10. Buoyant Airborne Turbine (BAT)

Countries like China, the United States, Germany, Denmark, Spain and India produce over 175,000

MW of power with traditional wind turbines, but that number stands to double if they’re

replaced with BATs.

The technology is simple. Basically, a huge blimp with a wind turbine in the middle is

secured to the ground and hoisted to altitudes of nearly 2000 feet. At that elevation, winds

are blowing at much greater speeds and thus generate twice the power. These new turbines

can withstand wind speeds of up to 43 miles per hour, after which the BAT can automatically

duck for cover to whatever altitude is safe. The environmental impact is far less visible

at such heights, not to mention the 90% cost reductions in terms of transportation and

deployment. Unlike traditional turbines, BATs can easily be dismantled and redeployed elsewhere

if needed.

9. Oyster

With over 70% of the world’s surface covered in water, it’s a surprise that tidal wave

energy was left behind in the race for renewable energy. Oyster is an attempt to bring this

form of energy back to the forefront.

Its design is that of a flap, pushed and pulled by the waves, 50 feet underwater and 1600

feet offshore. Through this endless cycle, Oyster is able to pump energy all the way

back to a standard hydro-electric power plant on the mainland. So far two flaps have been

successfully tested off the coast of Scotland. Oyster 1 was able to produce 315 kW of power,

while Oyster 800 (don’t ask us to explain their naming convention) managed a whopping

800 kW, capable of bringing power to around 80 houses.

Waves are a frequent phenomenon, unlike tides that only come and go a couple of times a

day. The Oyster can also operate in stormy conditions. The first Oyster farm, capable

of producing 40 MW, is currently being developed off the north-western coast of Scotland, with

future plans for a larger 200 MW farm near the Orkney archipelago.

8. Algae Based Biofuels

Biofuels are crop-derived ethanol or biodiesel made primarily out of rapeseed, corn, wheat,

sugarcane, sugar beet, soy or other crops. But all of these crops need land to grow on,

which is either acquired by replacing food production crops or by cutting down forests,

neither of which is viable in the long run.

A better approach is to use algae. Since some algae have a natural oil content of around

75%, they can be easily processed into biofuel. The rest of the plant can be used as fertilizer

to grow even more algae. It grows very quickly, and doesn’t need any farm land or fresh

water to do so. On average, algae can produce around 5000 gallons of ethanol per acre in

one year, as compared to only 800 gallons produced with sugarcane.

Scientists at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York have discovered that these biofuel

producing algae can also clean wastewater. They consume nitrates and phosphates, and

also reduce toxins and bacteria. The state of Alabama became home to the first algae

biofuel system that also cleans wastewater. Because the entire traditional water treatment

process is excluded, algae growing is carbon-negative.

7. Solar Windows

Every second, the sun bombards the Earth with roughly 174 quadrillion watts of energy, and

we’re only just beginning to tap into that immense power. The problem with standard solar

panels is that they convert a maximum of only 20% of the sun’s energy into electricity,

all the while being very costly in terms of production.

But recently, scientists from the University of California have discovered how to make

solar panels transparent. The material is a plastic-like substance which is transparent

in the normal light spectrum, but is able to pick up infrared light. Because it’s

made of plastic, it’s relatively cheap to manufacture compared to traditional solar

panels. It can also double as an ordinary window in someone’s house. Every sun-bathed

window in the world could convert solar energy into electricity.

6. Volcanic Electricity

A geothermal plant is like a coal plant without the coal. They both work on the principle

of heating water until it becomes steam, which in turn runs turbines that produce electricity.

The difference is that instead of burning coal, a geothermal plant will use the heat

of the Earth itself. By drilling holes into the ground some two to six miles deep, temperatures

can reach 160 to 600 degrees F. Places with high volcanic activity are ideal for this

type of renewable energy, since underground magma is much closer to the surface and holes

don’t have to be dug so deep.

Iceland recently drilled a hole and hit a pocket of magma by mistake. They decided to

pour water down the shaft to see what happened. What they witnessed was something record breaking

— steam gushed out at temperatures of above 842 F. For comparison, steam generated at

geothermal plants usually hovers around 158 degrees F. These traditional plants produce

around 40 MW of energy, good for roughly 11,500 homes. This discovery is still in its testing

phase, but this type of power could multiply the amount of electricity produced by geothermal

plants tenfold.

5. Betaray

We just discussed the vast amount of energy the sun produces and the inefficiency of standard

solar panels. Andre Broessel, a German architect, has come up with a simple yet brilliant idea

to increase the energy output in photovoltaic cells. By incorporating a liquid filled glass

sphere into the design of a solar panel, the energy output is increased by 34%. It’s

fitted with a tracking device that’s able to follow the sun on its daily migration west,

and the Betaray can also tap into the sun’s rays on overcast days, producing four times

the energy of a normal solar panel. It can even draw energy from the moon on clear nights.

