how the United States came to acquire two of its largest states, Texas and…there is

another one. Mr. Green! Mr. Green! I believe the answer

you’re looking for is Alaska. Oh me from the past, as you can clearly tell

from the globe, Alaskan statehood never happened. No I am referring of course to California.

Stan, are we using your computer today? Oh. Stan!

We’ve talked about westward expansion a few times here on CrashCourse, but it’s

usually about, like, Kentucky or Ohio. This time we’re going really west, I mean, not

like Hawaii west, but sea to shining sea west. intro

So you might remember that journalist John O’Sullivan coined the phrase Manifest Destiny

to describe America’s god given right to take over all the land between the Atlantic

and Pacific Oceans, regardless of who happened to be living there

Sorry Native Americans, Mexicans, French fur trappers, beavers, bison, prairie dogs, passenger

pigeons. I’m not going to go so far as to give God

credit for America’s internal imperialism, but I will say that our expansion had a lot

to do with economics, especially when you consider Jefferson’s ideas about the empire

of liberty. Stan, did I just say liberty? That means technically

I also have to talk about slavery, but we’re gonna kick the slavery can down the road until

later in the show. Just like American politicians did in the 19th century.

By 1860 nearly 300,000 people had made the trip that has been immortalized by the classic

educational video game “Oregon Trail,” which, by the way, is inaccurate in the sense

that a family of 6, even a very hungry one, cannot eat a buffalo.

But is extremely accurate in that a lot of people died of dysentery and cholera. Frickin

disease. So, Oregon at the time was jointly controlled

by the U.S. and Britain. Northern Mexico at the time included what are now Texas, Arizona,

Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, and California. But New Mexico and California were the only

two with, like, big settlements. About 30,000 Mexicans lived in New Mexico, and about 3,500

in California, and in both places they were outnumbered by Native Americans. Okay, let’s

go to the Thought Bubble. When Mexico became independent, there were

only about 2,000 Tejanos there, so to encourage economic development, Mexico’s government

granted a huge tract of land to Moses Austin. Austin’s son Stephen made a tidy profit

selling off smaller parcels of that land until there were 7,000 American Americans there.

This made Mexico nervous so, backpedalling furiously, Mexico annulled the land contracts

and banned further emigration into Texas. Even though slavery was already abolished

in Mexico, up to now they had allowed Americans to bring slaves. Austin, joined by some Tejano

elites, demanded greater autonomy and the right to use slave labor. Thinking the better

of it, Mexican General Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana decided to assert control over the restive

territory with an army, turning the elite’s demands for autonomy into a full-scale revolt

for independence. On March 13, 1836, Santa Ana defeated the

American defenders of the Alamo, killing 187 (or 188, sources differ) Americans including

Davy Crockett. The Texas rebels would “remember the Alamo” and come back to defeat Santa

Ana at the battle of San Jacinto. And Mexico was forced to recognize Texas’s independence.

So Texas became the Lone Star Republic and quickly decided that it would be much better

to be a less lonely star and join the United States. So, in 1837, Texas’ Congress called

for union but all they heard back was, “not so fast, Texas.” Why? Because Texas wanted

to be a slave state, and adding another slave state would disrupt the balance in the Senate,

so Jackson and Van Buren did what good politicians always do: they ignored Texas.

And then after Martin Van Buren wrote a letter denouncing any plan to annex Texas on the

grounds that it would probably provoke a war, Democratic convention southerners threw their

support behind slaveholding Andrew Jackson pal, James K. Polk.

Polk just managed to get a presidential victory over perennial almost-president Henry Clay,

and seeing the writing on the wall, Congress annexed Texas in March of 1845, days before

Polk took office. Congress then forged an agreement with Britain to divide Oregon at

the 49th parallel, which restored the slave state/free state balance in the Senate.

Thanks, Thought Bubble. Hey, Stan, can I get the foreshadowing filter? I wonder if we’re

going to be able to keep that slave state/free state balance...forever.

The land-hungry James K. Polk had another goal as president: acquire California from

Mexico. He tried to purchase it from Mexico, but they

were like, “No,” which is Spanish for “No.”

