For much of this time, this assistance was manual.

在當時，這種協助靠的是人工方法。

Surveillance took place manually and wires were connected by hand.

監控以人工方式進行， 線路是也是由是手動架接的。

Calls were recorded to tape.

往來電話則被錄到錄音帶裡去。

But as in so many other industries, computing has changed everything.

不過就像許多其他產業一樣，電腦運算的出現改變了一切。

The telephone companies built surveillance features into the very core of their networks.

電信公司在架設網路時，便把監控功能作為核心納入其中。

I want that to sink in for a second: Our telephones and the networks that carry our calls were wired for surveillance first. First and foremost.

各位可以思考一下：負責傳輸我們通話的電話與電信網路，在架設之初便以方便監控作為第一考量。作為最優先且重要的第一考量。

So what that means is that when you're talking to your spouse, your children, a colleague or your doctor on the telephone, someone could be listening.

這個意思就是當你與你的另一半、 小孩、同事、醫生正在講電話時，某人可能正在竊聽。

Now, that someone might be your own government; it could also be another government, a foreign intelligence service, or a hacker, or a criminal, or a stalker or any other party that breaks into the surveillance system, that hacks into the surveillance system of the telephone companies.

那個某人可能是自己的政府， 也可能是其他國的政府、 某個外國情報人員、駭客、犯罪者、跟蹤狂， 或是破解並進入監控系統的任何 其他利益團體， 駭進了電信公司的監控系統。

But while the telephone companies have built surveillance as a priority, Silicon Valley companies have not.

儘管電信公司將完成監控系統當作第一優先要務， 矽谷的科技公司們卻沒這麼做了。

And increasingly, over the last couple years, Silicon Valley companies have built strong encryption technology into their communications products that makes surveillance extremely difficult.

在過去幾年下來，越來越多的矽谷科技公司將強大的加密技術導入進通訊產品中， 使得監控變得極為困難。

For example, many of you might have an iPhone, and if you use an iPhone to send a text message to other people who have an iPhone, those text messages cannot easily be wiretapped.

舉例來說，相信台下各位有許多人使用著 iPhone，而若是使用 iPhone 來傳送簡訊傳給其他使用 iPhone 的人， 那些簡訊將難以被第三者側錄。

And in fact, according to Apple, they're not able to even see the text messages themselves.

事實上，據 Apple 所言，就連他們自己也沒辦法看到簡訊內容。

Likewise, if you use FaceTime to make an audio call or a video call with one of your friends or loved ones, that, too, cannot be easily wiretapped.

同樣的，如果你使用 FaceTime 與你的朋友或是另一半進行語音或者影像通話，其內容那也一樣難以被第三者側錄。

And it's not just Apple.

有類似作為的並不是只有 Apple 而已。

WhatsApp, which is now owned by Facebook and used by hundreds of millions of people around the world, also has built strong encryption technology into its product,

現在已被 Facebook 收購，全世界有上億人口使用的 Whatsapp 通訊軟體，也將強大的加密系統內建在了產品裡面。

which means that people in the Global South can easily communicate without their governments, often authoritarian, wiretapping their text messages.

這代表南半球人民能夠在不需擔心政府 (通常為獨裁政權) 側錄的情況下，輕鬆地互相以簡訊連絡。

So, after 100 years of being able to listen to any telephone call ,anytime, anywhere, you might imagine that government officials are not very happy.

所以你或許也能想像，本來在這 100 年間有辦法能隨時隨地聽取任何電話收發話的政府，對現況肯定不太高興。

And in fact, that's what's happening.

而這正是當下正在發生的事情。他們並不是因為這些加密工具 是現在可到手的而火大，

Government officials are extremely mad, and they're not mad because these encryption tools are now available.

政府官員們非常憤怒，但讓他們最生氣的並不是因為這些加密工具的出現。

What upsets them the most is that the tech companies have built encryption features into their products and turned them on by default.

他們真正惱火的原因在於，科技公司把這些科技內建到了它們的產品之中，而且還將這些功能的預先設定為開啟。

It's the default piece that matters.

預設這檔事才是重點。

In short, the tech companies have democratized encryption.

簡單來說，科技公司民主化了加密科技。

And so, government officials like British Prime Minister David Cameron, they believe that all communications, emails, texts, voice calls, all of these should be available to governments, and encryption is making that difficult.

因此就像英國首相大衛．卡麥隆等的政府官員們，他們相信所有的通信形式，不論是電子郵件、簡訊或是語音通話，政府都應該有權檢視內容，而加密技術則讓政府難以做到這點。

Now look, I'm extremely sympathetic to their point of view.

聽著，我非常能夠體認他們的觀點。

We live in a dangerous time in a dangerous world, and there really are bad people out there.

