Name: ELON MUSK BY ASHLEE VANCE | 動畫書評。 (ELON MUSK BY ASHLEE VANCE | ANIMATED BOOK REVIEW)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T06:05:01.000Z
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Elon Musk has long since entered the consciousness of the general public. Back in early 2012

people started to take notice. One of his companies had just built and delivered an

all-electric car. Another of his companies had just flown a capsule to the International

Space Station and back. He was being lauded as an entrepreneur on a par with the likes

of Steve Jobs. However, whilst Jobs had succeeded in achieving similar feats in two different

industries at the same time, Musk has since achieved it in three of them.

Musk jumped into the dot com mania after college founding Zip2 in 1995. The company was like

a basic version of Google Maps meets Yelp. Compaq bought Zip2 in 1999 for $307million.

Musk made $22million from the deal and put most of it into his next start-up, which would

eventually become PayPal. In 2002, eBay acquired it for $1.5billion.

Musk moved from Silicon Valley to Los Angeles. He put in $100million into SpaceX, $70million

into Tesla Motors and $10million into SolarCity. It was adopting ultra-risk-taking to the extreme.

When possible his companies all make things from scratch, rethinking accepted convention.

SpaceX was battling the likes of Lockheed Martin and Boeing in the USA as well as other

entire nations like China and Russia. It is the low-cost supplier in the industry. They

are currently testing reusable rockets that can take up cargo and then land back on Earth.

Once this is perfected it will become a world leader in taking cargo, and humans, into space.

Tesla Motors is an automobile firm that strives to make all-electric cars that push the limits

of technology. They are not sold through dealers, but sold on the web and in galleries in shopping

centres. Cars are free to refuel from solar powered supercharging stations alongside roads.

SolarCity is the largest installer and financier of solar panels for business and consumers

in the United States of America. His total net worth is over $12billion but

how has he done it? By thinking big and having long term goals. This is epitomised by his

talk of putting mankind on Mars. Born in South Africa on 28th June 1971, Elon

grew up in Pretoria with his younger brother and sister. In 1984, aged 12 a PC magazine

published the source code of a video game he had created which netted him $500.

As a young boy he had a compulsion to read. At one point he ran out of books to read at

the library so he read the Encyclopaedia Britannica. At 17 he travelled to Canada to avoid South

African military service as he didn’t want to be part of the apartheid regime. He secured

a Canadian passport through his mother and left home for good.

After 2 years at University in Ontario he transferred to the University of Pennsylvania.

Soon after university he founded Zip2 with his brother. Originally called ‘Global Link

Information Network’, they rented a 20x30 foot office in Palo Alto which left them broke.

They lived at the office, showering at the YMCA. Early on Musk would sleep on a beanbag

next to his desk, asking the first employees to kick him when they came in to wake him

up so he could return to his work. In early 1996, the company received $3million

in venture capital. They hired talented software engineers who improved on the code originally

written by Musk who was self-taught. The venture capitalists pushed Musk into the role of CTO

and despite the company becoming successful thanks in part to a new business model courting

newspapers to use its service, Musk had lost control. He vowed from that point on to stay

as CEO in any new ventures and as soon as the offer from Compaq for $307million was

accepted, he left Zip2. Musk had become a dot-com millionaire at 27

and his confidence meant he needed a new, ambitious project. He purchased a McLaren

sports car (at the time only one of 62) and organised races with billionaire Oracle co-founder,

Larry Ellison. Musk invested $12million into X.com leaving

him $4million after taxes for personal use. X.com was to become one of the world’s first

online banks and went live in November 1999. X.com eventually merged with Confinity, created

by Max Levchin and Peter Thiel which had a payment service called PayPal. Musk took charge

but after an employee coup and a letter of no confidence was sent to the board, Musk

was replaced by Thiel as CEO. Musk continued to be the largest shareholder even when Thiel

rebranded X.com to PayPal. PayPal had a revenue of $240million per year and after the board

accepted a $1.5billion offer for the company from eBay, Musk walked away with $180million

after tax. After PayPal, Elon and his now ex-wife Justine

moved to Los Angeles. Musk picked that location to give him access to the space industry.

He wanted to do something meaningful and lasting with his life.

His first plan was to send mice to Mars and back. His second was to send a robotic greenhouse

to Mars and use it to grow a plant and produce the first oxygen on the planet.

After failing to buy a rocket from the Russians, Musk decided they could build a rocket themselves.

In June 2002 Space Exploration Technologies or SpaceX was born. They purchased a test

site in Texas. In December 2003 SpaceX unveiled a prototype of its first rocket, Falcon 1.

After several tests and failed attempts, Falcon 1 successfully launched from Kwaj in the Marshall

Islands. On 1st July 2003 Tesla Motors was founded

by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning. The initial electric car they were building would

be powered by nearly 7,000 lithium ion batteries and use the chassis of a Lotus Elise.

When searching for some venture capital funding, Elon Musk invested $6.5million to become the

largest shareholder and chairman of Tesla Motors. On 27th January 2005 a new car had

been built by only 18 people. Musk then invested a further $9million.

Spiralling costs led to their first production model, the Roadster to cost approximately

$200,000, even though they planned to sell it for $85,000. This (among other reasons)

resulted in Eberhard being replaced as CEO in August 2007. By the end of the year, Eberhard

had left the company completely. Eventually Musk would become the CEO.

Despite serious financial concerns with his companies, in particular with Tesla Motors,

which was hours away from bankruptcy, on 23rd December 2008 NASA picked SpaceX to be a supplier

for the International Space Station. The deal consisted of 12 flights to the ISS and the

company received £1.6billion as payment. SpaceX now sends rockets up about once a month,

carrying satellites for companies and nations and supplies for the ISS. Their latest advancement

is to use rockets that return to Earth with great accuracy, using reverse thrusters to

lower them slowly so they can be reused. This it is hoped will cut SpaceX’s cost for a

launch to 1/10th of its rivals. SpaceX’s estimated worth is now $12billion. It is still

a fundamental goal of SpaceX to create the technology to establish life on Mars.

In summer 2012, Tesla Motors began shipping the Model S.

A couple of years earlier on 29th June 2010, Tesla Motors became the first US car maker

to go public since Ford in 1956. There were again financial issues though as not enough

cars were being sold. Musk was in talks with Larry Page at Google and a handshake agreement

was made to sell Tesla to Google. However the car sales improved, the value of Tesla

increased and the Google deal fell through. Elon Musk’s cousins, the Rive brothers formed

the company SolarCity in 2006. It did not manufacture solar panels, instead buying them

from other companies. Everything else was done in-house from installing the panels to

building software to analyse whether solar made sense for a particular property. Musk

became the chairman and its largest shareholder, owning a third of the company. SolarCity has

become the largest installer of solar panels in the USA. It went public in 2012 and is

now worth over $7billion. In June 2014 the company purchased a solar cell maker called

Silevo for $200million and began producing their own solar panels.

In August 2013 Musk announced the Hyperloop. It will be a new method of transportation,

moving people and cars in pods through a raised pneumatic tube. Each pod is thrust forward

by an electromagnetic pulse with motors in the tube boosting the pods as needed to maintain

a speed of 800mph. The whole thing will be solar powered. Hyperloop Technologies Inc.

has been formed and Musk had a one-to-one meeting with President Obama about the idea

in August 2014. Elon Musk’s ambition shows no signs of slowing

down as he continues to run three billion dollar companies whilst still continuing to