standing in front of an audience is a cross between

站到了觀眾面前，心情就好像靈魂出竅

an out-of-body experience and a deer caught in the headlights,

的時候恰好又見鬼。

so please forgive me for violating one of the TED commandments

所以請原諒我違反TED其中一條規定，

by relying on words on paper,

就是需要照著講稿演講，

and I only hope I'm not struck by lightning bolts before I'm done.

我只希望在我演講完成前不會被雷劈到。

I'd like to begin by talking about some of the ideas that motivated me

我想從那些能刺激到我想成為一名

to become a documentary photographer.

新聞攝影師的原因講起。

I was a student in the '60s, a time of social upheaval and questioning,

60年代的時候，我是一名學生。那是一個社會劇變和受到責疑的時代，

and on a personal level, an awakening sense of idealism.

而對於個人來說，這正是理想主義萌芽的時候。

The war in Vietnam was raging;

越南戰爭正激烈地進行著，

the Civil Rights Movement was under way;

人權運動正蓄勢待發，

and pictures had a powerful influence on me.

所以照片對我有著很大的影響。

Our political and military leaders were telling us one thing,

我們的政治和軍事的首領告訴我們的是一回事，

and photographers were telling us another.

和照片告訴我們的又是另一回事。

I believed the photographers, and so did millions of other Americans.

我選擇相信照片，千千萬萬的美國人也是如此。

Their images fueled resistance to the war and to racism.

他們的照片刺激了人們反對戰爭和種族主義。

They not only recorded history; they helped change the course of history.

他們不僅紀錄歷史，他們也改變歷史。

Their pictures became part of our collective consciousness

他們的照片是我們對集體意識的部份感知，

and, as consciousness evolved into a shared sense of conscience,

同時，因為集體意識會影響人們的良知，

change became not only possible, but inevitable.

改變不僅是可能的，更是不可避免的。

I saw that the free flow of information represented by journalism,

我看到由媒體報導的消息，

specifically visual journalism, can bring into focus

特別是可視媒體，不管是政府政策的優點，還是不足，

both the benefits and the cost of political policies.

都能夠引起公眾的注意。

It can give credit to sound decision-making, adding momentum to success.

這可以給政府機會去宣傳他們做出的決定，增加成功的可能性。

In the face of poor political judgment or political inaction,

而面對不好的政治性的裁定或者政府行動的遲緩，

it becomes a kind of intervention, assessing the damage

這變成了一種調停的工具，評估損失，

and asking us to reassess our behavior.

並要求我們重新評估我們的行為。

It puts a human face on issues

這讓人們的面孔能出現在

which from afar can appear abstract

向來對廣大公眾的影響十分抽象，虛無，

or ideological or monumental in their global impact.

沒甚麼意義的的事情上。

What happens at ground level, far from the halls of power,

那些本來只有底層人民才發出的，遠離權力中心相距的吶喊，

happens to ordinary citizens one by one.

現在普通的市民也一個接一個地發出這些吶喊。

And I understood that documentary photography

於是我意識到新聞攝影

has the ability to interpret events from their point of view.

有從市民的角度說明事情的能力。

It gives a voice to those who otherwise would not have a voice.

這讓那些從來沒有發言權的人有機會說出自己心聲。

And as a reaction, it stimulates public opinion

它的反應包括，鼓勵公眾表達自己的意見，

and gives impetus to public debate,

並給公眾討論以動力，

thereby preventing the interested parties

這樣，可以防止當事人隨心所欲地

from totally controlling the agenda, much as they would like to.

完全控制社會輿論。

Coming of age in those days made real

隨著時間推移，人們意識到信息傳播的

the concept that the free flow of information is absolutely vital

自由性對一个自由、有活力的社會

for a free and dynamic society to function properly.

的正常發展絕對是十分重要的。

The press is certainly a business, and in order to survive

出版社的確是一門生意，而且為了生存，

it must be a successful business,

它一定要是一門成功的生意，

but the right balance must be found

但一定要在市場利益和新聞責任之間

between marketing considerations and journalistic responsibility.

找到正確的平衡。

Society's problems can't be solved until they're identified.

除非社會問題的存在性得到承認，否則無法解決。

On a higher plane, the press is a service industry,

從一個更高的層次說，出版社是一個服務行業，

and the service it provides is awareness.

它提供對事件的全面認知。

Every story does not have to sell something.

不一定每個故事都有賣點。

There's also a time to give.