So Polk decided to do things the hard way – he sent troops under future president

Zachary Taylor into this disputed border region. As expected, by which I mean intended, fighting

broke out between American and Mexican forces. Polk, in calling for a declaration of war,

claimed that the Mexicans had “shed blood upon American soil,” although the soil in

question was arguably not American, unless you think of America as being, you know, all

of this. A majority of Americans supported this war,

although to be fair, a majority of Americans will support almost any war. I’m sorry,

but it is true. At least at first. It was the first war fought by American troops

primarily on foreign soil, as most of the fighting was done in Mexico. Among the dissenters

was a Massachusetts Transcendentalist who is probably better known than the war itself.

Henry David Thoreau was in fact thrown in jail for refusing to pay taxes in protest

of the war and wrote “On Civil Disobedience” in his defence, which many American high-schoolers

are assigned to read and expected not to understand, lest they take the message to heart and stop

doing assignments like reading “On Civil Disobedience.”

Another critic was concerned about the increase in executive power that Polk seemed to show,

saying: “Allow the president to invade a neighboring country whenever he shall deem

it necessary to repel an invasion and you allow him to make war at pleasure”

That critic was none other than noted peacenik Abraham Lincoln, who would go on to do more

to expand executive power than any president in the 19th century except maybe Andrew Jackson.

Right so Santa Ana’s army was defeated in February 1847 but Mexico refused to give up.

So Winfield Scott, who had the unfortunate nickname “old fuss and feathers,” captured

Mexico City itself in September. A final peace treaty, the Treaty of Guadalupe

Hidalgo was signed in 1848, under which Mexico confirmed the annexation of Texas and further

ceded California as well as several other places that would later become states but

we couldn’t fit on the map. In return, the U.S. paid Mexico $15 million

and agreed to a no backsies deal in re Texas thereby freeing Mexico from the shackles of

Amarillo. I’m sorry Amarillians. No I’m not. I am. I am. I’m not. I am.

This is great, Stan. The people of Amarillo hate me, also the people of New Jersey, Alaska

is in the green-parts-of-not-America, We don’t even have Arizona and New Mexico on the chalkboard.

Pretty soon I will have alienated everyone. Anyway, thanks to the land from Mexico, our

dream of expanding from the Atlantic to the Pacific was finally complete. And as always

happens when dreams come true, trouble started. After the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, between

75,000 and 100,000 Spanish-speaking Mexicans and 150,000 Native Americans were under the

jurisdiction of the United States. Despite the fact that the treaty granted Spanish

descended Mexican “male citizens” legal and property rights, the Mexicans were still

seen as inferior to Anglo-Saxons whose manifest destiny it was, of course, to overspread the

continent. And the fact that these Mexicans were Catholic

didn’t help either, especially because in the eastern part of the United States, there

was a rising tide of anti-Catholic, anti-immigrant sentiment known as nativism.

And there was a new political party, The American Party, dedicated entirely to such sentiment.

They were referred to as the “Know-nothings” because when you asked them about their politics

they would answer that they didn’t know anything.

And indeed, they didn’t. This was not an expert branding strategy,

although they did manage to win an unexpected number of local offices in a state heralded

for its ignorance … Massachusetts. You thought I was going to say New Jersey, but I’m trying

to make nice with the New Jersey people because they take it pretty personally.

Meanwhile, in California, there weren’t enough white, English speaking American residents

to apply for statehood until gold was discovered in 1848, leading of course to San Francisco’s

NFL team, the San Francisco 48ers. By 1852, the non-Indian population in California

had risen from 15,000 to 200,000 and it was 360,000 on the eve of the Civil War.

Now not all of those migrants – mainly young men seeking their fortunes – were white.

Nearly 25,000 Chinese people migrated to California, most as contract workers working for mining

and railroad companies. And there were women, too, who ran restaurants,

and worked as cooks, and laundresses, and prostitutes, but the ratio of men to women

in California in 1860 was 3 to 1. Aw shmerg. It’s time for the Mystery Document?

The rules here are simple. I read the Mystery Document and I’m either

shocked by electricity or by the fact that I got it right.