我們正身處在一個危險的年代和環境中，世界上確實有許多的壞人。

There are terrorists and other serious national security threats that I suspect we all want the FBI and the NSA to monitor.

我想我們確實會希望聯邦調查局和國土安全局，去監控恐怖分子和其他嚴重危害到國家安全的威脅。

But those surveillance features come at a cost.

但這樣的監控行動是有代價的。

The reason for that is that there is no such thing as a terrorist laptop, or a drug dealer's cell phone.

因為這世界上並沒有所謂「恐怖分子專用筆電」，或是「毒販專用手機」這種東西。

We all use the same communications devices.

我們所有人用的都是同樣的通訊裝置。

What that means is that if the drug dealers' telephone calls or the terrorists' telephone calls can be intercepted, then so can the rest of ours, too.

這也就代表如果毒販或恐怖份子的電話通話能被竊聽，那我們的也能被竊聽。

And I think we really need to ask: should a billion people around the world be using devices that are wiretap friendly?

我想我們真的必須捫心自問：「由全世界十億多人都在使用的裝置，真的應該設計成能被側錄嗎？」

So the scenario of hacking of surveillance systems that I've described --this is not imaginary.

我剛才描述過監控系統被駭入的狀況，其實並不只是想像出來的情景而已。

In 2009, the surveillance systems that Google and Microsoft built into their networks, the systems that they use to respond to lawful surveillance requests from the police,

在 2009 年，Google 與 Microsoft 在其網路中內建，用於在警方要求時提供合法監控行動的監控系統，

those systems were compromised by the Chinese government, because the Chinese government wanted to figure out which of their own agents the US government was monitoring.

被中國政府破解入侵，因為中國當局想瞭解美國政府監控了哪些中國所派駐的情報人員。

By the same token, in 2004, the surveillance system built into the network of Vodafone Greece, Greece's largest telephone company, was compromised by an unknown entity,

同樣的，在 2004 年時，希臘最大的電信公司：Vodafone 希臘分公司，其內建在電信網路中的監控系統遭到不明人士破解入侵，

and that feature, the surveillance feature, was used to wiretap the Greek Prime Minister and members of the Greek cabinet.

而該監控系統被用來側錄希臘首相與國會成員的通信。

The foreign government or hackers who did that were never caught.

駭入系統的外國政府或駭客至今仍未被尋獲。

And really, this gets to the very problem with these surveillance features, or backdoors.

而這再再顯示了這些監控功能，或者說所謂「後門」的問題。

When you build a backdoor into a communications network or piece of technology, you have no way of controlling who's going to go through it.

在通信網路或是科技產品中內建了後門後，便無法控制誰會去利用這個漏洞。

You have no way of controlling whether it'll be used by your side or the other side, by good guys, or by bad guys.

你無法控制這個漏洞會被自己人或敵人所利用，會被好人或壞人所利用。

And so for that reason, I think that it's better to build networks to be as secure as possible.

因此我認為，建構出一個盡可能安全地網路才是更好的辦法。

Yes, this means that in the future, encryption is going to make wiretapping more difficult.

對，這代表在未來，加密科技將會讓側錄變得更加難以實行。

It means that the police are going to have a tougher time catching bad guys.

這代表警察會更難抓到壞人。

But the alternative would mean to live in a world where anyone's calls or anyone's text messages could be surveilled by criminals, by stalkers and by foreign intelligence agencies. And I don't want to live in that kind of world.

但如果我們不這麼做，便代表我們將身處一個每個人的通話或簡訊都將能被犯罪者、跟蹤狂與外國情報機關給監控的世界。我可不想活在這種世界中。

And so right now, you probably have the tools to thwart many kinds of government surveillance already on your phones and already in your pockets.

現在在你的手機上或口袋哩，可能早有許多種能阻撓政府監控的工具。

You just might not realize how strong and how secure those tools are, or how weak the other ways you've used to communicate really are.

你或許不懂這些工具有多強大或有多安全，以及你過去所使用的其他通信手段是多麼的脆弱。

And so, my message to you is this:

因此，我給各位的訊息如下：

We need to use these tools.

我們必須使用這些工具。

We need to secure our telephone calls.

我們必須確保電話通話的安全性。

We need to secure our text messages.

我們必須確保簡訊的安全性。

I want you to use these tools.

我要你們使用這些工具。

I want you to tell your loved ones, I want you to tell your colleagues:

我要你們告訴自己的親朋好友，以及工作同僚：

Use these encrypted communications tools.

請使用加密過的通信工具。

Don't just use them because they're cheap and easy, but use them because they're secure.

不要僅僅只是因為它們便宜和簡單所以使用，要因為它們的安全性而使用。

Thank you.

謝謝各位。