但時間是一定要的。

That was a tradition I wanted to follow.

那是我想要追隨的傳統。

Seeing the war created such incredibly high stakes for everyone involved

看到戰爭讓每個人都承受難以想像的高風險，

and that visual journalism could actually become a factor in conflict resolution --

而新聞媒體又成為衝突解決中的一部分，

I wanted to be a photographer in order to be a war photographer.

我想要成為一名攝影師，而且是一名戰地攝影師。

But I was driven by an inherent sense

但是，我被大眾的觀點所影響，

that a picture that revealed the true face of war

就是揭示戰爭真面目的照片

would almost by definition be an anti-war photograph.

幾乎都會被定義為反戰的照片。

I'd like to take you on a visual journey through some of the events

我想讓你們看一個圖片故事，講的是

and issues I've been involved in over the past 25 years.

這25年來我經歷、遇到過的事件和問題。

In 1981, I went to Northern Ireland.

1981年，我去了北愛爾蘭。

10 IRA prisoners were in the process of starving themselves to death

10個愛爾蘭囚犯絕食以表達

in protest against conditions in jail.

對監獄裡面的生活條件的不滿。

The reaction on the streets was violent confrontation.

這事件到了社會上，使公眾在街上發生暴力衝突。

I saw that the front lines of contemporary wars

我看到當時戰爭的前線不是在

are not on isolated battlefields, but right where people live.

開闊、荒蕪的戰場，而是正正在居民區中間。

During the early '80s, I spent a lot of time in Central America,

在80年代早期，很多時候我都在中美洲。

which was engulfed by civil wars

那裡曾被內戰吞噬，

that straddled the ideological divide of the Cold War.

又因為冷戰時代那意識形態問題而分裂。

In Guatemala, the central government --

在危地馬拉，受歐洲政治巨頭控制的

controlled by a oligarchy of European decent --

中央政府正發動一場焦土運動

was waging a scorched Earth campaign against an indigenous rebellion,

來對抗當地的叛軍，

and I saw an image that reflected the history of Latin America:

而我看到一個可以反應拉丁美洲這歷史的圖像：

conquest through a combination of the Bible and the sword.

一場通過聖經和武器取得的勝利。

An anti-Sandinista guerrilla was mortally wounded

一支反桑地諾的游擊隊受到沈重的打擊。

as Commander Zero attacked a town in Southern Nicaragua.

因為Zero指揮官在南尼加拉瓜的一個小鎮被襲擊。

A destroyed tank belonging to Somoza's national guard

一輛屬於薩莫查的國際護衛隊的被摧毀的坦克

was left as a monument in a park in Managua,

被作為一個紀念碑放在馬拉瓜的一個公園里，

and was transformed by the energy and spirit of a child.

並因為一個小孩的天真和好奇而變成了他的玩伴。

At the same time, a civil war was taking place in El Salvador,

與此同時，薩爾瓦多發生了內戰，

and again, the civilian population was caught up in the conflict.

並再一次，越來越多的城市居民捲入衝突中。

I've been covering the Palestinian-Israeli conflict since 1981.

我從1981年開始就負責拍攝巴以衝突。

This is a moment from the beginning of the second intifada, in 2000,

這是2000年，第二次騷亂的開始的一瞬間。

when it was still stones and Molotovs against an army.

那時候它仍然是用石頭和Molotovs來攻擊軍隊。

In 2001, the uprising escalated into an armed conflict,

到了2001年，騷亂逐漸升級為武裝衝突，

and one of the major incidents was

而其中一個很重要的事件是

the destruction of the Palestinian refugee camp

巴勒斯坦在約旦河西岸的傑寧小鎮上的

in the West Bank town of Jenin.

貧民區營地被毀。

Without the political will to find common ground,

由於沒有政治力量尋找雙方共同的立場，

the continual friction of tactic and counter-tactic

外加持續不斷的在政策上的摩擦和敵對的策略

only creates suspicion and hatred and vengeance,

只能產生猜疑、憎恨和復仇，

and perpetuates the cycle of violence.

並維持了這個暴力的循環。

In the '90s, after the breakup of the Soviet Union,

在90年代，蘇聯解體之後，

Yugoslavia fractured along ethnic fault lines, and civil war broke out

南斯拉夫因為種族問題分裂，同時在波斯尼亞、

between Bosnia, Croatia and Serbia.

克羅地亞和塞爾維亞之間爆發內戰。

This is a scene of house-to-house fighting in Mostar,

這是在莫斯塔鄰里之間反目成仇，

neighbor against neighbor.