“We would beg to remind you that when your nation was a wilderness, and the nation from

which you sprung barbarous, we exercised most of the arts and virtues of civilized life;

that we are possessed of a language and a literature, and that men skilled in science

and the arts are numerous among us; that the productions of our manufactories, our sail,

and workshops, form no small share of commerce of the world; and that for centuries, colleges,

schools, charitable institutions, asylums, and hospitals have been as common as in your

own land. (…) And we beg to remark, that so far as the history of our race in California

goes, it stamps with the test of truth that we are not the degraded race you would make

us.” So it’s someone who said that “we” had

a great civilization when “you” were a wilderness, plus they called us “barbarous,”

so it’s either ancient Rome or China. I’m gonna lean toward China.

That only gets me halfway there. Now I have to think of the name of the person. And I

don’t know any famous people from mid-19th century China who lived in the U.S. ...People

say I can’t sing. Norman Asing? Who the hell is Normal Asing?

AHHHH. So these days California is known for its

groovy, laid back, “oh your back hurts? here’s some pot” attitude, but that was

not the case in the 19th century. The California constitution of 1850 limited

civil participation to whites – no Asians, no Black people or Native Americans could

vote or testify in court. Indians were kicked off their land if it had any mineral value,

and thousands of their orphaned children were sold as slaves.

And all of this led to the Indian population of California dropping from 150,000 to about

30,000 between 1848 and 1860. So it wasn’t at all clear whether California

was the kind of place to be admitted to the U.S. as a free state or as a slave state.

The Missouri Compromise was of no help here because half of California is below the 36

30 line, and half is above it. A new “Free Soil” party formed in 1848

calling for the limiting of slavery’s expansion in the west so that it could be open for white

people to live and work. I just want to be clear that most of the people

who were for limiting slavery were not, like, un-racist.

So, they nominated the admirably-whiskered Martin Van Buren for the presidency, and Van

Buren and Democratic nominee Lewis Cass then split the northern vote, allowing the aforementioned

Zachary Taylor, to win. So in 1850, when California finally did ask

to be admitted into the Union, it was as a free state.

Southerners freaked out because they saw it as the beginning of the end of slavery, but

then, to the rescue came Henry Clay, for his last hurrah.

He said, “We can kick this problem down the road once more” and brokered a four-part

plan that became known rather anticlimactically as the Compromise of 1850. Historians, can

you name nothing?! The four points were:

1. California would be admitted as a free state

2. The slave trade, but not slavery, would be outlawed in Washington D.C.

3. A new, super harsh fugitive slave law would be enacted, and

4. Popular sovereignty The idea was that in the remaining territories

taken from Mexico, the local white inhabitants could decide for themselves whether the state

would be slave or free when it applied to be part of the U.S.

Ah, the Compromise of 1850. A great reminder that nothing protects the rights of minorities

like the tyranny of the majority. There was a huge debate over the bill in which

noted asshat John C. Calhoun was so sick that he had to have his pro-slavery, anti-compromise

remarks read by a colleague. On the other side, New York’s Senator William Seward,

an abolitionist, also argued against compromise, based on slavery’s being, you know, wrong.

But, eventually the compromise did pass, thus averting a greater crisis for ten whole years.

Ralph Waldo Emerson predicted that if the United States acquired part of Mexico, it

would be like swallowing arsenic. And indeed, arsenic can be a slow-acting poison.

Now I don’t think Ralph Waldo Emerson was a good enough writer to have thought that

far ahead, but he was right. Some people say that manifest destiny made

the Civil War inevitable. But, as we’ll see next week, what really made the Civil

War inevitable was slavery. But, we see in the story of manifest destiny

the underlying problem, the United States didn’t govern according to its own ideals.

It didn’t extend liberties to Native Americans or Mexican Americans or immigrant populations

or slaves. Thanks for watching. And we’ll see you next

week when things will get much worse. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan

Muller. Our script supervisor is Meredith Danko. The show is written by my high school

history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself. Our associate producer is Danica Johnson. And

our graphics team is Thought Café. If you’d like to contribute to the libertage,

you can suggest captions. You can also ask questions in comments where they will be answered

by our team of historians. Thank you for watching Crash Course and as we say in my hometown,