Sophie: And I'm Sophie.

蘇菲：我是蘇菲

Neil: Sophie, I can't get out of my head what Mark Zuckerberg,

尼爾：蘇菲，我一直在想馬克·祖克柏最近所說的話

you know, the guy who created Facebook, said recently.

你知道的，就是創辦臉書的那個人

Sophie: Oh, I know, he pledged – or made a serious promise

蘇菲：我知道，他保證，或者說他鄭重承諾

to give away 99% of his shares in Facebook over the course of his lifetime.

在他有生之年會捐出 Facebook 99% 的股權

The shares are currently worth around $45 billion.

這股權目前價值約 450 億美元

Neil: Why, oh why did he decide to give his fortune away? It's puzzling to me.

尼爾：為什麼？為什麼他決定捐出自己的財富呢？我百思不得其解

Sophie: It's an act of philanthropy �V which means helping others,

蘇菲：這是在做慈善，也就是指幫助其他人

especially by giving large amounts of money to good causes.

尤其是指捐贈大量錢財做慈善公益

Neil: And philanthropy is the subject of this show.

尼爾：今天節目的主題就是慈善

Sophie: But don't worry about Zuckerberg,

蘇菲：但是不用擔心祖克伯

it's probably fair to say that he will remain extremely well off

基本上可以說，即使他捐出這筆財富後，他還是能過著極小康

or wealthy – even after giving away his fortune.

或者富裕的生活

Neil: Well, that's true. Let me ask you then today's quiz question:

尼爾：那倒是真的。我來問你今天的問題：

Who was the most generous philanthropist in the US last year?

美國去年最慷慨的慈善家是誰？

Was it ... a) Bill Gates b) Mark Zuckerberg or c) Warren Buffett

是a) 比爾蓋茲 b) 馬克·祖克柏 或是 c) 華倫·巴菲特

Sophie: um...I'm going to say... c) Warren Buffett.

蘇菲：我要選c) 華倫·巴菲特

Neil: Well, we'll find out if you were right or not later on in the show.

尼爾：好，節目最後再來看看你選擇的是否正確

Now, Zuckerberg was inspired to give away his fortune by the birth of his daughter Max.

如今，祖克伯因為受愛女邁克斯誔生的啟發，決定捐出他的財富

In a letter to Max – posted on Facebook.

他在臉書上公開了寫給女兒邁克斯的一封信

In his post, he talks about using the money to advance human potential and promote equality

信件中提到他要利用這筆錢來優化人類潛能

for all children in the next generation.

和促進下一代孩子的平等

Equality – in other words, with the same rights and opportunities.

平等，換句話說，就是擁有相同的權利和機會

Sophie: Zuckerberg is the latest in a long line of billionaire entrepreneurs to turn philanthropist

蘇菲：祖克伯是近來一位從億萬富豪企業家的身份，轉變成為慈善家

and use his money for good causes.

並投入他的錢做慈善公益

Did you know that some of the earliest American philanthropists were robber barons?

你知道最早期的美國慈善家都是強盜大亨嗎？

Neil: Robber barons? What's ... ? Hang on, what are robber barons?

尼爾：強盜大亨? 什麼? 等一下，什麼是強盜大亨？

Sophie: They're business people who use unethical - or morally wrong - business tactics

蘇菲：他們是那些使用不道德的商業手段

to gain large personal fortunes.

掠取大量私人錢財的商業人士

Nineteenth-century entrepreneurs like Rockefeller, Carnegie and Ford were robber barons.

十九世紀企業家，像是洛克斐勒、卡內基和福特，都是強盜大亨

They built up huge empires in industry – oil, steel, railways, and cars

他們在各自行業中建立起龐大的帝國 - 如石油、鋼鐵、鐵路、汽車

and were largely responsible for transforming the United States

並將美國從農業國家轉型成工業國家

from an agricultural nation into an industrial one.

在此貢獻上，他們功不可沒

Neil: Henry Ford – he's the one who said you can have any colour you want as long as it's black.

尼爾：亨利·福特，他曾說過，消費者可擁有他們想要的任何顏色的汽車，只要那顏色是黑色

I like that kind of thing.

我喜歡他的幽默

Sophie: Focus, Neil!

蘇菲：尼爾，別扯遠了

Neil: OK. OK.

尼爾：好，好

Sophie: But as the barons got older, they decided they wanted to give back to society,

蘇菲：但當那些強盜大亨年老之後，他們決定要回饋社會

and turned to philanthropy.

於是變成了慈善家

Andrew Carnegie believed that wealth should be spent to make the world a better place.

安德魯·卡內基相信財富需要被消費，才能創造一個更美好的世界

Neil: That sounds too warm and fuzzy for a ruthless – or cruel - robber baron.

尼爾：這話從一位無情殘忍的強盜大亨口中說出來，也太溫暖了

Sophie: People change, Neil!

蘇菲：尼爾，人是會變的！

When he died, Carnegie had given away a total of $350m to the state to spend on public works.