人們互相打鬥的場面。

A bedroom, the place where people share intimacy,

睡房，一個人們分享私密的地方，

where life itself is conceived, became a battlefield.

一個生命醞釀、沈思的地方，成為了一個戰場。

A mosque in northern Bosnia was destroyed by Serbian artillery

在北波斯尼亞的一座清真寺北塞爾維亞的炮火摧毀，

and was used as a makeshift morgue.

並被用作臨時的停屍房。

Dead Serbian soldiers were collected after a battle

死亡的塞爾維亞士兵在一場戰役完後被收集起來，

and used as barter for the return of prisoners

用作波斯尼亞囚犯或者行動中

or Bosnian soldiers killed in action.

被殺的士兵的交換籌碼。

This was once a park.

這曾經是一個公園。

The Bosnian soldier who guided me

一個作為我導遊的波斯尼亞士兵

told me that all of his friends were there now.

告訴我現在他的所有朋友都被埋在那裡了。

At the same time in South Africa,

與此同時在南非，

after Nelson Mandela had been released from prison,

尼爾遜 曼德拉從監獄被釋放之後，

the black population commenced the final phase

黑人開始了從種族歧視中

of liberation from apartheid.

爭取自由的最後一步。

One of the things I had to learn as a journalist

其中一樣作為記者我必須要學習的

was what to do with my anger.

就是怎樣控制我的憤怒。

I had to use it, channel its energy, turn it into something

我必須運用它，用它的能量，將它轉化成一些能

that would clarify my vision, instead of clouding it.

清晰我的視線，而不是模糊它的東西

In Transkei, I witnessed a rite of passage into manhood, of the Xhosa tribe.

在特蘭斯凱，我目睹了科薩人成人禮的儀式。

Teenage boys lived in isolation, their bodies covered with white clay.

未成年男孩們被隔離，身上塗滿白黏土。

After several weeks, they washed off the white

幾個星期之後，他們把白黏土洗掉

and took on the full responsibilities of men.

並肩負起男人的全部責任。

It was a very old ritual that seemed symbolic

這是一個很古老的儀式，這儀式像是象徵著

of the political struggle that was changing the face of South Africa.

正在改變南非面貌的政治鬥爭。

Children in Soweto playing on a trampoline.

在索韋托的孩子在玩蹦床。

Elsewhere in Africa there was famine.

而在非洲的其它地方正鬧飢荒。

In Somalia, the central government collapsed and clan warfare broke out.

在索馬里，中央政府瓦解，部落之間的衝突爆發。

Farmers were driven off their land,

農民從自己的土地上被趕了出去，

and crops and livestock were destroyed or stolen.

穀物和牲畜被破壞或者偷走。

Starvation was being used as a weapon of mass destruction --

飢餓被用作大規模破壞的武器，

primitive but extremely effective.

原始但十分有效。

Hundreds of thousands of people were exterminated,

成千上萬的人痛苦地、

slowly and painfully.

慢慢逐漸被屠殺掉。

The international community responded with massive humanitarian relief,

國際團體憑藉著強大的人道主義信念作出行動，

and hundreds of thousands of more lives were saved.

拯救了千千萬萬條生命。

American troops were sent to protect the relief shipments,

美國軍隊被派去保護送出的物資，

but they were eventually drawn into the conflict,

但是他們最終也陷進衝突之中，

and after the tragic battle in Mogadishu, they were withdrawn.

在摩加迪沙那慘烈的戰役後，他們被調回美國。

In southern Sudan, another civil war saw similar use of starvation

在蘇丹南部，另一場內戰也運用飢餓作為

as a means of genocide.

種族大屠殺的一種策略。

Again, international NGOs, united under the umbrella of the U.N.,

國際民間團體在聯合國的保護之下再一次

staged a massive relief operation and thousands of lives were saved.

發放了數量巨大的物資，並拯救了成千條生命。

I'm a witness, and I want my testimony to be honest and uncensored.

我是一個目擊者，我希望我的陳述是真實和無約束的。

I also want it to be powerful and eloquent,

我也希望它是有力的和觸動心弦的，

and to do as much justice as possible

能夠發揮它最大的作用，為我正在拍攝的

to the experience of the people I'm photographing.

這些人所經歷的事情討回一個公道。

This man was in an NGO feeding center,

這人正在一個民間組織的庇護中心裡面，

being helped as much as he could be helped.

