like the one you see flying here.

Unlike the commercially available drones that you can buy today,

this robot doesn't have any GPS on board.

So without GPS,

it's hard for robots like this to determine their position.

This robot uses onboard sensors, cameras and laser scanners,

to scan the environment.

It detects features from the environment,

and it determines where it is relative to those features,

using a method of triangulation.

And then it can assemble all these features into a map,

like you see behind me.

And this map then allows the robot to understand where the obstacles are

and navigate in a collision-free manner.

What I want to show you next

is a set of experiments we did inside our laboratory,

where this robot was able to go for longer distances.

So here you'll see, on the top right, what the robot sees with the camera.

And on the main screen...

And of course this is sped up by a factor of four...

On the main screen you'll see the map that it's building.

So this is a high-resolution map of the corridor around our laboratory.

And in a minute you'll see it enter our lab,

which is recognizable by the clutter that you see.

(Laughter)

But the main point I want to convey to you

is that these robots are capable of building high-resolution maps

at five centimeters resolution,

allowing somebody who is outside the lab, or outside the building

to deploy these without actually going inside,

and trying to infer what happens inside the building.

Now there's one problem with robots like this.

The first problem is it's pretty big.

Because it's big, it's heavy.

And these robots consume about 100 watts per pound.

And this makes for a very short mission life.

The second problem

is that these robots have onboard sensors that end up being very expensive...

A laser scanner, a camera and the processors.

That drives up the cost of this robot.

So we asked ourselves a question:

what consumer product can you buy in an electronics store

that is inexpensive, that's lightweight, that has sensing onboard and computation?

And we invented the flying phone.

(Laughter)

So this robot uses a Samsung Galaxy smartphone that you can buy off the shelf,

and all you need is an app that you can download from our app store.

And you can see this robot reading the letters, "TED" in this case,

looking at the corners of the "T" and the "E"

and then triangulating off of that, flying autonomously.

That joystick is just there to make sure if the robot goes crazy,

Giuseppe can kill it.

(Laughter)

In addition to building these small robots,

we also experiment with aggressive behaviors, like you see here.

So this robot is now traveling at two to three meters per second,

pitching and rolling aggressively as it changes direction.

The main point is we can have smaller robots that can go faster

and then travel in these very unstructured environments.

And in this next video,

just like you see this bird, an eagle, gracefully coordinating its wings,

its eyes and feet to grab prey out of the water,

our robot can go fishing, too.

(Laughter)

In this case, this is a Philly cheesesteak hoagie that it's grabbing out of thin air.

(Laughter)

So you can see this robot going at about three meters per second,

which is faster than walking speed, coordinating its arms, its claws

and its flight with split-second timing to achieve this maneuver.

In another experiment,

I want to show you how the robot adapts its flight

to control its suspended payload,

whose length is actually larger than the width of the window.

So in order to accomplish this,

it actually has to pitch and adjust the altitude

and swing the payload through.

But of course we want to make these even smaller,

and we're inspired in particular by honeybees.

So if you look at honeybees, and this is a slowed down video,

they're so small, the inertia is so lightweight...

(Laughter)

that they don't care...

They bounce off my hand, for example.

This is a little robot that mimics the honeybee behavior.

And smaller is better,

because along with the small size you get lower inertia.

Along with lower inertia...

(Robot buzzing, laughter)

along with lower inertia, you're resistant to collisions.

And that makes you more robust.

So just like these honeybees, we build small robots.

And this particular one is only 25 grams in weight.

It consumes only six watts of power.

And it can travel up to six meters per second.

So if I normalize that to its size,

it's like a Boeing 787 traveling ten times the speed of sound.

(Laughter)

And I want to show you an example.

This is probably the first planned mid-air collision, at one-twentieth normal speed.

These are going at a relative speed of two meters per second,

and this illustrates the basic principle.

The two-gram carbon fiber cage around it prevents the propellers from entangling,

but essentially the collision is absorbed and the robot responds to the collisions.

And so small also means safe.

In my lab, as we developed these robots,

we start off with these big robots

and then now we're down to these small robots.

And if you plot a histogram of the number of Band-Aids we've ordered

in the past, that sort of tailed off now.

Because these robots are really safe.

The small size has some disadvantages,

and nature has found a number of ways to compensate for these disadvantages.

The basic idea is they aggregate to form large groups, or swarms.

So, similarly, in our lab, we try to create artificial robot swarms.

And this is quite challenging

because now you have to think about networks of robots.

