to look at everything from the ancient games depicted on cave walls, to board games,

我們探究的領域從洞壁上的古代遊戲、桌遊

to the rise of the arcade machine, to home consoles, to virtual reality,

到街機、家庭遊樂器和虛擬實境

to role playing games and, hey nerds, even sports -- all games are created equal.

到角色扮演遊戲以及，宅宅們，運動！遊戲都是平等的～

Games are used in schools and to treat medical conditions. They were used to train warriors for combat.

遊戲被運用在學校和醫療，被用在訓練戰士的作戰

Some games have international tournaments, some even have very real political consequences.

某些遊戲有國際錦標賽，有些甚至會影響政治情勢

There are games that you can play alone (tear)

有些遊戲可以一個人玩（哭哭）

And there are games that millions of people at a time can play together.

有些可以百萬人同時參與

Some of these create a world -- some even have their own economics! Gaming affects millions of

這種遊戲創造出一個世界、有些甚至發展出自己的經濟

players all over the world and makes an impact on popular culture and... "culture" culture!

遊戲影響了世界數百萬的玩家並影響流行文化並「產生」文化

I've got as many interesting game facts and stories for you as a Pokedex has Pokemon.

我知道很多有關遊戲的有趣知識可以提供給你，如同神奇寶貝圖鑒可以提供你神奇寶貝資訊

How many Pokemon are there now? Like 850-something? After 151 I am done.

所以現在到底有多少神奇寶貝了？好像是850...我只參與過151隻的時代（初版）

So sit back, hit the pause button on whatever you're playing and prepare for a multi pixel journey through

所以坐穩、按下暫停鍵（如果你正在打任何電動）準備好開始一場有關遊戲史的多像素旅程吧！

the history of games. And remember: it's dangerous to go alone... take this!

記住：什麼都沒帶就上路是很危險的，拿著吧！

[Theme Music]

Before we drop into all this like a misplaced tetrad, tetrazoid, tetrazone, tetris piece

在我們開始講解這些像是錯位的俄羅斯方塊的知識前

We need to orient ourselves. We should answer a basic question: What is a game?

我們必須先確定好方向，我們必須回答一個基本問題：什麼是遊戲？

The dictionary will tell you 'a game is a construct that organizes play

字典會告訴你：遊戲是一個以一連串「最終目的為達成一系列目標

through a series of rules for the purpose of achieving a set of goals overcoming an

並克服困難並且/或著達成目的」的規則安排玩樂行為而成的結構

obstacle and/or attaining an objective'. That's a decent definition. I would call

這是一個很正式的定義，我個人會稱遊戲為「娛樂」

games "entertainment" but they're a very specific kind of "entertainment".

但它是非常特殊的一種娛樂

Game designer Chris Crawford came up with a really cool hierarchy to explain this.

遊戲設計師Chris Crawford 想出了一個非常酷的階層體系可以用來解釋遊戲

To start, Crawford characterizes any kind of interactive entertainment as a play thing;

一開始， Crawford先認定所有互動性的娛樂為玩物（play thing）

anything that you interact with to entertain yourself qualifies.

任何藉由互動使你產生娛樂的事物皆算之

But there are also two types of playthings: a play thing without a goal like a slinky is a toy,

但有兩種玩物：例如沒有目標把玩著的玩具彈簧就只是「玩具」（toy）

but when there's a goal involved like trying to get the slinky down the stairs, Crawford calls that a challenge.

但如果有「目標」例如試著讓玩具彈簧下樓梯，Crawford 稱之為「挑戰」（challenge)

Now if you're working to complete this challenge with no other active agent or person involved, it turns out you're working on a puzzle.

如果你進行這項挑戰時沒有任何他人或其他活動主體涉入其中，你在進行的叫做「解難題」（working on a puzzle）

But when there is some kind of second party involved, then you have a conflict.

但如果有第二勢力介入，你便是在進行「衝突」（conflict）

Ok, we're almost there. Crawford subdivides conflicts into competitions and games.

好，我們就快講到遊戲了，Crawford又細分衝突為競賽（competition）和遊戲（game）

In a competition the participants don't interact or interfere with each other.

競賽中參與者不會與對方互動或干擾對方

A good example of a competition is figure skating. Everybody's skating to win but they

舉一個競賽的例子如花式溜冰，大家都努力溜試圖獲得第一

can't really affect each other's performances.

但他們不會影響其他人的表演

Well, except for that one time with Tonya Harding and Nancy Kerrigan but, you know, look it up.

痾....除了Tonya Harding 和 Nancy Kerrigan兩位選手，你知道的...