他會得到他能得到的最大幫助。

He literally had nothing. He was a virtual skeleton,

他準確地說甚麼都不是。他只是一架骨頭，

yet he could still summon the courage and the will to move.

但是他仍然擁有勇氣和意願去前進。

He had not given up, and if he didn't give up,

他沒有放棄，如果他沒有放棄，

how could anyone in the outside world ever dream of losing hope?

那麼任何在外面世界生活的人又怎麼可以想著失去希望？

In 1994, after three months of covering the South African election,

1994年南非選舉的3個月後，

I saw the inauguration of Nelson Mandela,

我看到尼爾遜 曼德拉的就職典禮，

and it was the most uplifting thing I've ever seen.

這是我見過的最振奮人心的事情。

It exemplified the best that humanity has to offer.

這證明了人道主義會帶來的最好的勝利。

The next day I left for Rwanda,

第二天，我離開前往盧旺達，

and it was like taking the express elevator to hell.

而這就像是搭上了去地獄的特快電梯。

This man had just been liberated from a Hutu death camp.

這人剛剛從胡圖人死亡營裡面被放出來。

He allowed me to photograph him for quite a long time,

他讓我拍他拍了很長時間，

and he even turned his face toward the light,

最後他甚至把他的臉轉向鏡頭，

as if he wanted me to see him better.

就好像他想我看他看的更清楚。

I think he knew what the scars on his face would say to the rest of the world.

我想他明白他臉上的傷疤會告訴世界上其他人甚麼。

This time, maybe confused or discouraged

那時候，也許是被索馬里的戰爭災難

by the military disaster in Somalia,

弄混亂了或者感到氣餒了，

the international community remained silent,

國際組織不見蹤影，

and somewhere around 800,000 people were slaughtered

與此同時的某個地方，800，000人

by their own countrymen -- sometimes their own neighbors --

被他們自己社區里的人，

using farm implements as weapons.

有時甚至是他們的鄰居，用農耕工具屠殺掉了。

Perhaps because a lesson had been learned

也許是因為他們從波斯尼亞戰爭的

by the weak response to the war in Bosnia

弱小的反應和盧旺達的失敗

and the failure in Rwanda,

的中吸取了教訓，

when Serbia attacked Kosovo,

當塞爾維亞襲擊科索沃的時候

international action was taken much more decisively.

國際力量更果斷地參與到其中。

NATO forces went in, and the Serbian army withdrew.

北大西洋公約組織參加戰鬥，不久，塞爾維亞軍隊撤退。

Ethnic Albanians had been murdered,

阿爾巴尼亞人被屠殺，

their farms destroyed and a huge number of people forcibly deported.

他們的農田被毀，大量的人被迫離開他們的家園。

They were received in refugee camps

他們被阿爾巴尼亞和馬其頓的

set up by NGOs in Albania and Macedonia.

民間組織設立的難民營接收。

The imprint of a man who had been burned inside his own home.

這紀錄了一個男人在他自己的家裡面被燒死的場景。

The image reminded me of a cave painting,

這圖片讓我記起洞穴上的壁畫，

and echoed how primitive we still are in so many ways.

並不停地提醒我們在很多方面仍是多麼的原始落後。

Between 1995 and '96, I covered the first two wars

95和96年間，我在格羅茲尼裡面跟蹤拍攝了

in Chechnya from inside Grozny.

車臣共和國最開始的兩場戰爭。

This is a Chechen rebel on the front line against the Russian army.

這是車臣叛軍在前線與俄羅斯軍隊對峙。

The Russians bombarded Grozny constantly for weeks,

俄羅斯連續轟炸了格羅茲尼幾個星期，

killing mainly the civilians who were still trapped inside.

炸死的主要是被困在裡面的居民。

I found a boy from the local orphanage

我發現一個來自當地孤兒院的男孩

wandering around the front line.

在前線附近徘徊。

My work has evolved from being concerned mainly with war

我的工作主要輿戰爭有關，

to a focus on critical social issues as well.

但也會關注受爭議的社會事件。

After the fall of Ceausescu, I went to Romania

齊奧塞斯庫政權下台之後，我去了羅馬尼亞

and discovered a kind of gulag of children,

並發現了一類兒童的勞改營。

where thousands of orphans were being kept in medieval conditions.

在那裡，上千的孤兒猶如生活在中世紀。

Ceausescu had imposed a quota

齊奧塞斯庫強制要求每個家庭

on the number of children to be produced by each family,

出生的小孩數目都要達到配額。

thereby making women's bodies an instrument of state economic policy.