And within each robot,

you have to think about the interplay of sensing, communication, computation...

And this network then becomes quite difficult to control and manage.

So from nature we take away three organizing principles

that essentially allow us to develop our algorithms.

The first idea is that robots need to be aware of their neighbors.

They need to be able to sense and communicate with their neighbors.

So this video illustrates the basic idea.

You have four robots...

One of the robots has actually been hijacked by a human operator, literally.

But because the robots interact with each other,

they sense their neighbors,

they essentially follow.

And here there's a single person able to lead this network of followers.

So again, it's not because all the robots know where they're supposed to go.

It's because they're just reacting to the positions of their neighbors.

(Laughter)

So the next experiment illustrates the second organizing principle.

And this principle has to do with the principle of anonymity.

Here the key idea is that

the robots are agnostic to the identities of their neighbors.

They're asked to form a circular shape,

and no matter how many robots you introduce into the formation,

or how many robots you pull out,

each robot is simply reacting to its neighbor.

It's aware of the fact that it needs to form the circular shape,

but collaborating with its neighbors

it forms the shape without central coordination.

Now if you put these ideas together,

the third idea is that we essentially give these robots

mathematical descriptions of the shape they need to execute.

And these shapes can be varying as a function of time,

and you'll see these robots start from a circular formation,

change into a rectangular formation, stretch into a straight line,

back into an ellipse.

And they do this with the same kind of split-second coordination

that you see in natural swarms, in nature.

So why work with swarms?

Let me tell you about two applications that we are very interested in.

The first one has to do with agriculture,

which is probably the biggest problem that we're facing worldwide.

As you well know,

one in every seven persons in this earth is malnourished.

Most of the land that we can cultivate has already been cultivated.

And the efficiency of most systems in the world is improving,

but our production system efficiency is actually declining.

And that's mostly because of water shortage, crop diseases, climate change

and a couple of other things.

So what can robots do?

Well, we adopt an approach that's called Precision Farming in the community.

And the basic idea is that we fly aerial robots through orchards,

and then we build precision models of individual plants.

So just like personalized medicine,

while you might imagine wanting to treat every patient individually,

what we'd like to do is build models of individual plants

and then tell the farmer what kind of inputs every plant needs...

The inputs in this case being water, fertilizer and pesticide.

Here you'll see robots traveling through an apple orchard,

and in a minute you'll see two of its companions

doing the same thing on the left side.

And what they're doing is essentially building a map of the orchard.

Within the map is a map of every plant in this orchard.

(Robot buzzing)

Let's see what those maps look like.

In the next video, you'll see the cameras that are being used on this robot.

On the top-left is essentially a standard color camera.

On the left-center is an infrared camera.

And on the bottom-left is a thermal camera.

And on the main panel, you're seeing a three-dimensional reconstruction

of every tree in the orchard as the sensors fly right past the trees.

Armed with information like this, we can do several things.

The first and possibly the most important thing we can do is very simple:

count the number of fruits on every tree.

By doing this, you tell the farmer how many [fruits] she has in every tree

and allow her to estimate the yield in the orchard,

optimizing the production chain downstream.

The second thing we can do

is take models of plants, construct three-dimensional reconstructions,

and from that estimate the canopy size,

and then correlate the canopy size to the amount of leaf area on every plant.

And this is called the leaf area index.

So if you know this leaf area index,

you essentially have a measure of how much photosynthesis is possible in every plant,

which again tells you how healthy each plant is.

By combining visual and infrared information,

we can also compute indices such as NDVI.

And in this particular case, you can essentially see

there are some crops that are not doing as well as other crops.

This is easily discernible from imagery,

not just visual imagery but combining

both visual imagery and infrared imagery.

And then lastly,

one thing we're interested in doing is detecting the early onset of chlorosis...

And this is an orange tree...

Which is essentially seen by yellowing of leaves.

But robots flying overhead can easily spot this autonomously

and then report to the farmer that he or she has a problem

in this section of the orchard.

Systems like this can really help,

and we're projecting yields that can improve by about ten percent

and, more importantly, decrease the amount of inputs such as water

by 25 percent by using aerial robot swarms.

A second application area is in first response.

This is a picture of the Penn campus,

actually south of the Penn campus, the South Bank.

I want you to imagine a setting

where there might be an emergency call from a building,

a 911 call.

By the time the police get there, it might take a valuable 5-10 minutes.

But imagine now, robots respond.

And you have a whole swarm of them,