Mario Kart though, now that's a game. Players interact continuously, blocking and passing, and there's no

馬力歐賽車則是一個遊戲，玩家會不斷互相影響，擋住並超越對方

clearer example of interference than when you're in first place and one of your friends in 8th place

最明顯的例子就是當你跑在第一名時你位於第八名的朋友

and they use a blue shell and take you out and take the leap. Why do you always do that to me, Katie?

利用藍色龜殼攻擊你並一躍而過。Katie為什麼你總是這樣對我！

It's not cool! And here's an interesting thing to think about:

這一點都不酷！思考一個有趣的事實：

You don't have to be playing against a person for something to be a game.

你不一定要跟「人類」玩才叫做遊戲

Those soldiers blocking your path in Metal Gear are artificial intelligence or AI

在《潛龍諜影》中阻擋你道路阻礙你達成任務的士兵

agents trying to stop you from accomplishing your goal.

其實都是人工智慧或稱ＡＩ

The rules of solitaire can be constructed as an agent working to stop you

單人紙牌遊戲的規則可以被作為阻止你完成遊戲的主體

from completing the game. So games have goals like scoring points or saving the

遊戲有許多目標例如得分或拯救公主

princess and we achieve those goals by following the rules,

我們可以藉著規則達成目標

like moving our game piece six places if we roll a six on the die or ending

例如當你骰子擲到六時移動你的棋子六步

our turn if we've spent all of our mana. Of course none of this matters unless you want to play.

或當我們法力值用完時結束自己的回合。當然如果你不想玩的話這些都沒有意義

Voluntary participation is essential, otherwise it's work. I'd also like to get at why we play games,

「自願參與」是很重要的元素，否則這就是「工作」了。我們也要探究「為什麼」我們玩遊戲

but that's a little harder. The short answer is, there is no short answer. There is no

但這稍微更困難。簡單的答案就是：我們沒有簡單的答案

universal unified theory of why we play games. There's no constitution of gaming,

我們沒有放諸四海皆準的理論解釋我們為什麼玩遊戲、沒有遊戲的憲法

no ten commandments of gaming. Different games work on our brains in different ways.

也沒有遊戲十誡。不同的遊戲中我們的大腦以不同方式涉入其中

Games like Tetris appeal to our desire to create order. Something like Animal Crossing lets us be the center of a whole tiny universe.

俄羅斯方塊這類的遊戲訴諸於我們創造秩序的渴望，動物之森系列遊戲則讓我們成為一個小宇宙的中心

Games like World of Warcraft or Destiny let us live a remarkable life in another world.

魔獸世界和天命讓我們置身於另一個世界

Games like Candy Crush lets us crush candy. We play games for a lot of different reasons.

Candy Crush則讓我們體驗粉碎糖果的快感，我們因為各種不同理由而玩遊戲

Let's leave behind the mystery of why we play for a while and talk about what can

我們先暫時不處理「為什麼」的問題

a game be and what can a game do. Take video games.

並來談談遊戲能做什麼，舉電玩遊戲為例

Modern video games can be a bit formulaic but recent technological

當代遊戲可能有點公式化，但最新科技的進步

advances have made games available to a wider audience and they've made the

使得更廣泛的受眾得以接觸遊戲並創造

tools to create games widely available and that's well... a game-changer! Get it?

工具來創造受眾更廣的遊戲，真是改變遊戲者（改變規則者）

A game-changer! You see cause we're talking games. A larger audience and a larger pool

改變遊戲者，因為我們講的是遊戲！更廣大的受眾以及更多的製造者

of creators means a wider variety of games that get produced. Sure, you'll get

代表更多類型的遊戲會被製造出來。

Call of Duty and the annual licensed NFL game that cost millions to make and sells millions

決勝時刻系列和每年獲得授權的國家美式足球聯盟遊戲滑上百萬成本並賣出百萬套

of copies but more gamers and lower production and distribution costs means

然而更多的玩家更少的生產和銷售成本代表

quirky games like Braid or Super Meat Boy or Shovel Knight. Games that might have

古怪的遊戲例如時空幻境、超級肉食男孩和鏟子騎士

relatively small audiences can be profitable and sometimes those quirky

相對小眾的遊戲也可以盈利，有些古怪的獨立遊戲

independent games can get so profitable and so popular that soon they hit a wide

不但可以盈利，甚至受歡迎到擁有和3A級遊戲一樣多的玩家

audience just as much as a Triple A title. And when I say wide audience I mean WIDE audience.

而當我說到廣大群眾，我指的是真的非常廣大的群眾

In the United States alone there are around 145 million video game players.

光是在美國就有一億四千五百萬的電玩玩家

37% of those players are over the age of 36 and 18% are under 18.

百分之三十七的玩家高於三十六歲，百分之十八的玩家低於十八歲

That kind of breaks the gamers stereotype, doesn't it? And increasingly games are part of players' daily lives.

