes up to the sky.

像是蛋糕上的糖衣，有趣的東西，

It never reaches the ground where it was meant for.

或是只是一個

It never is to the benefit of people.

附加在建築物環境的東西。

It only spoils the darkness.

這三樣不同的元素

So at a global scale, it looks like this.

加在一起可以製造一個

And, I mean, that is quite amazing, what you see here --

讓我們感覺更好的環境。

how much light goes up into the sky and never reaches the ground.

且這只能在有黑暗的狀況下才能達到。

Because if we look at the Earth the way it should be,

我會再解釋更多。

it would be something like this very inspiring image

我猜這是裡查克利，在左手的那位，

where darkness is for our imagination and for contemplation

想要解釋給Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe（德國建築師）聽的。

and to help us to relate to everything.

在他們後面你可以看到西格拉母大廈，

The world is changing though,

這座建築之後

and urbanization is a big driver of everything.

成為現代燈光設計的代表。

I took this photo two weeks ago in Guangzhou,

在那時候，已經開始有一些

and I realized that 10 years ago,

早期的燈光治療。

there was nothing like this, of these buildings.

你看到這裡是美國醫藥圖書館，

It was just a much smaller city,

有些人在太陽光下療傷。

and the pace of urbanization is incredible and enormous.

這是有點不一樣的，

And we have to understand these main questions:

這個光的健康因素，

How do people move through these new urban spaces?

這部份和我今天要談的不大一樣。

How do they share their culture?

在現今的醫學中，

How do we tackle things like mobility?

對光線有一定的瞭解，

And how can light help there?

且主要是以生化的角度來看待。

Because the new technologies,

有這樣的說法：

they seem to be in a really interesting position

當我們看東西時，

to contribute to the solutions of urbanization

黃光對我們幫助最大，

and to provide us with better environments.

且是我們最敏感的光源。

It's not that long ago

但我們的晝夜節律

that our lighting was just done with these kinds of lamps.

就是調控我們起床、睡覺、

And of course, we had the metal-halide lamps

清醒、放鬆的節律，

and fluorescent lamps and things like that.

反而對藍光比較敏感。

Now we have LED,

利用調節環境中的

but here you see the latest one, and you see how incredibly small it is.

藍光，

And this is exactly what offers us a unique opportunity,

我們可以幫助人們放鬆或警戒、

because this tiny, tiny size allows us

睡眠或清醒。

to put the light wherever we really need it.

這也是

And we can actually leave it out where it's not needed at all

或許在不遠的未來

and where we can preserve darkness.

醫院可以利用光線

So that is a really interesting proposition, I think,

來幫助病人

and a new way of lighting the architectural environment

更快康復。