這樣使得女人們的身體成為國家經濟政策的一個工具。

Children who couldn't be supported by their families

小孩不由他們的家庭撫養，

were raised in government orphanages.

而是交由政府孤兒院。

Children with birth defects were labeled incurables,

有天生缺陷的小孩被標上廢物的標簽，

and confined for life to inhuman conditions.

這保證了他們一輩子都能得到非人的待遇。

As reports began to surface, again international aid went in.

由於這些情況被公諸於世，國際援助也出手幫忙了。

Going deeper into the legacy of the Eastern European regimes,

為了更深入地了解東歐遺留下來的政權，

I worked for several months on a story about the effects of industrial pollution,

我用了幾個月的時間跟蹤一個和工業污染的影響有關的故事。

where there had been no regard for the environment

那裡一點都不重視環境

or the health of either workers or the general population.

或者工人、大眾的健康。

An aluminum factory in Czechoslovakia

捷克的一間制鋁工廠

was filled with carcinogenic smoke and dust,

裡面滿是致癌的煙塵，

and four out of five workers came down with cancer.

5個工人裡面有4個都會得癌症。

After the fall of Suharto in Indonesia,

蘇哈托政權在印尼下台後，

I began to explore conditions of poverty

我開始去了解一個正走向現代化的

in a country that was on its way towards modernization.

國家的貧窮的狀況。

I spent a good deal of time with a man

我和一個男人聊了很久，

who lived with his family on a railway embankment

他在火車事故中失去了一個胳膊和一條腿，

and had lost an arm and a leg in a train accident.

現在和他的家人在鐵路旁居住。

When the story was published, unsolicited donations poured in.

當這個故事被報導之後，自願的捐贈源源不斷地送來。

A trust fund was established,

並建立了一個信用基金，

and the family now lives in a house in the countryside

現在這個家庭住在鄉村的一所房子里，

and all their basic necessities are taken care of.

他們的基本需要都得到保證。

It was a story that wasn't trying to sell anything.

說這個故事並不是要說明甚麼。

Journalism had provided a channel

新聞本來就要提供一個讓人們展現他們的

for people's natural sense of generosity, and the readers responded.

慷慨大方並促使讀者有所反應的渠道，

I met a band of homeless children who'd come to Jakarta from the countryside,

我曾遇到過一批無家可歸的小孩，他們來自雅加達的郊外，

and ended up living in a train station.

最後他們只能住在火車站。

By the age of 12 or 14, they'd become beggars and drug addicts.

他們只是12到14歲，最終都變成乞丐和吸毒者。

The rural poor had become the urban poor,

鄉下的窮人變成了城市里的窮人，

and in the process, they'd become invisible.

在這變化過程中，他們變得透明、不起眼。

These heroin addicts in detox in Pakistan

這些在巴基斯坦的戒毒所

reminded me of figures in a play by Beckett:

讓我想起貝克特的一部話劇裡面的角色：

isolated, waiting in the dark, but drawn to the light.

孤獨，在黑暗中等待，但是畫出來的都是光明。

Agent Orange was a defoliant used during the Vietnam War

橙劑是越南戰爭中使用的一種落葉劑。

to deny cover to the Vietcong and the North Vietnamese army.

為的是去除越共和北越軍隊的掩護。

The active ingredient was dioxin, an extremely toxic chemical

橙劑的有效成份是二噁英，一種毒性十分大的化學物質。

that was sprayed in vast quantities,

橙劑在當時被大量噴射，

and whose effects passed through the genes to the next generation.

而且二噁英的毒性通過遺傳影響到了下一代。

In 2000, I began documenting global health issues,

在2000，我開始了解全球衛生健康事業，

concentrating first on AIDS in Africa.

首先關注的是非洲的愛滋病。

I tried to tell the story through the work of caregivers.

我嘗試通過護理者的工作講故事。

I thought it was important to emphasize that people were being helped,

我想無論是國際人道組織還是當地人自發的組織，

whether by international NGOs or by local grassroots organizations.

強調人們正受到幫助是很重要的。

So many children have been orphaned by the epidemic

很多小孩因為雙親感染傳染病，變成孤兒，

that grandmothers have taken the place of parents,

不得不由他們的祖父母代為照養。

and a lot of children had been born with HIV.

很多小孩一出生就帶有HIV病毒。