這打破了遊戲的刻板映像，不是嗎？逐漸的遊戲成了玩家生活的一部分

According to video game academic Jane McGonigal by 2010 the average video game player in the US

根據電玩學者Jane McGonigal，2010美國玩家平均一週玩22小時的電玩

played for 22 hours a week. That's like watching all the Harry Potter movies in order,

這等同於每週連續看完一整套哈利波特系列電影

and then watching Chamber of Secrets again every week! That's a dedicated Harry Potter fan.

然後再看一次消失的密室！真是哈波的鐵粉！

Clearly we're spending a lot of time playing video games so what's this doing to us?

顯然我們花了很多的時間在玩電動，但電動對我們有什麼影響？

We now have entire schools devoted to gaming and almost every major university offers classes and degrees related to games.

我們現在有致力於遊戲的學校以及幾乎每一間主要大學都有提供遊戲相關學位的科系

The University of Southern California, University of Utah, and Savannah College

南加州大學、猶他大學和薩凡納藝術設計學院

of Art and Design all have renowned programs in game art, programming, and design.

都有著名的遊戲美術、程式設計和遊戲設計等學程

The gaming industry makes so much money. Even more sometimes than movies and television!

遊戲產業賺了超多錢，有時甚至賺得比電視和電影產業還多！

There are even people right now on YouTube

現在在Youtube上甚至有些人

who are making a living playing video games, on camera - that's a job! And it's not just

藉由實況轉撥自己玩電動以牟取生計，這是個工作！而遊戲的價值不只是

about learning how to make games or make money off of games. Massively multiplayer

學會製造遊戲和利用遊戲賺錢。大型多人遊戲的世界可以

game worlds can provide insights across disciplines. Sociologists can study how people form groups.

提供許多領域獨到的見解。社會學家可以研究人們如何形成團體

Economists can finally see if their models work.

經濟學家從中看出經濟模式生效

And in 2005 World of Warcraft became a legitimate subject of study for epidemiologists.

2005年魔獸世界甚至成為流行病學的正當研究主題

Let's go to the Thought Bubble. In 2005 a plague hit World of Warcraft. The game's developers

讓我們進入思想泡泡：2005年一場瘟疫席捲了魔獸世界，遊戲開發者

introduced a new mission that called on players to defeat a boss named Hakkar the

引入了一個新任務要求玩家擊敗一個boss叫做奪魂者哈卡（Hakkar）

Soulflayer, blood god of the Gurubashi trolls. Is Gurubashi right? Whatever.

古巴拉什巨魔們的血神。古巴拉什沒念錯吧？

When players attacked Hakkar, he cast a spell called Corrupted Blood, which drained the players hit points.

當玩家們攻擊哈卡時，他會施下一個咒語叫做墮落之血，此咒會榨乾玩家的生命值

The spell was intended to be contagious but it was only supposed to spread in that part of the game.

此咒語是故意被設計成有傳染性，但原本只預計在遊戲那一個副本傳染

Well, it turns out Corrupted Blood was kind of like a real world pathogen and it got out of

結果墮落之血就像真實世界的疾病一樣，流出了原本預定傳播的區域

the intended area and spread to the entire game world. According to an

並傳散到整個魔獸世界，根據一篇路透社的報導

article from Reuters the major towns and cities were abandoned by the population

人們在恐慌之下紛紛拋棄主要城市和城鎮

as panic set in and players rushed to evacuate to the relative safety of the

並相繼逃到相對安全的鄉下地區

countryside, leaving urban areas filled to the brim with corpses and the city

留下城市中滿山滿谷的屍體

streets literally white with the bones of the dead.

街道完全被白骨所淹沒

This is where science got interested. The Journal of Epidemiology compared Corrupted Blood to

這就是科學家感興趣的地方，流行病學期刊將ＳＡＲＳ和禽流感

real-life SARS and avian influenza outbreaks. Terrorism experts also studied the event.

的爆發與墮落之血比較分析。恐怖主義研究者也加入研究這個事件

They looked at the decision by some gamers to intentionally infect

他們探究玩家故意傳染給他人的行為

other players and this provided some insight into how terrorist cells form in the real world.

以探究真實世界恐怖組織的運作方式

In the end game developers had to invoke the nuclear option and

最後遊戲開發者只好使用極端的手段

reset the game service to undo the havoc wrought by Hakkar the Soulflayer, blood

重設遊戲司服器好收拾奪魂者血神哈卡的殘局

god of the Gurubashi trolls and, apparently, bio terrorist. Thanks, Thought Bubble!

很顯然這就是一種生化恐怖主義，感謝你思想泡泡

Games also make their way into daily life through gamification.

遊戲甚至會藉由「遊戲化」滲透到我們的日常生活

This grows out of achievement systems some video games use to reward players in

這種模式源自於有些電玩除了有遊戲目的之外還會有「獎勵系統」

addition to the normal game objectives. These systems have proven to be very motivational,

用以獎勵玩家，這種獎勵系統被證明是相當好的誘因

so why not try them out in real life? Purdue is doing this.

