He said, "I'm working with three friends,

他說，「我正在和三個朋友合作，

and we're going to try to disrupt an industry by selling stuff online."

我們打算透過網路銷售， 來顛覆一個產業。」

And I said, "OK, you guys spent the whole summer on this, right?"

然後我說，「 好啊，你們一整個夏天 都在搞這件事？，對吧？」

"No, we all took internships just in case it doesn't work out."

「 不，我們也在實習， 預防失敗後也有個後路」

"All right, but you're going to go in full time once you graduate."

「 好吧，但是你們畢業之後， 要全身心地投入到這個工作之中」。

"Not exactly. We've all lined up backup jobs."

「 也不全是，我們都安排好了備份的工作」。

Six months go by,

六個月過去了，

it's the day before the company launches,

已經到了公司開業的前一天，

and there is still not a functioning website.

但他們仍沒有一個可以用的網站。

"You guys realize, the entire company is a website.

「 你們要知道，整個公司就是一個網站。

That's literally all it is."

實際上，這就是它的全部」。

So I obviously declined to invest.

所以，我直接拒絕投資。

And they ended up naming the company Warby Parker.

他們最終給公司取了個名字， 叫 Warby Parke （眼鏡電商）。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

They sell glasses online.

他們在線上賣眼鏡。

They were recently recognized as the world's most innovative company

最近，他們被認為是世界上 最有創新力的公司，

and valued at over a billion dollars.

且市值已超過了十億美元。

And now? My wife handles our investments.

然後現在呢？換我的老婆在管錢了。

Why was I so wrong?

為什麼我錯的這麼離譜？

To find out, I've been studying people that I come to call "originals."

為了找出答案，我一直在研究一群人， 我稱他們為「原創者」。

Originals are nonconformists,

原創者是那些不按常理行事的人，

people who not only have new ideas

那些人不僅有新穎的點子，

but take action to champion them.

並且付出行動去挑戰它們。

They are people who stand out and speak up.

這些人敢於站出表達自己的想法。

Originals drive creativity and change in the world.

原創者駕馭著世上的創造力和改變。

They're the people you want to bet on.

這是一群你想要為之下注的人。

And they look nothing like I expected.

但是他們看上去並不是你期望的人。

I want to show you today three things I've learned

我今天想要告訴各位， 我學到的三件事，

about recognizing originals

有關於如何辯識原創者，

and becoming a little bit more like them.

以及如何變得更像他們。

So the first reason that I passed on Warby Parker

所以我拒絕 Warby Parker 的第一個原因，

was they were really slow getting off the ground.

是他們的行動真的很慢。

Now, you are all intimately familiar with the mind of a procrastinator.

各位應該都知道「拖延者」心理的想法。

Well, I have a confession for you. I'm the opposite. I'm a precrastinator.

有件事我必須向你們承認，我剛好相反， 我是個「提前症患者」。

Yes, that's an actual term.

是的，真有這個字。

You know that panic you feel a few hours before a big deadline

各位應該了解， 離截止日期只剩幾個小時

when you haven't done anything yet.

而你卻還沒做任何事情的恐慌。

I just feel that a few months ahead of time.

而我卻是覺得我提前了幾個月。

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

So this started early: when I was a kid, I took Nintendo games very seriously.

很早前我就是這樣：我小時候， 非常癡迷於任天堂的遊戲。

I would wake up at 5am,

我會五點鐘起床，

start playing and not stop until I had mastered them.

一直玩到我完全掌握這個遊戲為止。

Eventually it got so out of hand that a local newspaper came

最後我玩到一個無法控制的地步， 讓當地報紙找到我，

and did a story on the dark side of Nintendo, starring me.

做了一篇任天堂黑暗面 的故事，我主演的。

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

(Applause)

(掌聲)

Since then, I have traded hair for teeth.

從此之後，我就開始 用我的頭髮去換牙齒了。

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

But this served me well in college,

但這讓我在大學時從中受益，

because I finished my senior thesis four months before the deadline.

因為我在截止期前四個月 就完成了我的畢業論文。

And I was proud of that, until a few years ago.

我非常的驕傲，直到幾年前，

I had a student named Jihae, who came to me and said,

我有一個叫做 Jihae 的學生， 找到我對我說：

"I have my most creative ideas when I'm procrastinating."

「在我拖延的時候， 我的創造力總是噴湧而出」

And I was like, "That's cute, where are the four papers you owe me?"

然後我說：「你真可愛， 那你欠我的四篇論文呢？」

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

No, she was one of our most creative students,

不，她是我們最有創造力的學生之一，

and as an organizational psychologist, this is the kind of idea that I test.

身為一位組織心理學家， 這是我要測試的一種想法。

So I challenged her to get some data.

