Name: 驚人的事實：為什麼要作弊？ (The Shocking Reason Why People Cheat On Tests)
Uploaded: 2022-08-14T21:01:10.000Z
Duration: 2 min 44 s

Next time you're caught cheating in school, just blame hormones.

下一次被抓到考試作弊，就怪罪給賀爾蒙吧！

Pretty much everyone has cheated on a test at some point in their lives.

幾乎每個人在人生某個階段都在考試中作弊過。

And while it's generally frowned upon and I don't condone it, peeking at the names of the Great Lakes on a geography test when you're 6 years old doesn't mean you're gonna grow up to be a horrible adult.

雖然這是普遍不被認可的行為，我也不會縱容它，但是在 6 歲時的地理考試偷看五大湖區的名字並不代表你之後就會成為一個糟糕的大人。

Some early psychological research into why kids cheat landed on moral development.

一些早期的心理學研究認為，小孩作弊的行為跟道德發展有關。

As we age, we become less egotistical and more moral, drawing us away from doing something we know is wrong.

隨著我們長大，我們變得較不以自我為中心且更有道德感，驅使我們不再做那些我們知道是錯的事。

Other studies have suggested cheating is the result of cost-benefit analysis.

其它研究則指出，作弊是成本效益分析後的產物。

If the reward for cheating is greater than the outcome of getting caught, kids will take the risk.

如果作弊所帶來的報酬遠大於被抓到的後果，小孩子會願意冒險一試。

In either case, these rationales point to cheating as a subconscious decision.

不管在哪一種情況下，這些理由都把作弊歸類為下意識的決定。

但如果這根本不是一種決定呢？

New research published in the "Journal of Experimental Psychology" says that those who cheat on tests do so because of hormones.

一份新發表在《實驗心理學雜誌》的研究指出，是賀爾蒙讓那些人在考試上作弊。

Extra testosterone gives us the courage to cheat, and extra cortisol gives us the motivation.

過多的睪固酮讓我們有勇氣作弊，然後過多的皮質醇則給了我們作弊的動機。

Researchers at the University of Texas at Austin asked a group of people to take a math test and grade it themselves,

德州大學奧斯汀分校的研究者們邀請一群受試者參與一場數學測驗並請他們幫自己評分，

knowing that the more questions they answered correctly would earn them more money.

實驗的前提為，答對的題目越多，收到的獎金就越多。

They also took saliva samples before and after the test.

研究者更在實驗開始前、後收集受試者的唾液樣本。

The results showed that people with elevated levels of testosterone and cortisol were more likely to lie about the number of questions they got right.

實驗結果指出，當受試者的睪固酮與皮質醇濃度都上升的情況下，他們比較有可能在答對的題目數上說謊。

Testosterone decreases fear of punishment and increases sensitivity to reward, so that would explain why some cheated.

睪固酮減少了人們對處罰的恐懼感，並增加對獎勵的敏感度，而這就能解釋為什麼有些人會作弊。

Elevated cortisol, meanwhile, is linked to a state of chronic stress that can be almost debilitating, so that could be a powerful motivator in deciding to cheat.

同樣的，皮質醇的上升則是和逐漸衰弱的慢性壓力有關，而這就可能是讓人決定作弊的強大動機。

Those who cheated also showed lower levels of cortisol after the test, consistent with a reduction of emotional stress you might expect from having successfully cheated on a test.

測驗結束後的測量發現，皮質醇的濃度在作弊的人身上較低，而這個結果則跟你預期作弊會成功時，情緒壓力減少的反應成一致的關係。

The reduction of stress triggered a powerful stimulation in the reward center of the brain, effectively reinforcing unethical behavior.

壓力的減少會觸動大腦的獎勵中心觸發，有效地強化不道德行為。

The flip side is that people with lower levels of both testosterone and cortisol could be less prone to this unethical behavior.

相反的，如果人們的睪固酮與皮質醇都處在較低的濃度，他們比較不容易去作出不道德的行為。

But it's not like parents could remove testosterone from their children for the sake of better test-taking behavior.

不過，這並不是說家長可以將小孩子的睪固酮去除，好讓他們有更好的考試行為。

Instead, there are ways to break that cycle of hormonal response reinforcing cheating.

反而應該是說，有方法能夠破除這個賀爾蒙反應與增強作弊行為間的週期。

Research cited in the same study says that individuals rewarded in a group are less susceptible to the effects of testosterone on performance,

在同樣一份研究中的報告指出，一個人在團體中獲獎勵，他的行為會比較不容易受到睪固酮的影響，

and those who engage in stress-reducing activities like yoga were less moved to cheat due to lower cortisol levels.

然後那些參與像是瑜伽等減壓活動的人，則會因為皮質醇濃度下降，比較不會作弊。

So, if you want to raise an ethical student, group yoga might help⏤at least, that's my own thought.

所以，如果你想要提高學生的道德感，團體瑜珈也許可以幫上忙！至少，那是我個人的想法。

And if you're curious to know more of my own thoughts on other topics⏤namely, space⏤be sure to check out my personal channel, Vintage Space.

如果你對於我在其它議題上的看法也有興趣，也就是太空議題，務必到我的個人頻道 Vintage Space 看看。

The starter cartridge in the Titan II burned for only about a second,

泰坦 2 號火箭的發射只燃燒了近一秒的時間，

and it came with this very distinctive noise that⏤now that I'm gonna make it right here, you're definitely gonna hear it in the launch.

它發出了一個非常獨特的聲音，我現在要嘗試模仿後，你一定會在它發射時聽到。

So, be honest, did you guys ever cheat on a test in grade school?

所以，老實說吧，你們到底有沒有在學校的考試上作弊過呢？

Let us know in the comments below, and don't forget to subscribe for more DNews everyday of the week.

把你的回覆寫在下方讓我們知道，也別忘了訂閱 DNews 每天平日收看。