所以何不試著應用在日常生活呢？普度大學就這麼做了！

Some schools reward students with badges when they pass tests or complete

有些學校會在學生通過考試或完成作業時頒發獎章給他們

homework assignments. Gamification is also used in fitness. For example some

遊戲化也被運用在健身上，例如

fitness apps award badges for walking around and even let users compete with

有些健身的ＡＰＰ會在你有走路時頒發獎章給你，甚至會讓使用者

friends for the highest step count. Oh, that reminds me, hold on. This counts as steps, right?

與朋友競爭較高的走路步數，喔，這讓我想起來了，這樣應該會被算進去，對吧？

Academic studies also seem to validate time spent gaming. Studies from China and Australia

一些學術研究也似乎能合理化你花時間玩遊戲，中國和澳洲的研究

indicate that expert-level video game players have a measurable increase in

指出專業級玩家有明顯的認知能力、感知能力

cognitive functions, perception, and motor control. These players were found to have

和運動控制能力的增強，這些玩家被發現

increased gray matter and increased connectivity in their brains!

他們的大腦灰質增加，腦中的連結性也增加了

So next time your mom says you're playing too much video games, you go "hey mom I'm increasing my

所以下次你媽說你玩太多電動時，你可以說：「我正在增加我的大腦灰質」

gray matter." A hospital in Florida studied their surgeons who played video

一間佛羅里達的醫院研究了他們有在手術前玩電玩的外科醫生

games before performing surgery and found that surgeons who played video

發現那些一週有玩電玩超過三小時的醫生

games for more than three hours in a week made 37 percent fewer errors. They were 27

比起其他外科醫生出錯率少了百分之三十七

percent faster during surgery over those surgeons who did not. Gaming also has

執行手術的速度也比其他人快了百分之二十七

cool applications in medicine. An Oxford University study indicated that playing

遊戲也被應用在醫療上，一向牛津大學的研究指出玩俄羅斯方塊

Tetris can reduce the after effects of psychological trauma and might offer relief

可以降低精神創傷的後遺症並緩解創傷後壓力症候群

of PTSD symptoms. There's this virtual reality game called Snow World.

有一個叫做Snow World的虛擬實境遊戲

It's played on the Oculus Rift and it's used for pain management. Burn victims report

這遊戲要用 Oculus Rift顯示器玩，它被用來進行疼痛管理

less pain during bandage removal and reapplication while playing this game.

燒傷患者在換繃帶時如果同時玩這個遊戲會表示比較不痛

Another example is the online game Fold It. In this game thousands of

另一個例子是一款網路遊戲叫Fold It，這個遊戲號招上千玩家

players help doctors an computers fold proteins and other structures to support drug research.

幫助醫生和電腦折疊蛋白和其他結構來幫助藥物研究

In 2011 players helped scientists solve a decade old problem in under 10 days! That's the power of games!

在2011年玩家在十天內幫助科學家解決了十年解決不了的問題。這就是遊戲的力量！

So what we're saying here is that games can be a positive force in the world.

所以我們想表達的是遊戲對這個世界來說可以是一股正面的力量

And that's why we're going to spend the next twenty weeks or so playing with these ideas.

這就是為什麼我們接下來的二十週裡好好玩味這些理論

So press Start or set up the board or tee up the ball or whatever. Let's play! Thanks for watching.

所以按下開始鍵、擺好棋盤、發出球或其他準備工作準備好！開始遊戲吧！感謝收看

We'll see you next week. Now if you excuse me, I got some roads to crossy.

我們下週見，抱歉失陪一下我要在Crossy Road裡過個馬路了

Crash Course Games is filmed in the Chad and Stacey Emigholz Studio in Indianapolis, Indiana,

遊戲學速成班由印第安納波里的Chad and Stacey Emigholz 工作室錄製

and it is made with the help of all these nice people. If you'd like to keep Crash

並由許多很棒的人一起幫助我們完成，如果你想讓速成班

Course free for everyone forever, you can support the series at Patreon, a crowdfunding platform that allows you to support

繼續免費提供給大家，你可以藉由群眾募資平台Patreon支持我們的節目

the content you love. Speaking of patreon, we'd like to thank all our patreons in general, and we'd like to

說到Patreon，我們要謝謝我們所有的贊助者

specifically thank our high chancellor of knowledge Brett Henderson, MD, our headmaster

我們要特別感謝我們的知識大股東Brett Henderson

of learning Linnea Boyev, and our vice principal Mike Hunt. Thank you for your support.

知識二股東 Linnea Boyev，和第三大股東Mike Hunt，感謝你們！