所以，我質問她，請她拿數據出來。

She goes into a bunch of companies.

她去了很多家公司。

She has people fill out surveys about how often they procrastinate.

她讓人們填寫了關於 他們拖延頻率的調查問卷。

Then she gets their bosses to rate how creative and innovative they are.

她找到他們的上司， 去給他們的創新力和創造力評分，

And sure enough, the precrastinators like me,

然後當然了,

who rush in and do everything early

像我這樣喜歡提前的， 每天早早的衝著做事的人，

are rated as less creative

評分往往低於

than people who procrastinate moderately.

那些適當拖延的人。

So I want to know what happens to the chronic procrastinators.

所以我想知道那些慢性拖延症患者 的身上到底發生了什麼。

She was like, "I don't know. They didn't fill out my survey."

她說「我不知道，他們沒有填寫調查。」

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

No, here are our results.

開個玩笑，這是我們的結果。

You actually do see that the people who wait until the last minute

實際上，你確實看到這些 總是等到最後一分鐘的人。

are so busy goofing off that they don't have any new ideas.

總在忙於消磨時間， 以至於他們沒有仍何新的點子。

And on the flip side, the people who race in

而另一面，一直在趕工的人，

are in such a frenzy of anxiety that they don't have original thoughts either.

總是沉浸在緊張與恐慌中， 也沒有任何原創的想法。

There's a sweet spot where originals seem to live.

看起來似乎有一個 原創力的最佳甜蜜點。

Why is this?

為什麼會這樣？

Maybe original people just have bad work habits.

也許原創性格的人， 只是有不好的工作習慣。

Maybe procrastinating does not cause creativity.

也許拖延並不會引發創造力。

To find out, we designed some experiments.

為了找到答案，我們設計了一些實驗。

We asked people to generate new business ideas,

我要求他們創造出新的商業想法，

and then we get independent readers

接著我們找到了一些獨立的讀者，

to evaluate how creative and useful they are.

去評價這個想法的創新性和實用性。

And some of them are asked to do the task right away.

然後，有些人會立即 被要求開始做那項任務。

Others we randomly assign to procrastinate

另一群人則被指定拖延。

by dangling Minesweeper in front of them

讓他們先玩玩掃雷，

for either five or 10 minutes.

可能十分鐘，可能十五分鐘。

And sure enough, the moderate procrastinators

肯定的，那些適當拖延的人，

are 16 percent more creative than the other two groups.

創造力比其他兩組高出了百分之十六。

Now, Minesweeper is awesome, but it's not the driver of the effect,

掃雷十分有趣，但卻不是 這種現象的主因，

because if you play the game first before you learn about the task,

因為，如果你在知道這個任務之前 就先玩遊戲，

there's no creativity boost.

創造力並不會提高。

It's only when you're told that you're going to be working on this problem,

只有當你在被告知， 你要去解決這個問題的時候，

and then you start procrastinating,

然後你開始拖延，

but the task is still active in the back of your mind,

但這個任務會在你的腦中運轉著。

that you start to incubate.

然後你開始醞釀，

Procrastination gives you time to consider divergent ideas,

拖延給了你時間，去發散你的思維，

to think in nonlinear ways, to make unexpected leaps.

用一種非線性的方式去思考， 來達到意想不到的成效。

So just as we were finishing these experiments,

所以，在我們結束這些實驗的時候，

I was starting to write a book about originals,

我開始著手寫一本 有關原創者的書，

and I thought, "This is the perfect time to teach myself to procrastinate,

然後我在想：「當我在寫『拖延』這個章節的時候，

while writing a chapter on procrastination."

就是我教我自己學會拖延的最佳時機了」。

So I metaprocrastinated,

所以我要跟拖延見面，

and like any self-respecting precrastinator,

就像每一個自尊心很強的 提前症患者一樣，

I woke up early the next morning

第二天我就起了個大早，

and I made a to-do list with steps on how to procrastinate.

做了一個如何拖延 的執行清單。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And then I worked diligently

然後我開始認真的去執行

toward my goal of not making progress toward my goal.

「不做任何進展」的目標。

I started writing the procrastination chapter,

我開始寫拖延這個章節，

and one day -- I was halfway through --

然後有一天，我寫到一半的時候，

I literally put it away in mid-sentence

我硬是把寫到一半的句子放了下來，

for months.

放了一個月。

It was agony.

真是痛苦啊。

But when I came back to it, I had all sorts of new ideas.

但是當我回到創作中的時候， 腦子裡已經充滿各樣新的想法。

As Aaron Sorkin put it,

就像Aaron Sorkin所說，

"You call it procrastinating. I call it thinking."