The device is specially designed to work for individual houses or buildings, places with

limited space for solar panel deployment. It can easily be fitted onto inclined surfaces

and curtain walls. The project is still in its development stage, but once finished it

might change the look of rooftops around the world.

4. Viruses

A breakthrough took place at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California,

where scientists managed to create a virus that can produce an electrical charge when

a material is mechanically deformed or stressed. This material is made out of the engineered

M13 virus, which usually infects bacteria. Long story short, it’s a device that transforms

a simple gesture like pushing a button or sliding your finger on a screen into electricity.

Its practical applications are endless, with many being used on wireless technologies like

mobile phones and laptops. This development will most certainly make other devices and

appliances less dependent on the power grid, and even become more portable in the process.

What’s even greater is that this virus can be sprayed on any surface, like the floor

or a chair, and then produce electricity when it’s stimulated by movement or pressure.

But we won’t get too far ahead of ourselves — in its current state, the maximum output

generated was a quarter of that of a triple-A battery.

3. Thorium

Thorium is a radioactive metal similar to uranium, but it can produce 90 times more

energy at a fraction of the waste. It’s also three to four times more abundant in

nature, and just one gram of the stuff is equivalent to 7400 gallons of gas in terms

of energy.

Because of this, Connecticut’s LaserPowerSystems Company has come up with a plan to create

a thorium based engine for cars. By using a laser powered with only eight grams of thorium

to heat up water and generate steam, a car can run for more than 100 years or one million

miles without the need to reful. The engine only weighs around 500 pounds, making it able

to replace a standard vehicle’s engine.

The greatest challenge is the fact that thorium hasn’t proven its potential on a commercial

scale. Because a focus was placed on uranium as the prime nuclear fuel for the last 60

years, thorium based reactors are a lot more expensive to build. And the science, while

sound, is mostly theoretical.

2. The “Impossible” Microwave Thruster

As the need to travel into space increases in the coming decades, the technology of a

microwave powered thruster couldn’t have come at a better time. If viable, this technology

could radically change the design of future spacecraft, eliminating the need to carry

fuel. With half of any given spacecraft’s mass being fuel, this is a big deal.

This technology was labelled as impossible since it defies Newton’s third law, the

law of momentum conservation. This law states that in order to move forward, an object must

always leave something behind. In this case, rocket fuel is being ejected in order to propel

a spacecraft. But by making microwaves bounce off reflectors inside a sealed chamber, scientists

were able to achieve thrust without the use of a propellant.

The idea was first exhibited in 2006 by scientist Roger Shawyer. It was again proven by a team

of Chinese researchers in 2012, but the science wasn’t taken seriously since it went against

fundamentals in physics. Only in July 2014 was the idea accepted, thanks to Guido Fetta

from NASA. Even now, scientists aren’t really sure how it works, but they agree that it

does. It still has a long way to go, though — the thrust generated wasn’t even enough

to lift a penny off a table.

1. International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER)

Nuclear power has been the most reliable source of green energy we currently possess. Setting

aside tragic accidents and the fact that it produces nuclear waste, this form of energy

doesn’t pollute the environment nor cause any harm, if we’re careful. Further development

has generated some amazing results, one of which is the Travelling Wave Reactor, which

is capable of producing electricity from the waste left behind by traditional nuclear reactors.

This technology could theoretically power the entire United States for the next seven

centuries.

The real prize, however, is ITER. It’s a project so important that China, India, the

EU, Japan, South Korea, the United States and Russia have come together to make it work.

It’s located in southern France, and it’s the equivalent of building a sun in our own

backyard.

ITER will be able to replicate the processes happening inside a star. Unlike fission, where

atoms are torn apart to create energy, fusion binds two elements to generate even more power.

This type of energy isn’t threatening, it doesn’t produce waste, and it’s the closest

thing we could come to an endless source of power based on our current understanding of

the universe. With every 50 MW it needs to work it gives 500 MW in return, enough to

power 130,000 homes.

The theoretical knowledge has been around for decades, but the problem was in building

a reactor capable of withstanding temperatures above 150 million degrees. This will be achieved

by using electromagnets to keep the hot plasma away from the reactor’s walls. The project

began way back in 1985, but only in 2010 did the technology became available to start construction.

Future predictions say that by the beginning of the 2030s, ITER will begin its operations

and be integrated into the power grid as early as 2040.