卡內基去世時，他總共捐出3億5千萬美元給政府從事公共建設

That's around $8bn in today's money.

那金額相當於現在的80億美元

Neil: Well, let's listen to Hugh Cunningham, a Professor of History at the University of Kent here, in the UK.

尼爾：我們來聽聽英國肯特大學歷史教授Hugh Cunningham的看法

He talks about what the average Joe

他談到一般人

that's you and me, folks – thinks about big business and philanthropy today.

也就是指像你和我這樣的普通人，如何看待現今的大企業家和慈善家

Hugh Cunningham: The very word philanthropy

Hugh Cunningham：「 慈善」一詞

does not necessarily have 100% positive connotations for the public

對公眾來說，並非百分之百正面

at large given where we are in terms of the public's attitude towards

這鑑於公眾對於企業或銀行等機構的態度

business or the banks and that kind of stuff.

這鑑於公眾對於企業或銀行等機構的態度

So I think it's in everyone's interests to try and broaden out the concept of philanthropy

所以我認為，為了每個人的利益，應該要試著將慈善的理念

into a wider notion of giving, making a contribution, making a difference.

擴大到給與、貢獻和為改變世界做出努力等更寬廣的概念

Neil: Yes, banks and big businesses can easily afford to give away millions of dollars

尼爾：是的，銀行家和大企業家願意的話，可以很輕易地捐出百萬美元

for the public good if they choose to.

給公益事業

It is not so easy when you're an individual struggling to pay the rent.

但對於連付房租都有困難的個人來說，做慈善絕非易事

Sophie: That's right, Neil.

蘇菲：尼爾，說得沒錯

But a lot of people in the UK are super-rich compared to those in the developing world.

但和其他發展中國家相比的話，英國有很多超級富有的人

And we can make a big difference by donating – or giving

而且透過捐贈或給與少數金額

smaller amounts of money to help improve their lives.

我們可以為改善他們的生活做出很大的改變

Neil: And that's what Professor Cunningham means

尼爾：這也是Cunningham教授所指的

when he says we should broaden out the notion – or idea – of philanthropy.

當他提到說我們應該要擴大慈善的概念或理念

It's not only robber barons who can afford to be philanthropic.

並不是只有強盜大亨才能成為慈善家

Let's listen to Toby Ord, a graduate student from Oxford University

我們來聽聽牛津大學研究生Toby Ord

talking about how he makes a difference.

談論他要如何為改變世界做出努力

Toby Ord: I worked out that over my life I'd be able to earn about £1.5m.

Toby Ord：我計算出我這一生大概能賺150萬英磅

um...and that I could maintain my current standard of living as a graduate student

而我可以維持現在做為研究生的生活水平

and still donate about £1m of that.

如此一來，我還可以捐出100萬英磅

Sophie: So Toby actually gives away any money that he earns above £18,000 a year.

蘇菲：所以Toby每年只會保留1萬8千英磅，其餘全部捐出

He feels that he doesn't need more than this amount to maintain his standard of living.

他覺得他不需要比這數字更多的錢來維持他的生活水平

Neil: I'm impressed by Toby's pledge but I don't think I could live like a student my whole life!

尼爾：我被Toby的承諾打動，但我想我無法一輩子像個學生一樣生活

Sophie: I thought that would suit you extremely well, Neil!

蘇菲：尼爾，我覺得學生生活挺適合你啊！

Now why don't you give us the answer to today's quiz question?

現在是不是應該告訴我們今天問題的答案啦？

Neil: I asked: Who was the most generous philanthropist in the US last year?

尼爾：我的問題是：美國去年最慷慨的慈善家是誰？

Was it... a) Bill Gates? b) Mark Zuckerberg? Or c) Warren Buffett?

是a) 比爾蓋茲 b) 馬克·祖克柏 或是 c) 華倫·巴菲特

Sophie: I said Warren Buffett.

蘇菲：我選的是華倫·巴菲特

Neil: Good guess, Sophie! Well done!

尼爾：蘇菲，你答對了！做得好！

Buffett, who made his $73bn fortune from investments, donated $2.8bn to charity in 2014

巴菲特從投資中賺取了730億美元，2014年捐給了慈善機構28億美元

bringing his lifetime total to almost $23bn, according to Forbes.

根據富比世雜誌，他目前一共捐出了230億美元

That's a tidy sum – and that means a large number!

是多麼一筆龐大數字的金額啊!

OK let's hear those words again, Sophie.

好了，蘇菲，讓我們再來聽一下今天的單字

Sophie: Here they are:

蘇菲：今天的單字有：

pledged

保證；承諾

philanthropy

慈善

well off

小康；富有

human potential

人類潛能

equality

平等

unethical

不道德的

ruthless

無情的；冷酷的

average Joe

一般人；普通人

donating

捐贈

a tidy sum

龐大的金額

Neil: Well, that's the end of today's 6 Minute English.

尼爾：今天的六分鐘英語到此結束

Please join us again soon!

歡迎下次繼續收聽！

Both: Bye.

（尼爾和蘇菲：）再見