「你說這是拖延，我認為這是思考」。

And along the way I discovered

在創作途中我認識到，

that a lot of great originals in history were procrastinators.

歷史上有許多原創的人， 他們都是拖延的人，

Take Leonardo da Vinci.

例如萊昂納多．達．芬奇。

He toiled on and off for 16 years

他在蒙娜麗莎畫像上，

on the Mona Lisa.

辛苦創作了十六年。

He felt like a failure.

他在自己的日記上常常提到，

He wrote as much in his journal.

他覺得自己是個失敗者。

But some of the diversions he took in optics

但是他分散在光學上的精力，

transformed the way that he modeled light

改變了他形塑光的方式，

and made him into a much better painter.

這使他變成了一個更傑出的畫家。

What about Martin Luther King, Jr.?

馬丁．路德．金呢？

The night before the biggest speech of his life,

在他生命中規模最大演講的前一夜，

the March on Washington,

三月的華盛頓，

he was up past 3am, rewriting it.

他凌晨三點鐘起床， 重寫了他的演講稿。

He's sitting in the audience waiting for his turn to go onstage,

他坐在觀眾席中， 等後輪到他上台的演講，

and he is still scribbling notes and crossing out lines.

他仍在記著筆記，畫著線。

When he gets onstage, 11 minutes in,

當他上台後十一分鐘，

he leaves his prepared remarks

他放下了他的筆記，

to utter four words that changed the course of history:

說出了改變歷史的四個字：

"I have a dream."

「我有一個夢想」（I have a dream）

That was not in the script.

這不在稿子中。

By delaying the task of finalizing the speech until the very last minute,

藉由拖延總結演講任務 的最後幾分鐘，

he left himself open to the widest range of possible ideas.

他讓自己置身於最大範圍的想法當中。

And because the text wasn't set in stone,

正因為他的稿子十分靈活，

he had freedom to improvise.

他可以自由的發揮。

Procrastinating is a vice when it comes to productivity,

當談及生產的時候，拖延是一種惡習，

but it can be a virtue for creativity.

但對於創造力來說，拖延卻是一種優點。

What you see with a lot of great originals

你所看到的許多偉大的原創者，

is that they are quick to start but they're slow to finish.

他們都是迅速的開始，卻緩慢的結束。

And this is what I missed with Warby Parker.

這就是為什麼我錯失掉 Warby Parker的原因。

When they were dragging their heels for six months,

在他們拖沓的六個月中，

I looked at them and said,

我看著他們然後說，

"You know, a lot of other companies are starting to sell glasses online."

「你們應該知道，許多其他公司已經 開始在網路上銷售眼鏡了」

They missed the first-mover advantage.

他們錯過了搶占先機的優勢。

But what I didn't realize was they were spending all that time

但我沒意識到的是，他們花了很多時間，

trying to figure out how to get people

試圖找出讓顧客，

to be comfortable ordering glasses online.

可以舒適的在網上訂購眼鏡的方法。

And it turns out the first-mover advantage is mostly a myth.

事實證明，搶占先機的 優勢其實是虛的。

Look at a classic study of over 50 product categories,

看這個對五十多種產品的經典研究。

comparing the first movers who created the market

將搶先機創造市場的人

with the improvers who introduced something different and better.

與那些做出更好改變的改進者相比。

What you see is that the first movers had a failure rate of 47 percent,

你可以看到率先行動者的 失敗率高達百分之四十七。

compared with only 8 percent for the improvers.

相比而言，改進者失敗率只有百分之八。

Look at Facebook, waiting to build a social network

看一看Facebook，

until after Myspace and Friendster.

他們一直等到的Myspace和Friendster之後， 才開始建立社交網絡。

Look at Google, waiting for years after Altavista and Yahoo.

再看谷歌，他們是在 Altavista 和 Yahoo 發展幾年之後才創立的。

It's much easier to improve on somebody else's idea

相比創新的難度，

than it is to create something new from scratch.

改進他人的觀點會更加的簡單。

So the lesson I learned is that to be original you don't have to be first.

因此我學到的是，要成為一個原創的人， 並不意味著你要成為第一個創新的人。

You just have to be different and better.

你只需要變得不同，變得更好。

But that wasn't the only reason I passed on Warby Parker.

但這不是我拒絕 Warby Parker的唯一原因，

They were also full of doubts.

他們滿身都是謎團。

They had backup plans lined up,

他們已經有後備的計劃，

and that made me doubt that they had the courage to be original,

而這又讓我懷疑，他們有勇氣要原創，

because I expected that originals would look something like this.

因為這才是我所期望的原創者的樣子。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Now, on the surface,

現在，從表面上來講，

a lot of original people look confident,

許多原創的人都非常自信，

but behind the scenes,

但是在看不到的地方，

they feel the same fear and doubt that the rest of us do.

他們也感到恐懼和困惑， 就像其他的人一樣。

They just manage it differently.

只是他們處理的方式不同，

Let me show you: this is a depiction

讓我告訴你，

of how the creative process works for most of us.

這是一個對我們大多數人 創作過程的描述。

(Laughter)

階段一：棒透了。二：不好處理。三：這是廢物。 四：我是廢物。五：好像還行。六：棒透了（笑聲）

Now, in my research, I discovered there are two different kinds of doubt.

在我研究裡，我發現了 兩種不同類型的懷疑。

There's self-doubt and idea doubt.

對自我的懷疑和對想法的懷疑。

Self-doubt is paralyzing.

對自我的懷疑會讓你麻痺，

It leads you to freeze.

它會讓你動彈不得。

But idea doubt is energizing.

但對想法的懷疑會讓你充滿動力，

It motivates you to test, to experiment, to refine,

它驅使著你去測試，去實驗，去改善。

just like MLK did.

就像馬丁路德金所做的一樣，

And so the key to being original

所以要成為原創的關鍵，

is just a simple thing

只要簡單的避開掉

of avoiding the leap from step three to step four.

階段三到階段四。

Instead of saying, "I'm crap,"

比起說「我是個廢物」

you say, "The first few drafts are always crap,

不如說「一開始的草稿都是廢物，

and I'm just not there yet."

我只是還沒有達到那個程度罷了。」

So how do you get there?

所以如何變得具有原創性？

Well, there's a clue, it turns out,

好，這裡有一個提示，就是，

in the Internet browser that you use.

在你使用的網路瀏覽器中，

We can predict your job performance and your commitment

我們只要知道你用哪一種網路瀏覽器，

just by knowing what web browser you use.

我們就可以預測你的工作表現和你的投入。

Now, some of you are not going to like the results of this study --

你們有些人可能不會喜歡 這個研究的結果。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

But there is good evidence that Firefox and Chrome users

但有聽說，火狐和 谷歌瀏覽器的用戶，

significantly outperform Internet Explorer and Safari users.

明顯勝過了IE瀏覽器和Safiri瀏覽器。

Yes.

是的！

(Applause)

（掌聲）

They also stay in their jobs 15 percent longer, by the way.

另外，他們工作的時間 也多出了百分之十五。

Why? It's not a technical advantage.

為什麼？這不是因為技術上的優勢。

The four browser groups on average have similar typing speed

四個瀏覽器用戶的平均 打字速度都近乎相同，

and they also have similar levels of computer knowledge.

他們的電腦知識水平也是相同。

It's about how you got the browser.

這和你如何得到你的瀏覽器有關。

Because if you use Internet Explorer or Safari,

因為如果你用IE或Safari瀏覽器，

those came preinstalled on your computer,

它們可能提前就安裝在你的電腦裡了，

and you accepted the default option that was handed to you.

然後你接受了初始設定，

If you wanted Firefox or Chrome, you had to doubt the default

如果你想用火狐或谷歌瀏覽器， 你不得不對初始設定產生懷疑。

and ask, is there a different option out there,

然後問，有其他的選項嗎。

and then be a little resourceful and download a new browser.

然後你會變得有點鬼靈精怪， 接著又下載了一個新的瀏覽器。

So people hear about this study and they're like,

所以，當人們聽到這個研究後，他們說：

"Great, if I want to get better at my job, I just need to upgrade my browser?"

「太好了，如果我想在工作中做的更好 我只需要升級我的瀏覽器就好了？」

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

No, it's about being the kind of person

不，這跟你是不是一種

who takes the initiative to doubt the default

一開始就懷疑初始設定，

and look for a better option.

並尋找更好選擇的人有關。

And if you do that well,

如果你能做好這件事。

you will open yourself up to the opposite of déjà vu.

你將會把自己置於 「似曾相似」的對立面。

There's a name for it. It's called vuja de.

它有一個名字 叫做vuja de（原詞déjà vu）

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

Vuja de is when you look at something you've seen many times before

Vuja de是指，當你在看一個 你之前看過很多次東西的時候，

and all of a sudden see it with fresh eyes.

突然對它產生全新體悟。

It's a screenwriter who looks at a movie script

有一個編劇，

that can't get the green light for more than half a century.

看著半個多世紀都沒被 審核通過的電影劇本。

In every past version, the main character has been an evil queen.

在過去的所有版本中， 主角都是一位邪惡的女王。

But Jennifer Lee starts to question whether that makes sense.

但 Jennifer Lee開始質疑 這是否合理。

She rewrites the first act,

她重寫了第一幕，

reinvents the villain as a tortured hero